NS
Types of Sedimentary Rock:
-Clastic sedimentary rocks -Biological sedimentary rocks -Chemical sedimentary rocks -Non-clastic sedimentary rocks
Diagenesis is a collective process where sediments
-Compaction -Cementation -Recrystallization -Chemical changes (oxidation/reduction)
Types of Metamorphic Rock:
-Contact metamorphism -Regional metamorphism -Foliated metamorphic rocks -Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
Rock Cycle:
-Igneous rocks can change into sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. -Sedimentary rocks may also transform into igneous or metamorphic rocks. -Metamorphic rocks can change into the all the three rock types.
Changes in minerals during metamorphism can happen in three possible ways.:
-Recrystallization -Neomorphism -Metasomatism
a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.
Amphibole
lithified accumulation of dead organisms.
Biological sedimentary rocks
shows the progression of silicate minerals crystallization at specific temperature condition.
Bowen's reaction series
form from chemical precipitation
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Chemical structure: Elements Description Most of the minerals here are composed of only one element. Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created. Example Minerals copper, gold, silver, sulfur
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Chromates, molybdate, tungstates chromate, molybdate, or tungstate substituted the place of the sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly colored, brittle and dense. wulfenite (PbMoO4), scheelite (CaWO4)
are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
the tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces.
Cleavage
certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer.
Color
Physical Properties of Minerals:
Color Streak Luster Crystal habit Cleavage Fracture Hardness Specific gravity
occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions and along fractures that are in contact with hot fluids.
Contact metamorphism
characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral's crystal structure.
Crystal habit
collective process where sediments are lithified (becomes rock).
Diagenesis
chemical composition of XAlSi3O8 (Orthoclase) where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na).
Feldspar
Increasing metamorphism causes distinct bands or foliation to form.
Foliated metamorphic rocks
formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals creating what is called as foliations.
Foliated metamorphic rocks
the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage.
Fracture
Factors Affecting Weathering of Rocks:
Goldich stability series - illustrates the relative stability or weathering rate of numerous minerals. This series is roughly the inverse order of original crystallization for minerals found in the Bowen's reaction series.
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Halides These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical constituent. fluorite (CaF2), halite (NaCl), diabolite
resistance of the minerals to scratching.
Hardness
formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out from depth.
Igneous rocks
quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and mica are the components of almost
Igneous rocks
Formation of Igneous Rock:
Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth of crystals and/or volcanic glass. Crystal size is directly proportional to the cooling rate of magma. Big crystals are formed deep underground, while smaller crystals are formed near the surface.
appearance of a mineral's surface and is dependent on how it reflects light.
Luster
to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.
Melting point
rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids.
Metamorphic rocks
chameleon changing its color to protect itself by blending into its environment.
Metamorphism
the the addition or loss of elements new minerals form with only some of the original elements.
Metasomatism
soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes.
Mica
It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure.
Minerals
the process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same chemical elements.
Neomorphism
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Nitrates, carbonates, borates It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen and boron. malachite, nitratine, borax
can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both.
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks
do not have layered appearance. Examples are marble, quartzite, and anthracite.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Oxides and hydroxides These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH) cuprite (Cu2O), hematite (Fe2O3)
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates One or metal is chemically combined with the Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates group. apatite, lazulite, vanadinite
have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6 (Pyroxene)where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al).
Pyroxene minerals
chemical composition of SiO2 (Silicon dioxide) It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks.
Quartz
Rock Forming Minerals:
Quartz Feldspar Mica Pyroxene minerals Amphibole
occurs when small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral without melting the rock.
Recrystallization
occurs when there are major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme pressure and heat due to deep burial.
Regional metamorphism
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Silicates This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group have different amounts of silicon and oxygen. dioptase, labradorite
the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature.
Solubility
Chemical Properties of Minerals:
Solubility Melting point
ratio of a minerals' weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Specific gravity
involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds.
Spectroscopic techniques
the color of the powdered form of a mineral.
Streak
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Sulfates One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound (SO4) anhydrite (CaSO4)
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Sulfides Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish them. cinnabar (HgS), pyrite (FeS2)
Classifying Rocks
To identify an unknown rock sample, just follow this key shown below for you to be guided on classifying the rock sample in an accurate manner.
involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution.
Wet chemical analysis
Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals
Wet chemical analysis Spectroscopic techniques
Naming of Igneous Rocks
based on its texture and composition of the rock.
Sedimentary rocks are classified into
clastic or non-clastic.
forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and solidify on Earth's surface which results to very fine-grained rock with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked eye.
extrusive igneous rock
Types of Igneous Rocks
extrusive igneous rock intrusive igneous rock
also known as a plutonic rock.
intrusive igneous rock
when magma crystallizes within the crust and is composed of medium to coarse grains.
intrusive igneous rock
where harden sediments become sedimentary rocks.
lithification
The goal of metamorphism:
reestablish equilibrium with the new conditions.
Igneous rocks can be classified based on the
temperature-pressure condition.