Nuclear Fission test

A helium nucleus is emitted.

Alpha

The emitted particle from this type of decay has a +2 electric charge.

Alpha

This type of decay emits a particle that can penetrate skin or paper, but is slow moving.

Alpha

13. Which term refers to the core of a CANDU reactor, where the fission process occurs? a. calandria b. primary loop c. secondary loop d. moderator

a

14. Which component of a CANDU reactor absorbs thermal energy from the heavy water in the primary loop? a. steam generator b. secondary loop c. moderator d. calandria

a

15. Which term describes an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom? a. neutron b. photon c. electron d. proton

a

18. The standard notation for carbon-14 is shown. How many neutrons does one atom of carbon-14 contain? a. 8 b. 20 c. 6 d. 14

a

26. Which of the following statements about the electrons in an atom is most accurate? a. An atom can have any number of electrons but they must fit in specific energy levels. b. The maximum number of electrons that an atom can have is equal to the number of protons. c. The number of electrons in an atom determines the element and different isotopes are formed by changing the electrons' energy levels. d. The number of electrons for an atom is fixed, but they can have any energy within a specific range.

a

30. What is the atomic number of the element that has the first three electron shells completely filled? a. 28 b. 26 c. 20 d. 18

a

12. A(n) ____________________ particle is composed of a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons.

alpha

94/146->92/144 Alpha, Bn,bp,electron capture, gamma

alpha

Beta decay is a nuclear reaction in which a particle composed of a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons is emitted.

alpha

3. The ____________________ number is equivalent to the total number of protons in the nucleus.

atomic

10. Which type of radioactive decay emits a helium nucleus? a. beta-positive decay b. alpha decay c. gamma decay d. beta-negative decay

b

12. Which type of radioactive decay emits a particle that can penetrate a few centimetres of lead? a. beta-negative decay b. gamma decay c. beta-positive decay d. alpha decay

b

17. Which statement about the Bohr-Rutherford model of an atom is true? a. The dense nucleus contains the atom's protons and electrons. b. Most of the atom consists of empty space. c. Relatively tiny neutrons orbit the nucleus. d. all of the above

b

20. Which type of radioactive decay emits a positron? a. beta-negative decay b. beta-positive decay c. alpha decay d. gamma decay

b

24. Which statement about nuclear fusion is true? a. Nuclear fusion reactions produce significantly less energy per mass of fuel than fission reactions. b. Controlled nuclear fusion has been achieved, but not in a sustainable way. c. Nuclear fusion reactions are endothermic. d. Nuclear fusion is the process by which the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller pieces.

b

25. Which of the following statements about the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom is most accurate? a. An atom consists of a dense positively charged nucleus with a random cloud of negative electrons. b. An atom consists of a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that occupy specific energy levels. c. An atom consists of a negatively charged nucleus with a positively charged cloud of electrons. d. An atom consists of a relatively spacious positively charged nucleus surrounded by a dense cloud of electrons.

b

28. How many neutrons does the isotope copper-65 have? Copper has an atomic number of 29. a. 29 b. 36 c. 65 d. 35

b

29. Which of the following is a medical use for radioisotopes? a. creating super human abilities b. medical imaging devices that detect the radiation so doctors can compare unhealthy and healthy organs c. providing pain relief to suffering patients d. detecting bone fractures

b

31. An element has a mass number of 72 and 41 neutrons. What is the atomic number of the element? a. 41 b. 31 c. 42 d. 32

b

1/2 -> 2/1

beta negative

The emitted particle from this type of decay has a -1 electric charge.

beta negative

an electron is emitted

beta negative

6/5->5/6

beta positive

The emitted particle from this type of decay has a +1 electric charge.

beta positive

a positron is emitted

beta positive

The atomic number is the amount of energy that would be needed to separate all of the nucleons of an atom's nucleus.

binding energy

1. Which of the following is a negatively charged particle? a. neutron b. proton c. electron d. nucleon

c

11. Which type of radioactive decay emits a photon? a. beta-positive decay b. alpha decay c. gamma decay d. beta-negative decay

c

2. The second shell of an atom can hold a maximum of how many electrons? a. 2 b. 32 c. 8 d. 18

c

22. Hydrogen-3 has a half-life of 12.35 years. What mass of hydrogen-3 will remain from a 100.0 mg initial sample after 5.0 years? a. 7 mg b. 24 mg c. 76 mg d. 18 mg

c

3. Which atomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? a. protons and electrons b. electrons and neutrons c. protons and neutrons d. none of the above

c

37. Which of the following best describes an element that is most likely to undergo alpha decay? a. an isotope of a middle weight element that has less neutrons than the most stable form of that element b. an isotope of a light element that has more neutrons than the most stable form of that element c. an isotope of a heavy element d. an isotope of a middle weight element that has more neutrons than the most stable form of that element

c

44. Which of the following statements best describes how radioactive isotopes are used to determine the age of fossils? a. Fossils create carbon-14 as they decay. Scientists are able to measure this amount of carbon-14 to determine how long it has taken to accumulate. b. Carbon-14 leaves a radioactive imprint on living things that occurs at a fixed interval and scientists are able to count these imprints like the rings on a tree. c. The amount of carbon-14 that exists for living things is fixed. By comparing the amount of carbon-14 remaining in a fossil with this amount and using the known half-life of carbon- 14 scientists can determine the age of fossils. d. The half-life formula can be used to guess the original amount of carbon-14 left in the fossil, which can then be compared with fossils that have been preserved better.

c

45. Which of the following best describes the chain reaction that takes place during nuclear fission? a. Strong magnetic fields are used to vibrate heavy elements at an extremely rapid pace. This causes them to split and release energy. b. Two light elements are given enough kinetic energy to fuse and form a heavier element while releasing energy. The energy that is released provides other light elements with enough kinetic energy to fuse and the process repeats. c. A neutron collides with an atom of the atomic fuel which causes the atom to split into two smaller elements and release more neutrons. The extra neutrons that are released then collide with other atoms of the atomic fuel and the process repeats itself. d. Two light elements are given enough energy to fuse and release energy which then causes heavier elements to split. The heavier elements release energy to fuse lighter elements and the process repeats.

c

The moderator, or core, of a CANDU reactor is where the fission process occurs.

calandria

16. Which of the following is an (are) application(s) of nuclear energy? a. diagnosis of and treatment for certain illnesses b. technology used to estimate the age of fossils c. technology used by astrophysicists to estimate the age of moon rocks d. all of the above

d

27. Potassium has an atomic number of 19. Assuming there is nothing irregular with an atom, how many shells are required for all of the electrons? a. 1 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

d

32. Which of the following best describes how energy is obtained from nuclear fission? a. Heavier elements split to form lighter elements. Energy is given off because the lighter elements have a lower binding energy. b. Light elements combine to form heavier elements with a higher binding energy. The change in mass deficit is the amount of energy that is released. c. Light elements combine to form heavier elements. Energy is given off because these heavier elements have a lower binding energy. d. Heavier elements split to form lighter elements with a higher binding energy. This higher binding energy results in a larger mass deficit which is equal to the energy released.

d

33. Which of the following best describes an element that is most likely to undergo electron capture? a. An isotope that has more electrons than protons and has a mass number equal to the most stable isotope. b. An isotope with an equal number of protons and neutrons, but has a mass number that is larger than the most stable isotope. c. An isotope that has more protons than electrons and has a mass number that is larger than the most stable isotope. d. An isotope with an equal number of protons and neutrons, but has a mass number that is smaller than the most stable isotope.

d

7. Which term describes a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two atoms fuse together to form a larger nucleus? a. alpha decay b. beta decay c. gamma decay d. nuclear fusion

d

13. The ____________________ atom is the product atom in a nuclear reaction.

daughter

11. Radioactive ____________________ is the process by which a radioactive atom's nucleus breaks apart and forms different atoms.

decay

1. A(n) ____________________ is a negatively charged particle found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

electron

a photon emitted

electron capture

no particle is emited

electron capture

9. The force of attraction or repulsion due to electric charges is referred to as ____________________.

electrostatic force

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy is exothermic.

endothermic

2. An atom is said to be in a(n) ____________________ state if it absorbs energy that causes an electron to have more energy and move to a higher energy level.

excited

7. A reaction in which the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller pieces is known as nuclear ____________________.

fission

Nuclear fusion is the decomposition of large, unstable nuclei into smaller, more stable nuclei.

fission

Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two atoms fuse together to form a larger nucleus.

fusion

28/28 -> 27/29

gamma

Alpha decay is a reaction in which an excited nucleus returns to a lower, more stable energy state, releasing a photon in the process.

gamma

This type of decay emits a particle can penetrate a few centimeters of lead.

gamma

a photon is emitted

gamma

4. A form of an element that has the same atomic number but a different mass number than all other forms of that element is called a(n) ____________________.

isotope

In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram, electrons are placed in the outer energy levels first, until these shells are filled.

lower

The atomic number is equivalent to the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

mass

The difference between the calculated mass of an atom and the actual atomic mass is referred to as the binding energy.

mass defect

A mega-electron volt is the energy required to accelerate an electron through a potential difference of 1 thousand volts.

million

A(n) electron is an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

neutron

Protons and electrons are nucleons. ____________________

neutrons

Protons and electrons have approximately the same mass.

neutrons

10. Strong ____________________ force holds together the neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom.

nuclear

The daughter atom is the reactant atom in a nuclear reaction.

parent

15. A high-energy particle with no mass is called a(n) ____________________.

photon

14. A(n) ____________________ is a particle with a positive charge and the same mass as an electron.

positron

A(n) secondary loop is a closed loop through which heavy water flows.

primary

The elements or compounds present at the end of a reaction are called reactants.

products

1. A(n) neutron is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

proton

5. Energy released when the nucleus of an unstable isotope undergoes a change in structure is called ____________________.

radiation

6. The process by which the nucleus of an atom spontaneously changes is called ____________________.

radioactivity

8. A nuclear ____________________ involves changes in the nuclei of atoms, sometimes resulting in completely new elements.

reaction

An electron is extremely large compared to nucleons.

small

Electrostatic force is always attractive.

strong nuclear

A radioactive material's half-life is the average length of time it takes it to decay to half of its original mass.

true

A unit of mass equal to 1.66 10-27 kg is called a(n) atomic mass unit.

true

A(n) chain reaction is a repeated series of reactions in which the products of one reaction generate subsequent reactions.

true

A(n) radioisotope is an unstable isotope that spontaneously changes its nuclear structure and releases energy in the form of radiation.

true

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen.

true

Fuel bundles are fuel elements consisting of uranium pellets.

true

The atomic structure of an atom refers to the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom and their organization within the atom.

true

The state in which all electrons are at their lowest possible energy levels is the ground state.

true

Transmutation is a nuclear decay process in which daughter atoms are different elements from parent atoms.

true

The first shell of an atom can hold up to eight electrons.

two