Nur 100, Chapter 4
Assumption
"Taken for granted" statements
Roy Theory
- Adaptation (help patient cope with changes) - Grand theory
Watson Theory
- Caring (transpersonal relationship) - Grand theory
Theory-testing research
- Determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon - Refine the knowledge base of nursing
Nightingale's Environmental Theory
- Environment as the focus of nursing care - Grand theory
Peplau's Interpersonal Theory
- Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and patient's family - Phases: preorientation, orientation, working, resolution - Middle-range theory
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
- Focuses on patient's self-care needs - Continually assess how much self-care a patient is able to perform - Grand theory
Henderson Theory
- Principle and practice of nursing - Grand theory
Most Abstract to Least Abstract
1. Metatheory 2. Grand theories 3. Middle-range theories 4. Practice theories
Theoretical/ Conceptual
A particular concept based on a the theorist's perspective (what can be found in the dictionary)
Nursing theories provide nurses with perspectives from which to: A. Analyze patient data B. Predict phenomena C. Formulate legislation D. Link science to nursing
A. Analyze patient data
Prescriptive Theory
Address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict the consequences
Environment
All possible condition affecting the patient and the setting of health care delivery
Nursing process is central to nursing practice. Nursing practice: A. Is a theory B. Is derived from a theory C. Is not adaptable to all patients D. Generates knowledge for use in practice
B. Is derived from a theory
Definitions
Define a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective (Theoretical/conceptual or Operational)
Theory helps explain an event by
Defining ideas or concepts Explaining relationships among the concepts Predicting outcome
Descriptive Theory
Describe phenomena and identify circumstances in which phenomena occur
Graduate Education Era 1950-1970
Early versions of nursing theories were developed that offered more structure to nursing research (Renowned Theorist: Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, and Roy)
Florence Nightingale
First nursing theorist
Types of Theories
Grand, Middle-range, Practice, Descriptive, Prescriptive
Operational
How concepts are measured (ie. what is your level of pain 1-10)
Nursing theory
Is a conceptualization aspect of nursing to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care
Input
Is the data or information that comes from a patient's assessment
The theory that integrates patients' cultural traditions, values and beliefs into care plans is
Leininger's theory
Paradigm
Links science, philosophy and theories accepted and applied by the discipline
Practice Theory
Narrow in scope and focus
Research Era 1950-1970
Nurses became increasingly involved in conducting studies and sharing their findings
Curriculum Era 1900-1940
Nursing education expanded beyond basic anatomy and physiology, to include social science, pharmacology, and nursing arts (addressed nursing actions, skills and procedures)
Conceptual framework
Provides a way to organize major concepts and visualize that relationship
Nurses incorporate
Research-based interventions into theory-based practice
Feedback
Serves to inform a system about how it functions (patient successfully or unsuccessfully function in the environment)
Theory Era 1980-1990s
Significant contribution to knowledge development, and the nursing metaparadigm was proposed by Fawcett. Publication of several nursing journals, development of nursing conferences, and offering of more doctoral programs
Theory Utilization Era 2000s-Today
Strive to provide evidence-based practice, which stems from theory, research, and experience. Focus of EBP is safe, comprehensive, individualized, quality health care.
Goal of Nursing Knowledge
To explain the practice of nursing as diff and distinct from the practice of medicine, psychology and other health care disciplines
Goals of Theoretical Knowledge
To stimulate thinking and creat a broad understanding of nursing science and practice
Nursing Metaparadigm
allows nurses to understand and explain what nursing is, what nursing does, and why nurses do what they do
Grand Theory
are abstract, broad in scope, and complex
Theory, Research and Practice
are bound together in a continuous interactive relationship
Nursing
the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
Person
the recipient of nursing care, including individual patients, groups, families, and communities
Bennte Theory
- Skill acquisition (five stages of skill acquisition of nurses - novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert) - Middle-range theory
Relationship between Nursing Theory and Nursing Research
- Theories provide direction for nursing research - Nursing theory and nursing research build the knowledge base for nursing, which is then applied to practice
Leininger's Culture Care Theory
- Theory of cultural care diversity and universality - Integrates patients' cultural traditions, values and beliefs into care plans - Middle-range theory
Theory-generating research
- Uses logic to explore relationships among phenomena - Refine the knowledge base of nursing
Shared Theory
Also known as a borrowed or interdisciplinary theory -Explains a phenomenon specific to the discipline that developed the theory
Concept
Is a thought or idea of reality that is put into words or phrases to help describe or explain a specific phenomenon
Metatheory
Is an area of study that looks at the relationships of various components that make up the knowledge of a discipline (philosophical, theoretical and empirical component)
Experiential Knowledge - the art of nursing
Is based on nurses' experiences in providing care to patient
Nursing Knowledge
Is derived from basic and nursing sciences, experience, aesthetics, nurses' attitudes, and standards of practice (theoretical and experimental)
Health
Is different for each patient, clinical setting, and health care profession
Output
Is the end product of a system (weather a patient's health status improves, declines, or remains stable as a resource nursing care)
Theory
Is the foundation for the art and science of nursing
Domain
Is the perspective or territory of a profession
Content
Is the product and information obtained from the system
Phenomenon
Is the term, description, or label given to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation
Middle-range Theory
Limited in scope and less abstract