Nur 100, Chapter 4

Assumption

"Taken for granted" statements

Roy Theory

- Adaptation (help patient cope with changes) - Grand theory

Watson Theory

- Caring (transpersonal relationship) - Grand theory

Theory-testing research

- Determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon - Refine the knowledge base of nursing

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

- Environment as the focus of nursing care - Grand theory

Peplau's Interpersonal Theory

- Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and patient's family - Phases: preorientation, orientation, working, resolution - Middle-range theory

Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

- Focuses on patient's self-care needs - Continually assess how much self-care a patient is able to perform - Grand theory

Henderson Theory

- Principle and practice of nursing - Grand theory

Most Abstract to Least Abstract

1. Metatheory 2. Grand theories 3. Middle-range theories 4. Practice theories

Theoretical/ Conceptual

A particular concept based on a the theorist's perspective (what can be found in the dictionary)

Nursing theories provide nurses with perspectives from which to: A. Analyze patient data B. Predict phenomena C. Formulate legislation D. Link science to nursing

A. Analyze patient data

Prescriptive Theory

Address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict the consequences

Environment

All possible condition affecting the patient and the setting of health care delivery

Nursing process is central to nursing practice. Nursing practice: A. Is a theory B. Is derived from a theory C. Is not adaptable to all patients D. Generates knowledge for use in practice

B. Is derived from a theory

Definitions

Define a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective (Theoretical/conceptual or Operational)

Theory helps explain an event by

Defining ideas or concepts Explaining relationships among the concepts Predicting outcome

Descriptive Theory

Describe phenomena and identify circumstances in which phenomena occur

Graduate Education Era 1950-1970

Early versions of nursing theories were developed that offered more structure to nursing research (Renowned Theorist: Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, and Roy)

Florence Nightingale

First nursing theorist

Types of Theories

Grand, Middle-range, Practice, Descriptive, Prescriptive

Operational

How concepts are measured (ie. what is your level of pain 1-10)

Nursing theory

Is a conceptualization aspect of nursing to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care

Input

Is the data or information that comes from a patient's assessment

The theory that integrates patients' cultural traditions, values and beliefs into care plans is

Leininger's theory

Paradigm

Links science, philosophy and theories accepted and applied by the discipline

Practice Theory

Narrow in scope and focus

Research Era 1950-1970

Nurses became increasingly involved in conducting studies and sharing their findings

Curriculum Era 1900-1940

Nursing education expanded beyond basic anatomy and physiology, to include social science, pharmacology, and nursing arts (addressed nursing actions, skills and procedures)

Conceptual framework

Provides a way to organize major concepts and visualize that relationship

Nurses incorporate

Research-based interventions into theory-based practice

Feedback

Serves to inform a system about how it functions (patient successfully or unsuccessfully function in the environment)

Theory Era 1980-1990s

Significant contribution to knowledge development, and the nursing metaparadigm was proposed by Fawcett. Publication of several nursing journals, development of nursing conferences, and offering of more doctoral programs

Theory Utilization Era 2000s-Today

Strive to provide evidence-based practice, which stems from theory, research, and experience. Focus of EBP is safe, comprehensive, individualized, quality health care.

Goal of Nursing Knowledge

To explain the practice of nursing as diff and distinct from the practice of medicine, psychology and other health care disciplines

Goals of Theoretical Knowledge

To stimulate thinking and creat a broad understanding of nursing science and practice

Nursing Metaparadigm

allows nurses to understand and explain what nursing is, what nursing does, and why nurses do what they do

Grand Theory

are abstract, broad in scope, and complex

Theory, Research and Practice

are bound together in a continuous interactive relationship

Nursing

the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems

Person

the recipient of nursing care, including individual patients, groups, families, and communities

Bennte Theory

- Skill acquisition (five stages of skill acquisition of nurses - novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert) - Middle-range theory

Relationship between Nursing Theory and Nursing Research

- Theories provide direction for nursing research - Nursing theory and nursing research build the knowledge base for nursing, which is then applied to practice

Leininger's Culture Care Theory

- Theory of cultural care diversity and universality - Integrates patients' cultural traditions, values and beliefs into care plans - Middle-range theory

Theory-generating research

- Uses logic to explore relationships among phenomena - Refine the knowledge base of nursing

Shared Theory

Also known as a borrowed or interdisciplinary theory -Explains a phenomenon specific to the discipline that developed the theory

Concept

Is a thought or idea of reality that is put into words or phrases to help describe or explain a specific phenomenon

Metatheory

Is an area of study that looks at the relationships of various components that make up the knowledge of a discipline (philosophical, theoretical and empirical component)

Experiential Knowledge - the art of nursing

Is based on nurses' experiences in providing care to patient

Nursing Knowledge

Is derived from basic and nursing sciences, experience, aesthetics, nurses' attitudes, and standards of practice (theoretical and experimental)

Health

Is different for each patient, clinical setting, and health care profession

Output

Is the end product of a system (weather a patient's health status improves, declines, or remains stable as a resource nursing care)

Theory

Is the foundation for the art and science of nursing

Domain

Is the perspective or territory of a profession

Content

Is the product and information obtained from the system

Phenomenon

Is the term, description, or label given to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation

Middle-range Theory

Limited in scope and less abstract