NUTR CHAPTER 19: NUTRITION FROM INFANCY THROUGH ADOLESENCE

Compared to meals prepared at home, the average meal consumed from fast-food restaurants provides

14 more grams of fat. 400 more milligrams of sodium. 300 more kilocalories.

An infant who weighed 8 lbs at birth should weigh ____ lbs on his first birthday.

24

What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 0-6 months?

60 grams per day

What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 7-12 months?

95 grams per day

Which statements are correct in reference to type 2 diabetes?

A growing number of children are developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was initially believed to be a disease that could only be developed in adulthood.

What is the prevalence of children who achieve the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day?

About 50% of children meet their daily physical activity recommendation.

What is a good strategy to reduce lead content in tap water?

Allow cold water to run 2-3 minutes after a period of inactivity.

Which statement best describes a food intolerance?

An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response to an allergen

Why are the caloric and micro/macronutrient needs per kilogram of body weight of children less than the needs of infants?

As an infant transitions through the toddler and preschool years, growth rate decreases.

When should tooth brushing begin?

As soon as teeth appear.

What are the main dietary recommendations for infants set by the American Academy of Pediatrics?

Avoid excessive fiber Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium Build to a variety of foods Do not restrict fat intake Pay attention to infant satiety cues Moderate sugar and sodium intake

Which statements are true in terms of the nutritional needs of an infant during development?

Before 6 months of age, breastfeeding or formula feeding can meet the nutritional needs of an infant. Iron stores are exhausted at around 6 months, so infants need to begin consuming iron-fortified solid foods. Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for both breastfed and formula-fed infants if vitamin D intake is less than 400 IU per day.

What is the major advantage of breastfeeding over formula feeding with regard to long-term health?

Breastfeeding provides increased immunity or immune protection.

______ imparts greater immune benefits compared to ______.

Breastfeeding; formula feeding

How can a caregiver alleviate an newborn infant's discomfort caused by swallowing air during a feeding?

Burp the infant during and immediately after a feeding.

Why may it be more beneficial to offer children six smaller meals per day as opposed to three larger meals?

Children have smaller stomachs, so offering smaller more frequent meals results in a more successful feeding experience.

What is a common benefit found among children who eat breakfast in comparison to children who do not eat breakfast?

Children who eat breakfast are more likely to meet their daily needs for vitamins and minerals.

Which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive?

Declining two or more major percentile lines over time Weight-for-age below the 5th percentile

What are some strategies that caregivers may use to reduce the development of dental caries and other related dental problems during childhood?

Drink fluoridated water. Seek early dental care. Limit intake of sticky, sugary foods.

Which statement is true about the development of healthful eating habits, regular physical activity, and the life span?

Establishing healthful eating habits and regular physical activity at a young age will most likely carry over into adulthood.

True or false: Infants are able to consume cow's milk after 3 months of age.

False

True or false: It is not easy for infants to become dehydrated due to the massive amount of formula or human milk they consume per kilogram body weight.

False

True or false: Once solid foods are introduced, there is no need to continue feeding the infant formula or human milk.

False

True or false: The introduction of solid foods to the infant's diet should replace formula or human milk.

False

True or false: The majority of children in the U.S. meet their daily physical activity recommendation.

False

Which statements are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?

Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities. Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system.

______ are a dense source of energy (9 kcal/g) and serve as important regulators of the growth and development of the infant's nervous system.

Fats

What are some examples of inappropriate feeding practices for infants?

Feeding the infant excessive amounts of fruit juice, especially replacing formula or human milk with juice Failure to drink from a cup by 1 year of age Feeding the infant vitamin and mineral supplements exceeding 100% of the recommendations

What types of foods should be emphasized to make childhood feeding practices more healthful?

Fruits and vegetables

Which statement is true about when females reach their peak growth rate?

Girls experience peak growth rate just before the onset of menstrual periods.

Vitamin D supplementation

Given to breastfed and formula-fed infants until intake of formula or solid foods provides adequate amounts

Vitamin B-12 supplementation

Given to breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans

Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life?

Human milk or infant formula

What are the nutritional risks for vegetarian children?

Inadequate calorie intake Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin B-12 deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia

Heart-healthy dietary habits should begin during childhood. Which of the following habits promote heart health throughout the lifespan?

Incorporate two servings of fish each week. Remove visible fat and skin from meats. After age 2, choose low-fat dairy products.

Which of these statements is true?

Infants are born with some iron stored; however by 4-6 months these iron stores will be depleted unless consumed in the diet.

Why are infants unable to tolerate cow's milk?

Infants are unable to tolerate the high mineral and protein content of cow's milk

Why is it important to burp an infant after about 10 minutes of feeding formula or human milk?

Infants swallow a lot of air during feeding.

Which statement is true about teenagers and consumption of fast food?

It is okay for teens to occasionally eat fast food as long as they consume food in moderation and make daily healthful food choices.

What type of milk should children (after age 2) drink to help establish heart-healthy eating habits?

Low-fat milk

Which foods should be emphasized to improve the diets of children (older than age 2)?

Low-fat milk and milk products Fruits Whole-grain breads and cereals Vegetables

What is the main cause of poor nutrition among teenagers?

Poor food choices

What is one reason why preschool children are less likely to try new foods compared to adults?

Preschool-age children have more taste buds and their taste buds are more sensitive than those of adults.

What are appropriate ways to encourage a young child to eat new foods?

Serve new foods 8 to 10 times for the child to eventually find it acceptable. Be patient and persevere.

What are the risk factors associated with early development of cardiovascular disease among children?

Smoker Overweight/obese Family history or unknown family history of cardiovascular disease High blood pressure Diabetes

Which nutritional intervention for treatment of autism spectrum disorder is supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics?

The AAP does not endorse any of these.

Why do infants have such high caloric needs?

The calorie needs of infants are high due to their rapid growth and high metabolic rates.

If a child was in the 90th percentile for height-for-age according to the growth charts, how may one interpret these results?

The child is shorter than 10% of children his age, and taller than 89%.

Girls

The final stages of the growth process end around the age of 19.

Boys

The final stages of the growth process end around the age of 20.

Which of the following accurately describes a food allergy?

The immune system reacts to a harmless food protein.

Avoid feeding the infant foods such as candy, whole nuts, grapes, and coarsely cut meats.

These foods, and foods like this, are considered choking hazards.

Avoid feeding the infant honey.

This practice may lead to the development of botulism.

Avoid feeding the infant cow's milk.

This practice may overwhelm the kidneys due to the high mineral content of the food.

True or false: Growth charts developed by the CDC and other health organizations show how an individual's size (e.g., weight or height) compares to the sizes of other children of the same age and biological sex.

True

True or false: Infants must be allowed to practice and experiment feeding on their own in order to develop self-feeding skills.

True

What nutrients may be lacking in the diet of a child consuming a strict vegetarian diet?

Vitamin B-12 Iron Vitamin D

Which of these is the leading cause of constipation among young children?

Withholding bowel movements.

A food ______ occurs when the body's immune response targets a food protein.

allergy

An infant who has iron-deficiency anemia is at risk for several health problems later in life. These may include

behavioral problems. impaired cognition. impaired motor development.

Among adolescents, alcohol abuse affects

body composition. cardiovascular health. liver function. brain development.

Per kilogram of body weight, calorie intake ______ from infancy into childhood.

decreases

Prolonged episodes of vomiting or diarrhea coupled with insufficient intake of breast milk or formula can rapidly lead to ______ among infants.

dehydration

An infant's birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday.

doubles; triples

The most dangerous consequence of poor judgment among teens is drinking and _____.

driving

There have been thousands of reports of caffeine poisoning in children as a result of excessive intake of

energy drinks.

Among children, consuming too much caffeine can lead to

gastrointestinal distress. insomnia. anxiety.

Vitamin K injection

given to all infants at birth

MyPlate is an appropriate food guide for children, with special emphasis on

good food sources of calcium. good food sources of iron and zinc. moderating fat and sugar intake.

The two factors associated with the high calorie needs of the infant include

high metabolic rate. rapid growth.

As a percentage of total calories, the recommended fat intake for an infant is ______ that for any other stage of the life cycle.

higher than

The average trip to a fast-food establishment yields about 300 extra kilocalories, 14 additional grams of fat, and 400 milligrams of sodium _____ of typical home prepared meals.

in excess

Failure to thrive can result from

inadequate nutritional intake, parental neglect, and nutrient malabsorption

Excess consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among children can lead to

increased inflammation weight gain. high blood lipids.

As a child grows, the number of servings from the MyPlate Daily Food Plan

increases

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been ______ among school-aged children.

increasing

An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response is a food

intolerance

Adequate dietary intakes of ______ and ______ may help to lower lead absorption, and thereby reduce the risk for lead poisoning among children. (Select two micronutrients from the following list.)

iron calcium

The diets of vegetarian adolescents should be closely monitored to ensure adequate ______ intake.

iron calcium vitamin B-12

A teen who follows a vegetarian diet may have low intakes of

iron. vitamin B-12. calcium.

Childhood is an important time to establish behaviors such as

making nutrient-dense food choices. eating in response to hunger cues. engaging in physical activity during leisure time.

The gluten-free, casein-free diet excludes foods made with

milk. wheat. barley.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends ______ fat intake in infants.

not restricting

High intakes of 100% fruit juices in children have been linked to

obesity. fatty liver. metabolic syndrome.

Infants who are beginning to eat solid food ______ be allowed to self-feed.

should

The early signs of cardiovascular disease in children are ______ to the early signs seen in adults.

similar

After _____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense foods will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs.

six

Initially, the introduction of "table food" should ______ formula or human milk in the infant's diet.

supplement

It may be beneficial to feed a child 6 small meals as opposed to 3 larger meals each day because

their stomachs are so small.

Infants are born with a low level of _____ because limited amounts of the vitamin are transferred from mother to the fetus and because breastmilk is not particularly high in the vitamin, so infants are given an injection of the vitamin at birth.

vitamin K

The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 modified the National School Lunch Program to increase intake of

whole grains. fruits and vegetables.

The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act requiring public school food programs to include

whole grains. fruits. vegetables.

Common causes of constipation among young children include

withholding bowel movements. low physical activity. low fiber intake.