Nutrition (BIO-135-002), study guide questions, Exam 1, modules 1&2
What principles do you need to follow to be sure that your intervention study has the strongest design possible?
-placebo controlled -double blinded -a control and a treatment group -subjects randomly assigned to groups
Identify the organelles in the vocabulary list above (ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane) and indicate their function.
1)Nucleus- Contains DNA instructions for what proteins to make 2)Ribosomes- are where the proteins are made 3)Mitochondria- location where energy is taken out of macronutrients to make ATP 4) Cell Membrane- A membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the exterior environment. The membrane has a lipid interior with proteins embedded in it
Identify the steps in the scientific process. Give an example of each step
1. observation/ question Plants die when they need water. Why? 2. Hypothesis (prediction) Plants need water to live. 3. Test hypothesis (conduct experiment) give plant group 1 H2O and give group 2 no H2O 4. Results and interpretation plant group 1 lived group 2 died. plants need water to live 5. Compare to orig. hypothesis (accept or reject hypothesis) accepted hypothesis
Describe a cell. What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
A membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the exterior environment. The membrane has a lipid (fat) interior with proteins embedded in it. Many of these proteins assist in transporting substances into and out of the cell.
How do the definitions of "nutrient" and "essential nutrient" differ? In other words, what is true about both nutrients and essential nutrients and what is true about an essential nutrient that is not true of all nutrients?
A nutrient can be made by the body and come from food where as a essential nutrients you must obtain at least in part from food because the body either can't make them or can't make enough
What is the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a scientific theory?
A research question is the question that the research project sets out to answer. hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon or prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena In science, a theory is a well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven hypotheses.
What are the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for carbohydrates, protein and fat? Who sets these recommendations? Why are the carbohydrate and fat guidelines given as a percent of kcalories rather than a gram amount? (note that there is both an AMDR and an RDA for protein)
AMDR for Carbohydrates- 45-65% of Kcal AMDR for Triglycerides (fat)- 20-35% of Kcal AMDR for Protein- 10-35% of Kcal The AMDR is set by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
What are the Daily Values? Where would we find the Daily Values on the food label? How do the DV's differ from the DRI's?
They are the recommended averages or maximums for several nutrients. can find on the right side of the nutrition facts label. the DRI establishes the guidelines for how much of each nutrient you need, while the daily value tells you how much of the nutrients you're actually getting from the foods you eat.
What are the basic atoms or elements in carbohydrate, protein, fat (triglyceride), vitamins?
Vitamins, fat, carb.- C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Describe the importance of hepatic portal circulation in determining the fate of absorbed nutrients.
a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver it carries the nutri. to where it needs to go
Describe the basic diet planning principles of balance, moderation, variety and nutrient density.
balance= having a healthy balance of the vitamins minerals protein fats and carbohydrates your body needs. moderation= not over eating ect. paying attention to your diet variety= having multiple things in the diet not just carbs or protein for example have a little of everything Nutrient density= Amount of nutrient per Kcal. Ex. Skim milk: 80kcal and 278 mg of calcium in 1 cup nutrient/kcal= nutrient per 1 kcal 278mg cal/ 80 kcal= 3.5 mg cal per 1 kcal or 350 mg per 100 kcal
Why does the pyloric sphincter only allow a very small amount of chyme to pass into the small intestines at any given time?
because its really acidic coming straight out of the stomach and if too much is released at one time it could damage the small intestine due to the high acidity
Why are substances within the lumen of the GI tract considered to be outside of the body (i.e. what does taking a nutrient inside the body mean)?
because the food inside it has not been absorbed to be usable taking nutrie in is after it is moved out of the digestive tract and into the blood ect. to be utilized in body functions
How does concentration gradient influence whether energy is needed to move a substance from the lumen into the villi cell?
because there is a natural tendency for particles to attain similar concentration on two sides of a membrane to be similar (equalize)
What is the difference between digestion and absorption?
digestion = is the mechanical and chemical breaking down of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into a blood stream Absorption= the nutrients from ingested food are taken in to the blood and utilized.
What activities might result in an increase in anabolic activity in the body?
eating a lot of food would increase this because it would be building fat cells also if you're doing strength training because its building mussle
What structure prevents food from entering the passageway to the lungs during eating?
epiglottis
How does a standard food differ from a functional food?
foods just basically a material composed essentially of carbohydrate, protein or fat used by the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair and vital processes and to furnish energy where as a Functional food might provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition
Are there any rules for companies that want to post health claims? If so, give some examples.
has to have FDA approval. if a claims not super supported but has some backing they have to put Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests... (olive oil has this)
What is the difference between a health claim and a structure/function claim? Which of these types of claims requires prior approval from the FDA?
health claim- describes an association between a nutri/food & a specific health problem & needs FDA approval structure/function claim- is a claim that the product affects the structure or function of the body and does not need FDA approval
Identify some ways to determine if a nutrition-related website is likely to be reliable.
if it's peer reviewed, cites creditable sources tells reader the- abstract review of literature methodology results discussion/ conclusion references
Describe the folds, villi and microvilli. What is the major purpose of the villi and microvilli? In which part of the intestinal tract do we find villi and microvilli?
increase the surface area and help with absorption. small intestine
What is the difference between an intervention study and an observational study in terms of design?
intervention you go in and change some variable where as in observational you just observe and don't change anything
What does pH measure? What is the range of the pH scale? Is a high (above 7) pH acidic or basic?
is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution.0-14, high acidity is 0-6, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic
What secretion protects the stomach from digesting itself or being damaged by acid?
large quantities of protective mucus that line the mucosal surface and protect it
Identify in one to two sentences the roles of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, intestinal tract, heart and lungs.
liver makes bile and deals with toxins by making them less toxic, gallbladder stores bile that emulsify's fat, the kidney filters waste and things in excess in the blood and sends them out of the body. The Intestinal tract moves food through the body and extracts nutri. the heart pumps blood, lungs bring in oxygen to the cells and releases carbon dioxide from the cells.
Describe or draw the "my plate" food guide designed by the USDA. Identify the key messages for each food group as listed in www.choosemyplate.gov.
look at the pic
What is the unit of measure for each class of nutrients? Which nutrients are considered macronutrients? micronutrients?
macro- Carbohydrates (sugar & starches) 4Kcal/g, C,H,O Triglyceride (fat) 9Kcal/g, C,H,O Protein 4Kcal/g, C,H,O,N Water H2O micro- vitamins C,H,O Minerals (individual elements)
Differentiate between mechanical versus chemical digestion of food. Describe each of these
mechanical is physical ex: stomach churning to mix food, pyloric sphincter controls food flow into small intestine chemical breaks down food chemically ex: hydroelectric acid assists with protein digestion and enzymes which help with protein and fat digestion
What is the general role of the sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract? Name them and indicate where they are found.
stop flow of food or chyme 1) Gastroesophageal-sphincter between esophagus and stomach 2) pyloric-Sphincter between stomach and duodenum(bottom of stomach) 3) ileocecal-Sphincter between small intestine and caecum prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine 4) anal- Sphincter at end of rectum
In general, how does the body know to secrete a substance into the GI tract? What systems are involved in conveying this message?
the nervous system regulates and sends hormones to tell the brain to increase or decrease GI activity
Where in the intestinal tract are most nutrients absorbed?
the small intestine
In an intervention study, what is the difference between the experimental or test group and the control group?
the test group has some variable changed The control preferably thinks that they have had some variable changed (so that its double blinded) but has actually had no variable changed
What is the role of enzymes in digestion? What type of molecule are enzymes? What are the specific properties of enzymes?
they help with protein and fat digestion (break down macronutrients)
Differentiate between accessory organs that help with digestion and organs that food actually passes through during digestion. Be able to identify the accessory organs and indicate their purpose in digestion.
tongue-move food , salivary glands- lubricant, pancreas-releases substances into gi tract and regulates blood sugar, liver-makes bile, and gallbladder-holds/releases bile.
What components in your diet are not largely absorbed in the small intestines and thus are found as part of the feces in the large intestines (colon)?
water, sodium, potassium, chloride, vitamin K
What are some questions you should ask yourself when presented with a health/diet related headline?
who is behind these claims? is this claims research peer reviewed? Is there any research even backing this claim?
Describe the meaning of the percent daily value (%DV).
They are the recommended averages or maximums for several nutrients in a food
Identify the 6 classes of nutrients. How many kcalories are associated with each class of nutrients? Which nutrients are organic?
1) Carbohydrates (fiber 0 kcal) (sugar,starches) 4 Kcal/g organic 2) Triglycerides 9 Kcal/g organic 3) Protein 4 Kcal/g organic 4) Water 0 Kcal/g inorganic 5) Vitamins organic 6) minerals inorganic
Complete the following chart using a couple of sentences to describe each disorder and indicate any nutrition connection if one exists. (question 30 mod2)
1) Diverticulosis -small pouches that form in the large intestines and can sometimes become inflamed. Linked to age and a low fiber diet. 2)Heartburn (Gastroesophageal Reflux)-digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach (lets acid back up) can be caused by alcohol,caffeine,aspirin (Bayer, etc.),ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, etc.) Naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) carbonated beverages, acidic juices (grapefruit, orange, pineapple) acidic foods (tomatoes, grapefruit, and oranges), and chocolate. 3)Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). Irritable bowel syndrome commonly causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea and constipation 4)Colorectal Cancer-A cancer of the colon or rectum, located at the digestive tract's lower end. Diets that are low in fiber and high in fat, calories, and red meat and processed meats increase the risk of developing colon cancer. 5)Ulcers- A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen 6)Gallstones-A hardened deposit within the fluid in the gallbladder, a small organ under the liver. too much cholesterol can cause this 7) Celiac Disease- An immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
Compare and contrast the three types of health claims on food labels. How does an SSA health claim or authoritative health claim differ from a qualified health claim?
1) Significant Scientific Agreement (SSA) Health Claims o Significant evidence of relationship 2) Authorized Statement o Set forth by scientific body of US Government or NAS 3) Qualified Health Claims o Limited evidence of relationship. Must state this on the label
What are the four primary mechanisms for nutrients to move through the mucosal cell and into the bloodstream?? How does each work? (figure 3.12)
1)Simple diffusion o Particles flow from higher to lower concentration (with gradient) o No carrier molecule neededo No added energy needed 2)facilitated diffusion o Particles flow from higher to lower concentration (with gradient) o carrier molecule needed o No added energy needed 3)Active Transport o Particles flow from lower to higher concentration (against gradient)o Carrier molecule neededo Added energy needed 4)Osmosis (applies to water) o Water flows from an area of greater concentration of solid particles to an area of lower concentration of solid particles in order to equalize concentration on both sides of the membrane.
What is the typical transit time from mouth to rectum? Why is peristalsis slower in the large intestine than the small intestine?
1-3 days, because there is less food to push
What are the three leading causes of death in the United States? Which of these are related to diet?
1-heart disease 2- cancer 3- stroke and they are all related
Describe the relationship between atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems in the body. What is the hierarchy here?
ATOMS make up MOLECULES which make up ORGANELLES which are inside CELLS that make up different TISSUES which form together to make ORGANS which work together to make the body's ORGAN SYSTEMS
What is the basic or smallest unit of life?
Atom
What type of studies are used to determine the EAR requirement for a nutrient in a given population?
Balance studies: where they find out how much a subjects body needs before it starts peeing out the nutri. because the body has received enough then they take those numbers and repeat test with randomized subjects multiple times to determine the EAR Depletion/ repletion studies: looks at the minimum requirement generally not done because it is viewed inhumane because it requires subjects to be deprived of nutri. to see how far they can go before health issues or death
Name three elements that are common in the human body and in all three macronutrients.
C- carbon H-hydrogen O-oxygen
Describe the design of a case-control study (a type of observational study often seen in the health fields).
Compares subjects with a condition to matched control subjects who do not have the condition. Subjects are matched to controls on variables such as age, ethnicity, etc
Describe the Dietary Reference Intakes. Who sets these recommendations? What are the specific guidelines under the DRI umbrella (i.e. EAR, RDA, etc.)? Describe the meaning or interpretation of each of these guidelines
DRI Includes recommendations for preventing deficiencies and, in some cases, reducing the risk of diseases DRI guidelines EAR- Estimated Average requirement (avg nutri needs for the gen pop) RDA- Recommended Daily Allowance- what they say the pop should consume because it covers 98% of the gen pops needs. AI- Adequate intake used when EAR and RDA cant be determined its thought to be adequate for most people UL- upper limit intake above UL can be harmful
What are the two major food-related guidance documents issued by the government?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans and USDA Food Guide (MyPlate)
What does the EER tell us? Who sets this recommendation? How accurate is this number?
Estimated Energy Requirements tells us the Estimation of overall energy needs based on age and sex and is set by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and its not very accurate
What situation or circumstance might cause the citric acid cycle and electron transport system to increase their activity?
Exercise or if you're exerting a lot of energy because these are used to produce ATP or energy
What subunits (smaller chemical groups) make up fat (triglyceride)? Carbohydrates? Proteins?
Fat- C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Carbohydrates- C, H, O (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) protein- C, H, O, N (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Where do we find the largest concentration of intestinal microbiota [figure 3.13]?
Large intestine
How do the Harvard and Mediterranean food guides differ from the USDA food guide? Be able to compare and contrast these three Food Guides
Mediterranean- lots of fish, grains includes wine Harvard- vegies and whole grains usda is less specific
Why should subjects in a study be randomly placed into groups rather than letting them pick their own groups? In other words, what is the value of randomly assigning subjects and why might the findings of the study not be valid if you let subjects pick their groups.
So that there is no bias. if you let them chose you could have all the fit people decide to go into group 1 and all the unfit people into group 2 or women go to group one and men go to group two and it would mess up the control group because there could be other variables effecting the results other than what you're testing for
What do we mean when we say that something (i.e. smoking) is a risk factor for hypertension, certain cancers and cardiovascular disease?
Something that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.
Identify the major organs of the digestive system and their role in the digestion of food (be extremely familiar with the digestive tract anatomy)
mouth,salivary glands, pharynex, Esophagus, Liver-makes bile to emulsify fat, gallbladder- stores the bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed. stomach- makes food into chyme and breaks down food, small intestine- absorbs nutri. Pancreas- secretes substances into the GI tract &releases hormones needed for blood sugar regulation. large intestine- absorbs Water, Sodium, potassium, chloride and Vitamin K (produced by bacteria) & Elimination of waste product thru. the anus
What is the role of the muscles lining the digestive tract? What causes the food to move through the intestinal tract?
move food along. peristalsis wave like movement of muscles
Name the substances secreted into the GI Tract and indicate their source (make a chart). Be sure you know where each of these substances come from and what each of these substances does. Your chart should include saliva, gastric juice hydrochloric acid, bile, enzymes, bicarbonate.
need to know gastrin, secretin, chloesystokinin (CCK), Gastric inhibatory peptide (GIP) in pic
What is the difference between a nutrient claim and a health claim?
nutri. claims are about the amount of given nutri. in a food where as health claims describe an association between a nutri/food substance and a specific health problem
How do intervention studies differ from non-intervention studies in terms of what you can conclude from the findings?
observational studies do not prove one thing directly influences another thing (does not prove cause and effect) where as in human intervention (while not always feasible) can begin to show that one thing directly impacts another thing (cause and effect)
What is meant by optimal nutrition? undernutrition? overnutrition? malnutrition?
optimal= you're getting what you need undernutrition= means youre not getting what you need overnutrition= you're getting too much tone it down malnutrition= under and over nutrition aka not optimal nutrition
How is the order of the ingredients listed on the label determined?
organized from highest concentration to lowest
How does a nutrient differ from a phytochemical or zoochemical?
phytochemicals and zoochemicals are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients
What are the basic functions of nutrients?
provide energy, regulate structural material and regulate body processes