nutrition ch 11

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin a. A. b. K. c. E. d. D.

D.

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis? a. Tanning lamps and tanning booths do not stimulate vitamin D synthesis b. Sunscreens with sunburn protection factors of 2 and above prevent synthesis of vitamin D c. The ultraviolet rays of the sun are able to easily pierce heavy clouds and smog to promote vitamin D synthesis d. Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D

Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E? a. Functions as a hormone-like substance b. Toxicity symptoms include bone abnormalities c. Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids d. Important food sources include enriched breads and pasta

Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids

Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis? a. Toxicity of vitamin A b. Toxicity of beta-carotene c. Deficiency of vitamin A d. Deficiency of vitamin D

Deficiency of vitamin A

Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria b. Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet d. Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins

Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

Recently, there has been a lot of news about the importance of antioxidants in the diet. Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins? a. A b. E c. K d. D

E

Which of the following is a property of the tocopherols? a. Easily destroyed by air and oxygen b. Act as precursors for the menaquinones c. May dissolve from foods into cooking water d. Absorbed from the intestines into the portal circulation

Easily destroyed by air and oxygen

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D? a. Egg yolks b. Red meats c. Tomato juice d. Whole-wheat bread

Egg yolks

What is the role of vitamin E in the metabolism of free radicals? a. Carrier b. Promoter c. Eliminator d. Synthesizer

Eliminator

Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people? a. Rickets b. Xerophthalmia c. Muscular dystrophy d. Erythrocyte hemolysis

Erythrocyte hemolysis

Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin D nutrition? a. A dietary source is oily fish b. The DRI fails to account for skin synthesis of vitamin D c. Excessive exposure to the sun increases risk for vitamin D toxicity d. People who are not outdoors are advised to drink at least 2 cups of vitamin D-fortified milk daily

Excessive exposure to the sun increases risk for vitamin D toxicity

Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney? a. Excessive intake of vitamin D b. Inadequate intake of vitamin D c. Excessive intake of tocopherols d. Inadequate intake of tocopherols

Excessive intake of vitamin D

Which of the following is not known to promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly? a. Consumption of little or no milk b. Excessive use of hypertension medications c. Wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen while outdoors d. Diminished capacity of liver and kidney synthesis of activated vitamin D

Excessive use of hypertension medications

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? a. Bone b. Carotene c. Tryptophan d. Exposure to sunlight

Exposure to sunlight

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a. Toxicity from vitamin D may result from overexposure to the sun b. Requirements are much higher in the elderly due to degenerative bone diseases c. Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source d. Absorption from most food sources is very poor, necessitating the enrichment of grain products

Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? a. Meat b. Fortified milk c. Fruits and vegetables d. Enriched breads and cereals

Fortified milk

Which of the following functions is shared by beta-carotene and vitamin E? a. Inhibition of oxidation b. Prevention of keratinization c. Inhibition of bone calcium loss d. Prevention of hemolytic anemia

Inhibition of oxidation

Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy? a. Diabetes b. Pernicious anemia c. Muscular dystrophy d. Intermittent claudication

Intermittent claudication

If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A? a. Eyes b. Kidneys c. Adipose cells d. Intestinal cells

Intestinal cells

Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health? a. It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines b. It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process c. It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone thereby allowing remodeling to occur d. It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth

It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone thereby allowing remodeling to occur

Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin D deficiency? a. It causes a calcium deficiency b. It causes excess iron absorption c. It leads to overt signs only rarely d. It leads to low blood calcium which in turn promotes seizures

It causes excess iron absorption

Why shouldn't a 7-month pregnant woman be prescribed Accutane? a. It may aggravate existing edema b. It may lead to prolongation of labor c. It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby d. It contains high concentrations of vitamin D that can cause birth defects

It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby

Which of the following is a feature of Accutane? a. It is effective in treating rickets b. It is less toxic than pure vitamin A c. It is known to be effective in treating mild but not severe acne d. It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women

It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? a. It inhibits absorption of dietary cholesterol b. It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins c. It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver d. It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver

It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following describes an association of vitamin A and vision? a. Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts b. Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration c. Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane d. Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of a molecule of vitamin A bound to an omega-3 fatty acid

Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration

Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process? a. Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal b. Light energy strikes the cornea and excites pigments to release retinoic acid c. Visual pigments deep in the brain are excited by light transmitted through the retina d. Epithelial cells on the surface of the eye respond to light energy by transmitting opsin molecules along nerve pathways to the brain

Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal

What tissue contains the majority of the body's store of vitamin A? a. Liver b. Adipose c. Retinal cells d. Intestinal mucosal cells

Liver

In what tissue(s) must a molecule of vitamin D be chemically altered to yield a compound that is fully active? a. Liver only b. Kidney only c. Liver and kidney d. Liver and intestines

Liver and kidney

Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults? a. Increased bone density b. Increased bone calcification c. Deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull d. Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group? a. Adults b. Elderly c. Newborns d. Adolescents

Newborns

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? a. Acne b. Rickets c. Osteomalacia d. Night blindness

Night blindness

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults? a. Rickets b. Osteomalacia c. Keratomalacia d. Hyperkeratosis

Osteomalacia

Which of the following conditions or diseases are known to be caused by a deficiency of the same nutrient? a. Osteomalacia and rickets b. Xerophthalmia and breath pentane release c. Kwashiorkor and fibrocystic breast disease d. Hemolytic anemia and large-cell type anemia

Osteomalacia and rickets

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status? a. Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight b. Wide availability of low-cost fish products c. Wide availability of food assistance programs d. World Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules

Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition? a. Vitamin D deficiency may be created by a calcium deficiency b. Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition c. Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity d. In people living in northern U.S. cities, vitamin D stores from synthesis during the summer are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter

Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity

What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D? a. Promotes secretion of calcitonin b. Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol c. Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins d. Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? a. Corn b. Pumpkin pie c. Baked potato d. Whole-grain bread

Pumpkin pie

Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response? a. Opsin b. Keratin c. Retinal d. Carotene

Retinal

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues? a. Albumin b. Rhodopsin c. Retinol-binding protein d. Transcarotenoid protein

Retinol-binding protein

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed? a. Nervous b. Skeletal c. Muscular d. Circulatory

Skeletal

Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice? a. Bone pain b. Dermatitis c. Skin yellowing d. Vitamin A toxicity

Skin yellowing

Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once there, she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness. Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition? a. Sweet potato b. Orange juice c. Peanut butter d. Powdered skim milk

Sweet potato

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a. The bioavailability of vitamin D from soy milk is low b. Lifeguards on southern beaches have increased risk for vitamin D toxicity c. Most adults living in the southern United States need small amounts of dietary vitamin D d. The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake

The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A. Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system. What would you say to Greg to allay his fear? a. "Take a vitamin A supplement as soon as you can!" b. "As long as you eat some chicken tonight you will not develop chicken eyes." c. "Well, there isn't any vitamin A in carrots so you probably haven't consumed vitamin A for some time now." d. "Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

To convert the number of tocopherol equivalents to alpha-tocopherol, multiply by the factor a. 0.8. b. 1.4. c. 2.0. d. 3.3.

0.8.

If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear? a. 2 weeks b. 1 to 2 months c. 6 months d. 1 to 2 years

1 to 2 years

Which of the following shows the highest vitamin D activity? a. Cholecalciferol b. 7-Dehydrocholesterol c. 25-Hydroxy vitamin D d. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D

1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D

Which of the following is a characteristic of carotenoids in foods? a. Most carotenoids can be converted to vitamin A b. The carotenoid with the highest conversion rate to vitamin A is lycopene c. Carotenoid absorption efficiency from salads is higher when regular dressing is used compared with low-fat dressing d. Carotenoid absorption is inhibited by foods rich in chlorophyll

Carotenoid absorption efficiency from salads is higher when regular dressing is used compared with low-fat dressing

How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 12

12

Approximately how many children worldwide have vitamin A deficiency? a. 5 million b. 25 million c. 250 million d. 500 million

250 million

How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5

3

On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units? a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 10

3

To decrease risk for vitamin A toxicity-related birth defects, it is suggested that pregnant women limit vitamin A supplements to less than a. 5,000 RAE. b. 10,000 RAE. c. 4 times the RDA. d. 10 times the RDA.

4 times the RDA.

What is the Adequate Intake level for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age? a. 5 μg b. 8 μg c. 10 μg d. 14 μg

5 μg

The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately a. 400 mg. b. 1,000 mg. c. 800 retinol activity equivalents. d. 5,000 retinol activity equivalents.

800 retinol activity equivalents.

Approximately what percent of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver? a. 20 b. 50 c. 70 d. 90

90

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods? a. Fast foods are generally considered good sources of vitamin A b. A regular intake of chicken liver is known to induce toxicity in children c. Xanthophylls in certain vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the liver d. Chlorophyll in vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells

A regular intake of chicken liver is known to induce toxicity in children

Which of the following is a feature of carotenoids in food? a. Most carotenoids have vitamin A activity b. Bioavailability depends in part on the presence of preformed vitamin A c. Absorption from the GI tract is blunted by consuming a salad with fat-free dressing d. Bioavailability is highest for alpha-carotene but this form is present in least amounts in the diet

Absorption from the GI tract is blunted by consuming a salad with fat-free dressing

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia? a. Infants b. Elderly men c. Adult women d. Children ages 2-12 years

Adult women

What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E activity in the human body? a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta

Alpha

What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity? a. Children b. Adolescents c. Adults d. Elderly

Children

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods? a. Anthocyanin in beets masks the presence of beta-carotene b. Margarine made from corn oil is a poor source of vitamin A c. Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A d. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene

Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D? a. Cholesterol b. Tryptophan c. Beta-carotene d. Eicosapentanoic acid

Cholesterol

What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation? a. Albumin b. Cholesterol c. Chylomicrons d. Liposoluble binding proteins

Chylomicrons

Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults? a. Eating beef liver once a month b. Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements c. Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified milk daily d. Consuming large amounts of dark green and deep orange vegetables

Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements

Which of the following provides the least amount of precursor vitamin A? a. Corn b. Spinach c. Carrots d. Cantaloupe

Corn

What part of the body is affected most by keratomalacia? a. Bone b. Liver c. Cornea d. Immune cells

Cornea

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? a. Tryptophan b. Chlorophyll c. Xanthophyll d. Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene

What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A? a. Growth is stunted b. Blindness develops c. Retinal synthesis is stimulated d. Retinol synthesis is stimulated

Blindness develops

As far as is known, vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes? a. Blood clotting b. Growth of bones and teeth c. Synthesis of visual pigment d. Maintaining mucous membranes

Blood clotting

Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share? a. Both function as antioxidants b. Both require bile for absorption c. Neither participates in protein synthesis d. Neither is affected by the processing of foods

Both function as antioxidants

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency? a. Bowed legs b. Rupture of red blood cells c. Frequent respiratory infections d. Abnormally high blood calcium level

Bowed legs

Keratinization is the result of a. toxicity of vitamin A. b. toxicity of vitamin D. c. deficiency of vitamin A. d. deficiency of vitamin D.

deficiency of vitamin A.

Keratinization of lung cells may result from a. toxicity of vitamin A. b. toxicity of beta-carotene. c. deficiency of vitamin A. d. deficiency of vitamin D.

deficiency of vitamin A.

The plant version of vitamin D is known as a. ergocalciferol. b. foliocalciferol. c. cholecalciferol. d. phyllocalciferol.

ergocalciferol.

Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of a. iron. b. vitamin A. c. folic acid. d. phylloquinone.

vitamin A.

The process of bone remodeling is known to be dependent on all of the fat-soluble vitamins except a. vitamin A. b. vitamin K. c. vitamin E. d. vitamin D.

vitamin E.

All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except the a. skin. b. liver. c. kidney. d. intestines.

intestines.

The major target organs for the action of activated vitamin D include all of the following except the a. liver. b. bone. c. kidney. d. intestine.

liver.

The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually a. xerosis. b. xerophthalmia. c. night blindness. d. corneal keratinization.

night blindness.

All of the following are characteristics of excess consumption of beta-carotene except a. overconsumption from foods is harmless. b. overconsumption from supplements is harmless. c. drinking alcohol worsens the adverse effects of supplements. d. smoking cigarettes aggravates the detrimental effects of supplements.

overconsumption from supplements is harmless.

There is some evidence for benefits from vitamin E supplements in all of the following groups except a. premature infants. b. people with intermittent claudication. c. women with fibrocystic breast disease. d. people with problems of sexual impotence.

people with problems of sexual impotence.

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of a. lysosomes. b. free radicals. c. mucopolysaccharides. d. polyunsaturated fatty acids.

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The preferred unit of expression of vitamin A is the a. milligram. b. global unit. c. international unit. d. retinol activity equivalent.

retinol activity equivalent.

All of the following are forms of vitamin A except a. retinol. b. retinal. c. retinoic acid. d. retinoquinone.

retinoquinone.

All of the following are characteristics of vitamin D nutrition except a. deficient intake may lead to altered bone composition. b. excessive intake may lead to mineral deposits in the kidneys. c. fortified milk is the major dietary source in the U.S. population. d. the requirement is increased in most people who are exposed to the sun.

the requirement is increased in most people who are exposed to the sun.

Why are vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in human beings? a. The vitamin is not essential b. The vitamin is widespread in foods c. Most people take vitamin E supplements d. The vitamin can be synthesized by the body

The vitamin is widespread in foods

Which of the following features are shared by Retin-A and Accutane? a. They are teratogenic b. They are highly toxic c. They are usually taken orally d. They have chemical structures similar to vitamin A

They have chemical structures similar to vitamin A

Which of the following is a feature of taking high-dose supplements of vitamin A? a. They increase teratogenic risk b. They are effective in treating acne c. They lead to keratinization of tissue d. They reduce risk for neural tube defects

They increase teratogenic risk

In which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur? a. Adolescent women b. Overweight adults c. Those taking vitamin A supplements d. Those consuming more than 100 g of carrots daily

Those taking vitamin A supplements

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? a. Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin b. Dietary protein assures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter c. Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin d. Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. Require bile for absorption b. Found in the fat and oily parts of foods c. Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue d. Pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity than water-soluble vitamins

Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K c. Phylloquinone d. Alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin D

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A? a. Osteomalacia b. Osteoporosis c. Xerophthalmia d. Prolonged blood-clotting time

Xerophthalmia

The risk for vitamin D deficiency increases with advancing age for all of the following reasons except reduced a. exposure to sunlight. b. milk intake of older people. c. absorption of dietary vitamin D. d. activation of vitamin D by the kidneys.

absorption of dietary vitamin D.

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) a. peroxide. b. coenzyme. c. antioxidant. d. free radical.

antioxidant.

A person seeking good sources of vitamin A would select all of the following except a. liver. b. bananas. c. apricots. d. sweet potatoes.

bananas.

All of the following are other names for vitamin D except a. calciferol. b. calcitonin. c. cholecalciferol. d. dihydroxy vitamin D.

calcitonin.

The animal version of vitamin D is known as a. ergocalciferol. b. foliocalciferol. c. cholecalciferol. d. phyllocalciferol.

cholecalciferol.

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Since your friend only purchases organic and all natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store? a. Whole-grain bread b. Vitamin D-fortified milk c. Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice d. Omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk

Vitamin D-fortified milk