Nutrition- Ch 12

Vitamin A is involved in the development of the _____. Multiple select question. tongue eyes limbs cardiovascular system

eyes limbs cardiovascular system

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary _______. Multiple choice question. fiber fat protein carbohydrate

fat

The [blank] -soluble vitamins are not easily excreted by the body, however, the kidney can filter excess [blank] -soluble vitamins so they are eliminated in the urine.

fat water

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins. Multiple choice question. fat-soluble water-soluble

fat-soluble

Excessive intakes of preformed vitamin A during pregnancy may result in ______. Multiple select question. fetal malformations increased acne during pregnancy spontaneous abortions a decrease in immunity functions

fetal malformations spontaneous abortions

The vitamin A deficiency that produces skin changes is referred to as ____. Multiple choice question. night blindness follicular hyperkeratosis

follicular hyperkeratosis

The sources of retinoids, the preformed source of vitamin A, include _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. carrots fortified margarine beef liver fortified milk

fortified margarine beef liver fortified milk

If the supply of a specific vitamin is inadequate, a deficiency disease related to that vitamin's function will develop _____. Multiple choice question. immediately after the inadequate intake begins gradually over a period of time over the same period of time for each vitamin

gradually over a period of time

One RAE is equal to _____. Multiple select question. 100 μg of retinol 12 μg of beta-carotene 1 μg of retinol 60 μg of beta-carotene

12 μg of beta-carotene 1 μg of retinol

One RAE is equal to _____. Multiple select question. 12 μg of beta-carotene 100 μg of retinol 1 μg of retinol 60 μg of beta-carotene

12 μg of beta-carotene 1 μg of retinol

The upper level of intake for vitamin A has been set at _____. Multiple choice question. 3000 μg/day beta-carotene 3 μg/day of retinol 30 μg/day beta-carotene 3000 μg/day of retinol

3000 μg/day of retinol

Vitamins A and D are unlikely to cause toxicities unless taken in amounts ___________ times greater than the DRI. Multiple choice question. 2 to 4 1 to 3 5 to 10

5 to 10

What is the RDA for vitamin A for adult women? Multiple choice question. 900 μg 700 μg 300 μg 1200 μg

700 μg

Over ______% of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver. Multiple choice question. 30 50 75 90

90

What is the RDA for vitamin A for adult men? Multiple choice question. 900 μg 600 μg 200 μg 1200 μg

900 μg

A lack of which vitamin during embryonic development is linked to fetal mortality? Multiple choice question. D E A K

A

The leading cause of preventable blindness in children is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin? Multiple choice question. K D A E

A

Vitamin ______ is needed in the retina of the eye to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain. Multiple choice question. E D A K

A

Which vitamins are the most likely to produce toxic effects when consumed in excess? Multiple select question. K A E D

A D

Night blindness was linked to Vitamin A during what time frame? Multiple choice question. 20th century 5th century Ancient Egyptians

Ancient Egyptians

Night blindness was linked to Vitamin A during what time frame? Multiple choice question. Ancient Egyptians 5th century 20th century

Ancient Egyptians

The cones are responsible for vision during what type of light? Multiple choice question. Dim light Bright light

Bright light

Found in plants

Carotenoids

_________ may inhibit the oxidation of the lipoprotein LDL. Multiple choice question. Retinoids Vitamin D Carotenoids Vitamin E

Carotenoids

_________ may inhibit the oxidation of the lipoprotein LDL. Multiple choice question. Retinoids Vitamin E Vitamin D Carotenoids

Carotenoids

Which part of the eye is responsible for the visual processes occurring under bright lights that translate objects into color images? Multiple choice question. Cones Rods

Cones

Some vitamin A is stored in which part of the body to maintain the vitamin A pools? Multiple choice question. Eyes Tongue Ears

Eyes

The body is able to readily store which group of vitamins? Multiple choice question. Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

______ expression directs cell differentiation. Multiple choice question. Facial Gene Stem cell Epithelial

Gene

How might a person who consumes a diet adequate in fat still develop a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency? Multiple choice question. This is not possible If the fat is burned too quickly for energy Inefficient fat digestion and absorption If the body stores excess fat

Inefficient fat digestion and absorption

Where are the fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body? Multiple choice question. Muscle Spleen Liver

Liver

Which carotenoids may help lessen the risk of macular degeneration? Multiple select question. Beta-carotene Vitamin A Lutein Zeaxanthin

Lutein Zeaxanthin

Which of the following are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency? Multiple select question. Decreased brain function Night blindness Impaired growth Increased incidence of infections

Night blindness Impaired growth Increased incidence of infections

Which individuals are at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? Multiple select question. Older adults Teenagers Impoverished individuals Alcoholics

Older adults Impoverished individuals Alcoholics

Identify a possible function of carotenoids. Multiple choice question. Increase brain functions. Promote wound healing. Protect from eye diseases. Protect skin health.

Protect from eye diseases.

Vitamin A has been shown to be helpful in treating which skin conditions? Multiple select question. Psoriasis Sunburns Acne

Psoriasis- Red, itchy scaly patches (immune system disorder cause chronic, inflammatory skin condition) Acne

Dietary vitamin A activity is currently expressed in _____ units. Multiple choice question. IU RAE m

RAE

Which synthetic vitamin A analogs are currently being used to treat skin conditions? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. acetaminophen Retin-A Accutane Ibuprofen

Retin-A Accutane

______ allows certain cells in the eye to adjust from bright to dim light. Multiple choice question. Vitamin E Retinal Vitamin C Beta-carotene

Retinal

Which of the following are the three forms of vitamin A? Multiple select question. Retinal Menaquinone Retinol Retinoic acid

Retinal Retinol Retinoic acid

Found only in animal products

Retinoids

Which of the following is the term used for the biologically active forms of vitamin A? Multiple choice question. Phylloquinone Tocopherols Retinoids Ascorbic acid

Retinoids

Vitamin A is important for the production of mucus in which organs? Multiple select question. Pancreas Skin Lungs Trachea GI tract

Skin Lungs Trachea GI tract

______ occurs when vitamin A deficiency progresses and leads to dryness of the cornea and eye membranes. Multiple choice question. Hyperkeratosis Macular degeneration Xerophthalmia Rickets

Xerophthalmia

______ occurs when vitamin A deficiency progresses and leads to dryness of the cornea and eye membranes. Multiple choice question. Macular degeneration Xerophthalmia Hyperkeratosis Rickets

Xerophthalmia

Which carotenoids may help lessen the risk of macular degeneration? Multiple select question. Zeaxanthin Lutein Beta-carotene Vitamin A

Zeaxanthin Lutein

When a vitamin deficiency is present, the individual with the deficiency may experience _________ in health. Multiple choice question. a decline no change an improvement

a decline

In chronic toxicity of vitamin A, infants and show a wide range of signs and symptoms.

adults

A(n) ________ is at risk for a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. Multiple choice question. athlete diabetic alcoholic

alcoholic

Premature infants _____ at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency because they are born with low stores of vitamin A. Multiple choice question. are not are

are

Vitamins _________ a source of energy. Multiple choice question. are are not

are not

In order to cure night blindness, Hippocrates recommended the consumption of ______. Multiple choice question. beef liver fruit white rice spinach

beef liver

In order to cure night blindness, Hippocrates recommended the consumption of ______. Multiple choice question. fruit spinach beef liver white rice

beef liver

In dark green vegetables, the yellow-orange coloring called _____ is masked by the dark green pigment called chlorophyll. Multiple choice question. alpha-tocopherol menadione retinol beta-carotene

beta-carotene

A severe vitamin A deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia, which can result in _____. Multiple choice question. acne prostate cancer blindness breast cancer

blindness

A vitamin deficiency may occur when a vitamin has been lacking in the diet for several weeks and the ______. Multiple choice question. body stores are still adequate body stores are depleted body stores are low

body stores are depleted

Small amounts of vitamin A are found stored in the _____. Multiple select question. bone marrow adipose tissue kidneys hair

bone marrow adipose tissue kidneys

Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of _____. Multiple choice question. preformed vitamin A carotenoids retinoids

carotenoids

Diets high in _____ may decrease the risk of certain eye diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Multiple choice question. vitamin K vitamin E carotenoids potassium and sodium

carotenoids

Diets high in _____ may decrease the risk of certain eye diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Multiple choice question. vitamin K vitamin E potassium and sodium carotenoids

carotenoids

Beta-carotene can be found in which of the following foods? Multiple choice question. grapes apples cauliflower carrots

carrots

Sources of carotenoids include ____. Multiple select question. margarine fortified milk carrots sweet potatoes broccoli

carrots sweet potatoes broccoli

If vitamin A pools become depleted, the process of _______ is impaired. Multiple choice question. xerophthalmia cataract formation follicular hyperkeratosis dark adaptation

dark adaptation

Which of the following are possible benefits from eating foods rich in carotenoids? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. decreased risk of cancer decreased risk of cardiovascular disease increased brain function

decreased risk of cancer decreased risk of cardiovascular disease

Which of the following are possible benefits from eating foods rich in carotenoids? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. decreased risk of cardiovascular disease increased brain function decreased risk of cancer

decreased risk of cardiovascular disease decreased risk of cancer

Lycopene may reduce cardiovascular disease risk by _____. Multiple select question. decreasing HDL cholesterol levels decreasing LDL oxidation increasing liver cholesterol synthesis increasing cellular LDL receptor activity

decreasing LDL oxidation increasing cellular LDL receptor activity

In vitamin A-deficient children, vitamin A supplements have been shown to reduce the severity of some illnesses and infections such as ____. Multiple select question. diarrhea chicken pox measles

diarrhea measles

The B-vitamins and vitamin C _____. Multiple choice question. are insoluble dissolve in oil dissolve in water

dissolve in water

What can lead to spontaneous abortions in pregnant women? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. excess retinoids Retin-A Accutane excess beta-carotene

excess retinoids Retin-A Accutane

For most vitamins, the natural forms (isolated from foods) _____. Multiple choice question. have the same health benefits as synthetic forms (made in a laboratory) are more healthful than synthetic forms (made in a laboratory) are less healthful than synthetic forms (made in a laboratory)

have the same health benefits as synthetic forms (made in a laboratory)

Vitamins isolated from foods are classified as ____. Multiple choice question. previtamins synthetic natural provitamins

natural

A direct link between carotenoid intake and the prevention of age-related macular degeneration has ____ demonstrated. Multiple choice question. not been been

not been Macular Degneration- chronic eye disease that occurs when tissue in retina (macula) deteriorates- cause blind spot or blurred vision

Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. amylase gastrin pancreatic lipase bile

pancreatic lipase bile

Carotenoids are absorbed primarily by _____. Multiple choice question. active transport passive diffusion

passive diffusion

Carotenoids are absorbed primarily by _____. Multiple choice question. passive diffusion active transport

passive diffusionv

Fish, fish oils, and liver are natural sources of ____. Multiple choice question. the provitamin A Vitamin C preformed vitamin A Vitamin K

preformed vitamin A

The recommendation is that pregnant women should not exceed 100% of the Daily Value for _____. Multiple choice question. provitamin A beta-carotene all carotenoids preformed vitamin A

preformed vitamin A

Vitamin D is unique because in the presence of sunlight, skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply of vitamin D, which is why it is also correctly classified as a conditional vitamin or as a ______. Multiple choice question. retinoid prohormone tocopherol calcitriol

prohormone

Dietary carotenoids are attached to _____ that must be split off by digestive enzymes prior to absorption. Multiple choice question. proteins carbohydrates fatty acids alcohols

proteins

Key functions of ______ include growth and development, cell differentiation, vision, and immune function. Multiple choice question. retinoids carotenoids rhodopsin tocopherols

retinoids

Key functions of ______ include growth and development, cell differentiation, vision, and immune function. Multiple choice question. tocopherols carotenoids retinoids rhodopsin

retinoids

Preformed vitamin A as a retinoid is found in the foods of animal origin as _______. Multiple choice question. beta-carotene lutein retinol alpha-tocopherol

retinol

The synthesis of retinol-binding protein requires an adequate amount of _____. Multiple choice question. retinol carbohydrates copper fats

retinol

Vitamin A is transported in the bloodstream and is bound to _____. Multiple choice question. free fatty acids retinol-binding protein carbohydrates platelets

retinol-binding protein

Vitamin A is transported in the bloodstream and is bound to _____. Multiple choice question. platelets carbohydrates retinol-binding protein free fatty acids

retinol-binding protein

During a severe vitamin A deficiency ______. Multiple select question. skin texture becomes smooth and soft skin texture becomes rough and sandy keratinized cells can replace epithelial cells hair follicles fall out hair follicles become plugged with keratin

skin texture becomes rough and sandy keratinized cells can replace epithelial cells hair follicles become plugged with keratin

A possible side effect of high intake levels of vitamin A-yielding carotenoids is ______. Multiple choice question. poor pregnancy outcomes liver toxicity an increased risk of hip fracture an inefficient carotenoid conversion to retinol skin that becomes yellow-orange in color

skin that becomes yellow-orange in color

Provitamin A carotenoids function as antioxidants and help to prevent _____. Multiple select question. some cancers cardiovascular disease in high-risk people rickets and osteomalacia hemorrhages

some cancers cardiovascular disease in high-risk people

A vitamin deficiency occurs when the vitamin ______. Multiple select question. is obtained from synthetic sources only is not consumed daily in the case of fat-soluble vitamins stores are depleted is continuously lacking in the diet

stores are depleted is continuously lacking in the diet

Vitamin A is important in maintaining normal differentiation in cells related to the structural components of the eyes, including _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. the color the retina the cornea

the retina the cornea

Under what conditions would a megadose of specific vitamins be acceptable? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. under medical treatment for a non deficiency disease under no circumstances under medical treatment for a deficiency disease for water-soluble vitamins only

under medical treatment for a non deficiency disease under medical treatment for a deficiency disease

A lack of vitamin A may affect ______. Multiple select question. visual function immune function growth and development nerve transmission

visual function immune function growth and development

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a ______. Multiple choice question. mineral vitamin precursor provitamin

vitamin

Which fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. vitamin A vitamin E vitamin D vitamin K

vitamin A vitamin E vitamin D

The water-soluble vitamins include _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. vitamins D and E vitamin C vitamins K and A the B-vitamins

vitamin C the B-vitamins

Cod liver oil, sardines, and mackerel are all good sources of _____. Multiple choice question. vitamin E vitamin A vitamin K vitamin D

vitamin D

Name the fat-soluble vitamins. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K vitamin B vitamin A vitamin C

vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K vitamin A

Vitamin A deficiency may affect a person's immune system by ____. Multiple choice question. stimulating the production of the intestinal flora impacting the epithelium promoting antigen development increasing cell differentiation

impacting the epithelium

Vitamin A deficiency may affect a person's immune system by ____. Multiple choice question. stimulating the production of the intestinal flora impacting the epithelium increasing cell differentiation promoting antigen development

impacting the epithelium- covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, like lungs, GI tract, blood vessel linings, and skins

In older adults, lutein supplementation has shown ______. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. improved memory performance improved verbal performance improved motor performance decreased motor performance

improved memory performance improved verbal performance

A lack of vitamin A in the diet may leave a person at a greater risk for _____. Multiple choice question. hemorrhages infections low energy reserves weight loss

infections

A vitamin deficiency occurs when the vitamin ______. Multiple select question. is obtained from synthetic sources only is continuously lacking in the diet is not consumed daily in the case of fat-soluble vitamins stores are depleted

is continuously lacking in the diet stores are depleted

In adults 50 years or older, which carotenoid has been associated with improved brain function? Multiple choice question. lutein beta-carotene zeaxanthin retinol

lutein

In adults 50 years or older, which carotenoid has been associated with improved brain function? Multiple choice question. lutein zeaxanthin beta-carotene retinol

lutein

When a megadose of vitamin is given to someone, the person is receiving _____. Multiple choice question. much more than needed much less than needed

much more than needed

When sufficient dietary vitamin A is not available, a deficiency disorder known as ______ may develop. Multiple choice question. pellagra osteomalacia xerophthalmia rickets

xerophthalmia