Nutrition Ch. 12 and 13

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Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?

Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

Distilled water

In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?

Equilibrium

Which of the following is a feature of water?

Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?

Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?

Helps maintain acid-base balance

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?

High blood pressure

What is another term for hypertension?

High blood pressure

Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?

High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion

Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?

Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness

What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?

Hyponatremia

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level?

Insufficient dietary intake

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?

Intake and excretion are equal

Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency?

It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources

How does antidiuretic hormone function?

It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?

Kidney stone formation

What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?

Kidneys

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?

Kidneys

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?

Liberal intakes may correct hypertension

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

Muscle weakness

What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?

Osmotic pressure

What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?

Osmotic pressure

Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range?

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

What is the major intracellular anion?

Phosphate

What is the major intracellular cation?

Potassium

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

Processed foods

Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?

Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis

What is the major extracellular cation?

Sodium

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?

Sodium

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?

Sodium and chloride

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?

Source of energy

Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?

Spinach and sweet potatoes

Which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition?

The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism

Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?

Calcium

Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?

1

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt?

1 teaspoon

How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?

1,000 mg

What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?

1-2

Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?

Can cause toxicity

Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except

Caucasians.

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

Certain green vegetables

The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately

1.5 to 2.5 liters

What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?

10

What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?

2,500 mL

Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?

25

Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?

250

What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?

3-4%

What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?

3/4

How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?

300

Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?

35%of the loaf

The approximate percentage of water in pizza is

45.

Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction?

5

What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?

500

The normal blood pH range is approximately

7.35-7.45.

Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person?

80

What is calmodulin?

A calcium-binding protein

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell

What is the function of renin?

Activates angiotensin

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?

Cheeses

Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?

Children

What is the major extracellular anion?

Chloride

Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?

Chloride

Where is interstitial water found?

Between cells

Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?

Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate

hypertension.

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

hypertension.

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as

hyponatremia

All of the following are properties of electrolytes except

they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as

interstitial fluid

Calcium-binding protein acts within the

intestines

All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except

lactose in the diet

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of

lactose.

The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed

obligatory water excretion.

All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except

oxalates

All of the following are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except

oxalic acid.

As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium?

pH regulation

All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except

processed foods are a major source

All of the following are typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula except

protein

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

Aldosterone and renin each function to promote

retention of sodium

Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of

sodium.

All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except

spastic muscles

All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except

the liver.

All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except

the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.

Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?

They can induce dehydration

Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?

Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables

What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

Water

Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?

Water

Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death

Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?

When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash

Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except

adrenaline.

The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed

calcium rigor.

Ions that carry a positive charge are called

cations.

Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?

Angiotensin

What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?

Antidiuretic hormone

What is hydroxyapatite?

The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones


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