Nutrition Ch. 12 and 13
Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?
Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
Distilled water
In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
Equilibrium
Which of the following is a feature of water?
Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?
Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
Helps maintain acid-base balance
Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
Helps maintain gastric acidity
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?
High blood pressure
What is another term for hypertension?
High blood pressure
Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?
High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?
Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
Hyponatremia
Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level?
Insufficient dietary intake
Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
Intake and excretion are equal
Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency?
It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
How does antidiuretic hormone function?
It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?
Kidney stone formation
What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?
Kidneys
What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
Kidneys
Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
Muscle weakness
What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?
Osmotic pressure
What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?
Osmotic pressure
Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
What is the major intracellular anion?
Phosphate
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
Processed foods
Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?
Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
What is the major extracellular cation?
Sodium
Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?
Sodium
When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
Sodium and chloride
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
Source of energy
Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?
Spinach and sweet potatoes
Which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition?
The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism
Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?
Calcium
Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
1
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt?
1 teaspoon
How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?
1,000 mg
What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
1-2
Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?
Can cause toxicity
Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except
Caucasians.
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?
Certain green vegetables
The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately
1.5 to 2.5 liters
What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
10
What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?
2,500 mL
Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?
25
Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
250
What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?
3-4%
What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
3/4
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
300
Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?
35%of the loaf
The approximate percentage of water in pizza is
45.
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction?
5
What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
500
The normal blood pH range is approximately
7.35-7.45.
Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person?
80
What is calmodulin?
A calcium-binding protein
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
What is the function of renin?
Activates angiotensin
Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?
Cheeses
Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?
Children
What is the major extracellular anion?
Chloride
Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?
Chloride
Where is interstitial water found?
Between cells
Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?
Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
hypertension.
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent
hypertension.
Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as
hyponatremia
All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
In the body, water that resides between cells is known as
interstitial fluid
Calcium-binding protein acts within the
intestines
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
lactose in the diet
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
lactose.
The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed
obligatory water excretion.
All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except
oxalates
All of the following are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except
oxalic acid.
As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium?
pH regulation
All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except
processed foods are a major source
All of the following are typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula except
protein
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
retention of sodium
Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of
sodium.
All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except
spastic muscles
All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except
the liver.
All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except
the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
They can induce dehydration
Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?
Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?
Water
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
Water
Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?
When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except
adrenaline.
The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed
calcium rigor.
Ions that carry a positive charge are called
cations.
Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?
Angiotensin
What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?
Antidiuretic hormone
What is hydroxyapatite?
The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones