Exam 2 study
Which of the following statements are true of Thorndike's law of effect?
Behaviors with unfavorable consequences tend to disappear Behaviors with favorable consequences tend to be repeated
Jordan sells on commission and is paid for every sale. This is an example of a:
continuous reinforcement schedule
According to many CEOs, corporate ________ is the key to making a company one of the best.
culture
Which of the following aspects of an organization do executives typically influence substantially?
culture performance tone
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) compensation issues will likely remain in the spotlight because of the ______.
decrease of white males in the workforce
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:
distributive justice
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?
need for affiliation
The first level of organizational culture is _______ artifacts
observable
Strengthening a behavior by offering a pleasing reward is ________ reinforcement.
positive
A company may pay a training wage to an employee under the age of 20 for up to ______ days.
90
Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
Acquired Needs Esteem Needs Physiological Needs
When managers look over a list of employees, decide who is best and cross that name off the list, decide who is the worst employee and cross that name off the list, and then repeat the process, this is known as ______ ranking.
Alternation
Which of the following statements about resolving conflicts between market pay surveys and job evaluation is true? Multiple choice question.
An organization must weigh its objectives and select the most appropriate strategy.
How does organizational socialization embed their cultures in new employees?
By promoting and reinforcing core values and beliefs
What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?
Change jobs. Ask for new work assignments. Talk with the manager.
What type of company culture resembles family type organizations where collaborations are encouraged with trust and support among employees?
Clan
Tran is a manager and must measure the performance of his employees. The method he uses requires him to analyze the performance of each employee against each other. Tran is using the ______ approach.
Comparative
The set of implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments is called organizational__________
Culture
Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.
Design of physical workspace Formal Statements Role modeling, teaching, coaching Rewards, status symbols and promotions
Practical guidelines derived from socialization research include which of the following?
Different techniques are appropriate for different people at different times. New hires are positively affected by formalized socialization procedures. Socialization tactics can reinforce ethical behaviors.
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job_________
Enlargement
Which of the following are the first two steps in the performance management process?
Identify the company's goals and objectives. Identify and develop performance measures for key performance dimensions.
Which of the following are advantages of paying employee wages above the market average?
It attracts skilled workers. It generates increased job satisfaction. It helps retain top talent. It encourages increased productivity.
What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?
It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.
The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as
Job design
Which of the following statements describe key jobs?
Key jobs are common to many organizations. Key jobs are known as benchmark jobs. Key jobs have relatively stable content.
What is the name of the three-phase model that Daniel Feldman proposed in order to counter the rather haphazard way some firms deal with new employees?
Organizational Socialization model
Which of the following can be used to send a message about organizational culture using physical space?
Physical spacing between people Distance between buildings Location of office furniture
Which of the following often determine the development of subcultures?
Products and technologies Divisions or departments Occupational groups
When Lindsay was late three times in two weeks, her manager told her that her pay would be docked by the amount of time she was late. This is an example of:
Punishment
What are the planned and unplanned activities and ceremonies that are used to celebrate important events or achievements called?
Rites and rituals
Which is not one of the four functions of organizational culture?
Sense-making device Collective commitment Organizational Identity Social System Stability
Which of the following statements about labor market competition is true? Multiple choice question.
Shortages and surpluses influence pay levels.
The theory that there is a purposeful if-then link between a target behavior and a consequence is:
Skinner's operant theory
Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.
Slogans, acronyms, sayings Stories, legends, myths Activities, processes, outcomes Leader reactions to crisis
Which kind of reward would be best suited for a clan culture?
Stock shares that increase when an entire division performs well (team-based reward)
Which of the following statements about approaches to measuring performance is true?
There is no one best approach to measuring performance.
Which of the following are advantages of using an intermittent reward schedule?
There is significant motivation to continue until the reinforcer is obtained. There is a predictable and clear relationship between the behavior and reinforcer. There is a considerable and consistent motivation to perform over time.
Which of the following are characteristic of companies with a market culture?
They are focused externally and value stability. They are driven by results and achieving goals.
Why are stories, legends and myths considered powerful ways to communicate desired values and behaviors in an organization?
They reinforce characteristics of the desired culture.
Why might a company choose an open office layout?
To foster collaboration and innovation
rue or false: Mixed-standard scales were developed as trait-oriented scales.
True
What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?
Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.
In a software company that caters to the federal government it would be most appropriate for which of the following positions to be paid at the highest percentile?
VP of software engineering
When a performance measure assesses all relevant aspects of performance, and only the relevant aspects of performance, that measure test is considered ______.
Valid
The second level of organizational culture is espoused ______
Values
What is a key risk of neglecting to integrate subcultures within high-risk industries?
a failure to interpret and implement safety measures
An administrative procedure used to measure internal job worth is called _______.
a job evaluation
When deciding on specific pay levels, organizations often consult ______.
a market pay survey
Employee compensation requires scrutiny because it is typically ______. Multiple choice question.
a significant organizational cost
In addition to salary, what is a major component of a typical CEO compensation package?
a stock plan
McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three _________ needs
acquired
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:
acquired needs theory
Companies with a(n) _________ culture have an external focus and value flexibility.
adhocracy
Most nonexempt employees are paid ______.
an hourly rate
The phase of organizational socialization that occurs before an individual actually joins an organization is ______________ socialization.
anticipatory
Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:
arouse behavior
Employees typically view their compensation in terms of which of the following?
as a sign of status and success as a way of evaluating their relationship with the organization as it relates to the pay of their colleagues
Observable artifacts that can be present in a firm's culture are:
awards special parking spaces manner of dress
Organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior are called: Multiple choice question.
basic underlying assumptions
Expectancy theory can be used to predict ________ in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives.
behavior
The acceptability of a performance measure is determined, in part, by the extent to which the employees ______.
believe the performance management system is fair
The process by which an organization compares its own practices against those of the competition is called
benchmarking
An organization that effectively competes in the product market is able to sell its goods and services at a quantity price that will ______.
bring a sufficient return on investment
How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?
by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value
Unlike key jobs, nonkey jobs ______.
cannot be valued or compared through market surveys
Although most employers rely on fixed interval reinforcement schedules, some examples of effective variable rewards include:
celebrations of milestones spot rewards variable bonuses for achieving major goals
The ___________ __________phase of the organizational socialization process requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust their work group's values and norms.
change and acquisition
Which factors can influence a company's ability to adhere to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) pay regulations?
changing demographics of the workforce inequity in compensation based on gender and race a shifting labor market
Companies with a(n) ______ culture have an internal focus and value flexibility rather than stability and control.
clan
What motivates corrective action in equity theory?
cognitive dissonance
The undervaluation of women's jobs has been combated through the policy of ______.
comparable worth
The characteristics of jobs that an organization values and chooses to pay are called ______.
compensable factors
The general categories of motivation theories include
content theories process theories
If a target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs, then it is a(n):
continuous reinforcement schedule
The concept of reducing the number of job levels within an organization in order to gain flexibility in job assignments is called _______.
delayering
Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job
design
The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:
designing jobs with the five core characteristics
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Which of the following are purposes of an organization's performance management system?
developmental strategic Administrative
When a graphic rating scale provides rankings at a number of different points, it is known as a(n) ______ scale.
discrete
The pay-setting approach that uses the pay policy line to derive pay rates for both key and nonkey jobs ______.
does not use actual market rates for key jobs
The concept that wages affect worker productivity is called the ______ theory.
efficiency wage
Specificity is relevant to which of the following aspects of performance management?
employee development achieving strategic goals
Specialized language such as slogans and acronyms are useful for culture change because
employees will easily remember and repeat them.
Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises?
employees' intentions of quitting employees' emotional well-being employees' perception of fairness
What are the values that employees actually exhibit based on their observations of what occurs on a daily basis?
enacted values
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of ______ theory.
equity
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of _______ theory
equity
Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?
equity sensitivity
The concept that suggests people evaluate the fairness of their situations by comparing them with others is called ______.
equity theory
Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?
equity theory
Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?
equity theory
When thinking about the consequences of pay decisions, managers should keep in mind that employees often ______.
evaluate their pay relative to other employees
Which of the following steps are part of the attribute approach?
evaluating whether individuals posses certain desired traits defining a set of desired traits
The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
expectancy
Vroom's _____________ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.
expectancy
Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with _________consequences tends to be repeated.
favorable
According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?
goal specificity ability to achieve the goal commitment to the goal
What do many CEOs believe is the essence of the best companies?
great company culture
The competing values framework identifies which of the following fundamental types of organizational culture?
hierarchy clan adhocracy
Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?
high equity sensitivity
Job enlargement is also known as________________ loading the job
horizontally
What does equity theory explain?
how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships how people strive for fairness in social exchanges
A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?
inconsistent future performance loss of motivation
Reinforcement theory states that you can:
increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence
Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective ________.
inputs
Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.
intensity of behavior or thought persistence of behavior or thought direction of behavior or thought
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval are four subcategories of ______ reinforcement schedules.
intermittent
Reinforcement of some, but not all instances of a target behavior is:
intermittent reinforcement
What are two common means for timing the administration of positive reinforcers?
intermittent reinforcement continuous reinforcement
If two individuals give a person's job performance approximately the same evaluation, the performance measure has ______.
interrater reliability
With the pay-setting approach that uses the pay policy line to derive pay rates for both key and nonkey jobs, the pay of all the jobs is linked directly to the number of job evaluation points, which ______.
introduces a greater degree of internal consistency
The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is:
job enrichment
The most widely used metric for defining pay structures is by ______.
jobs and associated responsibilities
In developing a pay structure, pay survey data and job evaluation data are commonly available for ______.
key jobs
Which forms of language help reinforce characteristics of a desired culture?
legends about important events myths about company history stories about key people
When workers take an assignment in a foreign country, they often experience different socialization activities than other newcomers. This affects which of the following for those expatriates?
long-term success job satisfaction
Communication, documentation, and organization maintenance are several of the basic purposes of an organization's performance ___________ system.
management
The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific
management
Labor market competition reflects how ______.
many workers are available relative to the number of jobs available
Companies with a(n) ________ culture have a strong external focus and value stability and control.
market
According to some critics, when it comes to pay, Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) regulations obstruct ______.
market forces
The approach that places the greatest emphasis on external comparisons is achieved by basing pay on ______.
market surveys
Job rotation is the top-down approach that:
moves employees from one specialized job to another
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?
need for achievement
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as________
needs
Jaime is on time for work every day now because her manager yelled at her when she was late. Now that she is on time, her manager doesn't yell at her. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
Strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is:
negative reinforcement
Effective performance evaluations systems should measure ______.
objectives Behaviors
Organizational identity, collective commitment, social system stability and sense-making device are the four functions of __________culture.
organizational
The process by which a person learns the values, norms and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization is called
organizational socialization.
Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of
outputs to inputs.
Benchmarking against product market and labor market competitors is typically accomplished through the use of ______.
pay surveys
Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?
poor mental health low sense of accomplishment high levels of dissatisfaction and stress
Rewarding employees who have perfect attendance records with a check for $100.00 is an example of:
positive reinforcement
The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and _______
power
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
probationary periods for new hires
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:
procedural justice
The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.
process
One of the most important factors that influences the price of a good or service is the cost of ______, which includes labor costs.
production
Which of the following kinds of occupations are typically exempt from Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) coverage?
professional positions outside salespeople executive positions
Which of the following are provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) as they relate to employee pay?
provides for a training wage calls for time-and-a-half pay for hours exceeding 40 hours a week sets a minimum wage for jobs
The distance between the maximum and minimum pay within a pay grade is known as the _______ spread.
range
Because employees with unrealistic expectations are more likely to quit their jobs, firms may want to use __________ to aid employees in their expectations of a job.
realistic job preview
Giving recruits a realistic idea of what lies ahead by presenting both positive and negative aspects of the job is called:
realistic job preview
Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory?
recognition bonuses
One advantage of using a pay grade system in planning employee compensation is that it ______.
reduces the administrative burden of setting separate pay rates for hundreds of jobs
Consistency in performance and being free from random error is a measure of ______.
reliability
Organizations compete in the labor market, so they should consider their employees not just as a cost but also as a(n) ______.
resource that provides returns
Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes, or stimulus-response connections _________ behavior.
respondent
Skinner concluded that behavior is:
respondent and operant
Placing jobs in broader bands of classification gives managers the opportunity to ______.
reward high performers with merit increases
What are considered one of the strongest ways to embed organizational culture because they are meaningful and visible?
reward systems
The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is
scientific management.
Select the important characteristics of organizational culture.
shared concept impacts outcomes at multiple levels learned over time influences our behavior at work
When a manager ranks the employees within his or her department from the best to the worst performers, it is called ______.
simple ranking
Cultural change in an organization can be achieved through changing the firm's ________ because they are easy to recall and perpetuate.
slogans acronyms anticipatory socialization
A performance measure that does a good job of telling employees what is expected of them and how to meet those expectations is said to have a high level of ______.
specificity
The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal
specificity
What type of positive reinforcement is being used if a manager decides to recognize the early successful completion of a project and gives employees the afternoon off as a reward?
spot reward
Job performance management systems that bring out job performance that is in line with the strategies, goals, and culture of the organization is said to have ______.
strategic congruence
Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?
systematic observation reason Experimentation
Which core job characteristic measures the extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization?
task significance
According to equity theory, people compare
their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.
Formal statements of organizational philosophy can embed culture when used for recruiting.
true
Many work organizations use fixed schedules rather than variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
true
Which of the following are pay-setting approaches that vary in the relative importance they give to external and internal comparisons?
using market survey data using pay grades using the pay policy line
Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:
using punishment
The competing _________ framework was first developed by researchers trying to classify different ways to assess organizational effectiveness.
values
Formal statements in an organization are those about organizational:
values mission Philosophy
The reinforcement schedules that produce the strongest behavior that is most resistant to extinction include:
variable interval schedules variable ratio schedules
The three levels of organizational culture differ in which of the following ways?
visibility resistance to change
After a company has decided the kind of performance it expects from employees, it must develop ______.
ways to measure performance
Whose theory states that contingent consequences, such as positive reinforcement and punishment, control behavior?
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following statements about the process of performance management is true?
Effective performance management is a process.
Which of the following problems can result from a job-based pay structure?
a growing bureaucracy top-down decision making is reinforced decreased lateral job movement
Donaldo just went through his performance evaluation. His manager gave him timely and complete feedback about areas needing improvement and training available to help him. Donaldo disagreed with his manager's assessment and decided not to make any changes to his work performance. Donaldo's reaction fits with which criterion of performance measure?
acceptability
The phase of organizational socialization that occurs before an individual actually joins an organization is
anticipatory socialization.
During the _____ phase of the three phase socialization process, employees come to learn what the organization is really like.
encounter
The three phases in Daniel Feldman's Organizational Socialization model are:
encounter change and acquisition anticipatory socialization
By paying higher labor costs than its competitors, a company can achieve which of the following?
encourage desired employee behaviors draw better workers to produce higher-quality products than competitors retain valued employees
The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job _________.
enrichment
The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:
interactional justice
In which of the following ways does pay affect an organization's strategic goals?
it can help align employees' interests with those of the organization. It influences the kind of employees attracted to the organization. It has an impact on employees' attitudes and behaviors.
Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?
job characteristics model
he approach that places the greatest emphasis on external comparisons is achieved by basing pay on ______.
market surveys
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____________ to be high.
motivation
Programs that help employees to integrate, assimilate and transition to new jobs are called __________.
onboarding
Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?
one-on-one meetings employee surveys
Which of the following are considered part of an employee's total compensation?
paid vacation stock options Salary
Which of the following are examples of comparative approaches? (Select all that apply.)
paired comparison ranking forced distribution
nother term for comparable worth is ______.
pay equity
The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job______
rotation
Which of the following are considered part of an employee's total compensation?
salary stock options paid vacation
True or false: Managing the timing of the reinforcement will likely enhance the effectiveness of positive reinforcement.
true
Espoused values represent aspirations that are __________ communicated to employees
Explicitly
The type of pay comparison that focuses on what employees in other organizations are paid for similar jobs is called ______ equity.
External
Not returning the phone calls of an insurance salesman so he will stop calling is the strategy for changing behavior known as ______.
Extinction
Weakening a behavior by not reinforcing it or ignoring it is:
Extinction
True or false: Market forces provide the most inefficient means of pricing and allocating people to jobs.
False
Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?
Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance. Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals. People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.
Select the three levels of organizational culture.
Basic underlying assumptions Espoused values Observable artifacts
An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?
Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.
Which of the following are characteristic of basic underlying assumptions?
They are taken for granted over time. They reflect employee's core beliefs about the company. They guide the behavior of an organization.
Which of the following are important criteria for evaluating a performance management system?
acceptability specificity reliability
McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:
achievement affiliation Power
The likely reason many managers doubt the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems is that ______.
appraisal systems are rarely modified
When a performance measure does not measure all aspects of performance, it is considered ______.
deficient
One advantage of the comparative approach to measuring performance is that ______.
it effectively differentiates employee performance
A mathematical expression that describes the relationship between a job's pay and its job evaluation points is called the ______.
pay policy line
The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
valence
Of the following, which best represent rites and rituals?
Employees avoid certain "unlucky" foods in the break room. Employees enjoy a beer on-site at the office. Salespersons ring a large gong when they make a deal.
the values and norms that actually are exhibited or converted into employee behavior are called ________ values.
Enacted
