Exam 2 study

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Which of the following statements are true of Thorndike's law of effect?

Behaviors with unfavorable consequences tend to disappear Behaviors with favorable consequences tend to be repeated

Jordan sells on commission and is paid for every sale. This is an example of a:

continuous reinforcement schedule

According to many CEOs, corporate ________ is the key to making a company one of the best.

culture

Which of the following aspects of an organization do executives typically influence substantially?

culture performance tone

Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) compensation issues will likely remain in the spotlight because of the ______.

decrease of white males in the workforce

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?

need for affiliation

The first level of organizational culture is _______ artifacts

observable

Strengthening a behavior by offering a pleasing reward is ________ reinforcement.

positive

A company may pay a training wage to an employee under the age of 20 for up to ______ days.

90

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

Acquired Needs Esteem Needs Physiological Needs

When managers look over a list of employees, decide who is best and cross that name off the list, decide who is the worst employee and cross that name off the list, and then repeat the process, this is known as ______ ranking.

Alternation

Which of the following statements about resolving conflicts between market pay surveys and job evaluation is true? Multiple choice question.

An organization must weigh its objectives and select the most appropriate strategy.

How does organizational socialization embed their cultures in new employees?

By promoting and reinforcing core values and beliefs

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

Change jobs. Ask for new work assignments. Talk with the manager.

What type of company culture resembles family type organizations where collaborations are encouraged with trust and support among employees?

Clan

Tran is a manager and must measure the performance of his employees. The method he uses requires him to analyze the performance of each employee against each other. Tran is using the ______ approach.

Comparative

The set of implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments is called organizational__________

Culture

Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.

Design of physical workspace Formal Statements Role modeling, teaching, coaching Rewards, status symbols and promotions

Practical guidelines derived from socialization research include which of the following?

Different techniques are appropriate for different people at different times. New hires are positively affected by formalized socialization procedures. Socialization tactics can reinforce ethical behaviors.

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job_________

Enlargement

Which of the following are the first two steps in the performance management process?

Identify the company's goals and objectives. Identify and develop performance measures for key performance dimensions.

Which of the following are advantages of paying employee wages above the market average?

It attracts skilled workers. It generates increased job satisfaction. It helps retain top talent. It encourages increased productivity.

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as

Job design

Which of the following statements describe key jobs?

Key jobs are common to many organizations. Key jobs are known as benchmark jobs. Key jobs have relatively stable content.

What is the name of the three-phase model that Daniel Feldman proposed in order to counter the rather haphazard way some firms deal with new employees?

Organizational Socialization model

Which of the following can be used to send a message about organizational culture using physical space?

Physical spacing between people Distance between buildings Location of office furniture

Which of the following often determine the development of subcultures?

Products and technologies Divisions or departments Occupational groups

When Lindsay was late three times in two weeks, her manager told her that her pay would be docked by the amount of time she was late. This is an example of:

Punishment

What are the planned and unplanned activities and ceremonies that are used to celebrate important events or achievements called?

Rites and rituals

Which is not one of the four functions of organizational culture?

Sense-making device Collective commitment Organizational Identity Social System Stability

Which of the following statements about labor market competition is true? Multiple choice question.

Shortages and surpluses influence pay levels.

The theory that there is a purposeful if-then link between a target behavior and a consequence is:

Skinner's operant theory

Select the mechanisms for changing organizational culture.

Slogans, acronyms, sayings Stories, legends, myths Activities, processes, outcomes Leader reactions to crisis

Which kind of reward would be best suited for a clan culture?

Stock shares that increase when an entire division performs well (team-based reward)

Which of the following statements about approaches to measuring performance is true?

There is no one best approach to measuring performance.

Which of the following are advantages of using an intermittent reward schedule?

There is significant motivation to continue until the reinforcer is obtained. There is a predictable and clear relationship between the behavior and reinforcer. There is a considerable and consistent motivation to perform over time.

Which of the following are characteristic of companies with a market culture?

They are focused externally and value stability. They are driven by results and achieving goals.

Why are stories, legends and myths considered powerful ways to communicate desired values and behaviors in an organization?

They reinforce characteristics of the desired culture.

Why might a company choose an open office layout?

To foster collaboration and innovation

rue or false: Mixed-standard scales were developed as trait-oriented scales.

True

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

In a software company that caters to the federal government it would be most appropriate for which of the following positions to be paid at the highest percentile?

VP of software engineering

When a performance measure assesses all relevant aspects of performance, and only the relevant aspects of performance, that measure test is considered ______.

Valid

The second level of organizational culture is espoused ______

Values

What is a key risk of neglecting to integrate subcultures within high-risk industries?

a failure to interpret and implement safety measures

An administrative procedure used to measure internal job worth is called _______.

a job evaluation

When deciding on specific pay levels, organizations often consult ______.

a market pay survey

Employee compensation requires scrutiny because it is typically ______. Multiple choice question.

a significant organizational cost

In addition to salary, what is a major component of a typical CEO compensation package?

a stock plan

McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three _________ needs

acquired

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

acquired needs theory

Companies with a(n) _________ culture have an external focus and value flexibility.

adhocracy

Most nonexempt employees are paid ______.

an hourly rate

The phase of organizational socialization that occurs before an individual actually joins an organization is ______________ socialization.

anticipatory

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:

arouse behavior

Employees typically view their compensation in terms of which of the following?

as a sign of status and success as a way of evaluating their relationship with the organization as it relates to the pay of their colleagues

Observable artifacts that can be present in a firm's culture are:

awards special parking spaces manner of dress

Organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior are called: Multiple choice question.

basic underlying assumptions

Expectancy theory can be used to predict ________ in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives.

behavior

The acceptability of a performance measure is determined, in part, by the extent to which the employees ______.

believe the performance management system is fair

The process by which an organization compares its own practices against those of the competition is called

benchmarking

An organization that effectively competes in the product market is able to sell its goods and services at a quantity price that will ______.

bring a sufficient return on investment

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

Unlike key jobs, nonkey jobs ______.

cannot be valued or compared through market surveys

Although most employers rely on fixed interval reinforcement schedules, some examples of effective variable rewards include:

celebrations of milestones spot rewards variable bonuses for achieving major goals

The ___________ __________phase of the organizational socialization process requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust their work group's values and norms.

change and acquisition

Which factors can influence a company's ability to adhere to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) pay regulations?

changing demographics of the workforce inequity in compensation based on gender and race a shifting labor market

Companies with a(n) ______ culture have an internal focus and value flexibility rather than stability and control.

clan

What motivates corrective action in equity theory?

cognitive dissonance

The undervaluation of women's jobs has been combated through the policy of ______.

comparable worth

The characteristics of jobs that an organization values and chooses to pay are called ______.

compensable factors

The general categories of motivation theories include

content theories process theories

If a target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs, then it is a(n):

continuous reinforcement schedule

The concept of reducing the number of job levels within an organization in order to gain flexibility in job assignments is called _______.

delayering

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job

design

The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:

designing jobs with the five core characteristics

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Which of the following are purposes of an organization's performance management system?

developmental strategic Administrative

When a graphic rating scale provides rankings at a number of different points, it is known as a(n) ______ scale.

discrete

The pay-setting approach that uses the pay policy line to derive pay rates for both key and nonkey jobs ______.

does not use actual market rates for key jobs

The concept that wages affect worker productivity is called the ______ theory.

efficiency wage

Specificity is relevant to which of the following aspects of performance management?

employee development achieving strategic goals

Specialized language such as slogans and acronyms are useful for culture change because

employees will easily remember and repeat them.

Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises?

employees' intentions of quitting employees' emotional well-being employees' perception of fairness

What are the values that employees actually exhibit based on their observations of what occurs on a daily basis?

enacted values

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of ______ theory.

equity

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of _______ theory

equity

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?

equity sensitivity

The concept that suggests people evaluate the fairness of their situations by comparing them with others is called ______.

equity theory

Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?

equity theory

Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?

equity theory

When thinking about the consequences of pay decisions, managers should keep in mind that employees often ______.

evaluate their pay relative to other employees

Which of the following steps are part of the attribute approach?

evaluating whether individuals posses certain desired traits defining a set of desired traits

The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

expectancy

Vroom's _____________ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.

expectancy

Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with _________consequences tends to be repeated.

favorable

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

goal specificity ability to achieve the goal commitment to the goal

What do many CEOs believe is the essence of the best companies?

great company culture

The competing values framework identifies which of the following fundamental types of organizational culture?

hierarchy clan adhocracy

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?

high equity sensitivity

Job enlargement is also known as________________ loading the job

horizontally

What does equity theory explain?

how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships how people strive for fairness in social exchanges

A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?

inconsistent future performance loss of motivation

Reinforcement theory states that you can:

increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective ________.

inputs

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

intensity of behavior or thought persistence of behavior or thought direction of behavior or thought

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval are four subcategories of ______ reinforcement schedules.

intermittent

Reinforcement of some, but not all instances of a target behavior is:

intermittent reinforcement

What are two common means for timing the administration of positive reinforcers?

intermittent reinforcement continuous reinforcement

If two individuals give a person's job performance approximately the same evaluation, the performance measure has ______.

interrater reliability

With the pay-setting approach that uses the pay policy line to derive pay rates for both key and nonkey jobs, the pay of all the jobs is linked directly to the number of job evaluation points, which ______.

introduces a greater degree of internal consistency

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is:

job enrichment

The most widely used metric for defining pay structures is by ______.

jobs and associated responsibilities

In developing a pay structure, pay survey data and job evaluation data are commonly available for ______.

key jobs

Which forms of language help reinforce characteristics of a desired culture?

legends about important events myths about company history stories about key people

When workers take an assignment in a foreign country, they often experience different socialization activities than other newcomers. This affects which of the following for those expatriates?

long-term success job satisfaction

Communication, documentation, and organization maintenance are several of the basic purposes of an organization's performance ___________ system.

management

The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific

management

Labor market competition reflects how ______.

many workers are available relative to the number of jobs available

Companies with a(n) ________ culture have a strong external focus and value stability and control.

market

According to some critics, when it comes to pay, Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) regulations obstruct ______.

market forces

The approach that places the greatest emphasis on external comparisons is achieved by basing pay on ______.

market surveys

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?

need for achievement

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as________

needs

Jaime is on time for work every day now because her manager yelled at her when she was late. Now that she is on time, her manager doesn't yell at her. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

Strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is:

negative reinforcement

Effective performance evaluations systems should measure ______.

objectives Behaviors

Organizational identity, collective commitment, social system stability and sense-making device are the four functions of __________culture.

organizational

The process by which a person learns the values, norms and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization is called

organizational socialization.

Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of

outputs to inputs.

Benchmarking against product market and labor market competitors is typically accomplished through the use of ______.

pay surveys

Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?

poor mental health low sense of accomplishment high levels of dissatisfaction and stress

Rewarding employees who have perfect attendance records with a check for $100.00 is an example of:

positive reinforcement

The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and _______

power

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

probationary periods for new hires

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:

procedural justice

The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.

process

One of the most important factors that influences the price of a good or service is the cost of ______, which includes labor costs.

production

Which of the following kinds of occupations are typically exempt from Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) coverage?

professional positions outside salespeople executive positions

Which of the following are provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) as they relate to employee pay?

provides for a training wage calls for time-and-a-half pay for hours exceeding 40 hours a week sets a minimum wage for jobs

The distance between the maximum and minimum pay within a pay grade is known as the _______ spread.

range

Because employees with unrealistic expectations are more likely to quit their jobs, firms may want to use __________ to aid employees in their expectations of a job.

realistic job preview

Giving recruits a realistic idea of what lies ahead by presenting both positive and negative aspects of the job is called:

realistic job preview

Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory?

recognition bonuses

One advantage of using a pay grade system in planning employee compensation is that it ______.

reduces the administrative burden of setting separate pay rates for hundreds of jobs

Consistency in performance and being free from random error is a measure of ______.

reliability

Organizations compete in the labor market, so they should consider their employees not just as a cost but also as a(n) ______.

resource that provides returns

Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes, or stimulus-response connections _________ behavior.

respondent

Skinner concluded that behavior is:

respondent and operant

Placing jobs in broader bands of classification gives managers the opportunity to ______.

reward high performers with merit increases

What are considered one of the strongest ways to embed organizational culture because they are meaningful and visible?

reward systems

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is

scientific management.

Select the important characteristics of organizational culture.

shared concept impacts outcomes at multiple levels learned over time influences our behavior at work

When a manager ranks the employees within his or her department from the best to the worst performers, it is called ______.

simple ranking

Cultural change in an organization can be achieved through changing the firm's ________ because they are easy to recall and perpetuate.

slogans acronyms anticipatory socialization

A performance measure that does a good job of telling employees what is expected of them and how to meet those expectations is said to have a high level of ______.

specificity

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal

specificity

What type of positive reinforcement is being used if a manager decides to recognize the early successful completion of a project and gives employees the afternoon off as a reward?

spot reward

Job performance management systems that bring out job performance that is in line with the strategies, goals, and culture of the organization is said to have ______.

strategic congruence

Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?

systematic observation reason Experimentation

Which core job characteristic measures the extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization?

task significance

According to equity theory, people compare

their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.

Formal statements of organizational philosophy can embed culture when used for recruiting.

true

Many work organizations use fixed schedules rather than variable interval schedules of reinforcement.

true

Which of the following are pay-setting approaches that vary in the relative importance they give to external and internal comparisons?

using market survey data using pay grades using the pay policy line

Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:

using punishment

The competing _________ framework was first developed by researchers trying to classify different ways to assess organizational effectiveness.

values

Formal statements in an organization are those about organizational:

values mission Philosophy

The reinforcement schedules that produce the strongest behavior that is most resistant to extinction include:

variable interval schedules variable ratio schedules

The three levels of organizational culture differ in which of the following ways?

visibility resistance to change

After a company has decided the kind of performance it expects from employees, it must develop ______.

ways to measure performance

Whose theory states that contingent consequences, such as positive reinforcement and punishment, control behavior?

B. F. Skinner

Which of the following statements about the process of performance management is true?

Effective performance management is a process.

Which of the following problems can result from a job-based pay structure?

a growing bureaucracy top-down decision making is reinforced decreased lateral job movement

Donaldo just went through his performance evaluation. His manager gave him timely and complete feedback about areas needing improvement and training available to help him. Donaldo disagreed with his manager's assessment and decided not to make any changes to his work performance. Donaldo's reaction fits with which criterion of performance measure?

acceptability

The phase of organizational socialization that occurs before an individual actually joins an organization is

anticipatory socialization.

During the _____ phase of the three phase socialization process, employees come to learn what the organization is really like.

encounter

The three phases in Daniel Feldman's Organizational Socialization model are:

encounter change and acquisition anticipatory socialization

By paying higher labor costs than its competitors, a company can achieve which of the following?

encourage desired employee behaviors draw better workers to produce higher-quality products than competitors retain valued employees

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job _________.

enrichment

The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:

interactional justice

In which of the following ways does pay affect an organization's strategic goals?

it can help align employees' interests with those of the organization. It influences the kind of employees attracted to the organization. It has an impact on employees' attitudes and behaviors.

Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?

job characteristics model

he approach that places the greatest emphasis on external comparisons is achieved by basing pay on ______.

market surveys

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____________ to be high.

motivation

Programs that help employees to integrate, assimilate and transition to new jobs are called __________.

onboarding

Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?

one-on-one meetings employee surveys

Which of the following are considered part of an employee's total compensation?

paid vacation stock options Salary

Which of the following are examples of comparative approaches? (Select all that apply.)

paired comparison ranking forced distribution

nother term for comparable worth is ______.

pay equity

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job______

rotation

Which of the following are considered part of an employee's total compensation?

salary stock options paid vacation

True or false: Managing the timing of the reinforcement will likely enhance the effectiveness of positive reinforcement.

true

Espoused values represent aspirations that are __________ communicated to employees

Explicitly

The type of pay comparison that focuses on what employees in other organizations are paid for similar jobs is called ______ equity.

External

Not returning the phone calls of an insurance salesman so he will stop calling is the strategy for changing behavior known as ______.

Extinction

Weakening a behavior by not reinforcing it or ignoring it is:

Extinction

True or false: Market forces provide the most inefficient means of pricing and allocating people to jobs.

False

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?

Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance. Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals. People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.

Select the three levels of organizational culture.

Basic underlying assumptions Espoused values Observable artifacts

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?

Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.

Which of the following are characteristic of basic underlying assumptions?

They are taken for granted over time. They reflect employee's core beliefs about the company. They guide the behavior of an organization.

Which of the following are important criteria for evaluating a performance management system?

acceptability specificity reliability

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

achievement affiliation Power

The likely reason many managers doubt the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems is that ______.

appraisal systems are rarely modified

When a performance measure does not measure all aspects of performance, it is considered ______.

deficient

One advantage of the comparative approach to measuring performance is that ______.

it effectively differentiates employee performance

A mathematical expression that describes the relationship between a job's pay and its job evaluation points is called the ______.

pay policy line

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

valence

Of the following, which best represent rites and rituals?

Employees avoid certain "unlucky" foods in the break room. Employees enjoy a beer on-site at the office. Salespersons ring a large gong when they make a deal.

the values and norms that actually are exhibited or converted into employee behavior are called ________ values.

Enacted


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