Nutrition Chapter 11

Who does Rickets affect?

Children.

What are signs and symptoms of hemolysis?

Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes. Impaired vision and speech. Nerve damage. Erythrocyte hemolysis.

What are sources of Vitamin K?

Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract. Liver. Dark, leafy greens. Milk.

How is Vitamin K need met?

1/2 are met via intestinal bacteria.

What is the RDA for Vitamin E?

15 mg/day for adults.

What does Vitamin D act as?

A hormone.

What are birth defects?

Abnormal fetal development. Supplementation not recommended in the first trimester.

What does Retin A fight?

Acne, wrinkles, and skin disorders.

What is the RDA for Vitamin D.

Adequate intake levels 19-50 years old - 5 micrograms/day. Adequate intake levels 51-70 years old - 10 micrograms/day. Adequate intake levels 70+ years old - 15 micrograms/day.

Who does Osteomalacia effect?

Adults.

What is Osteoporosis?

Loss of calcium from bones. Reduced bone density.

What is the role of vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation?

Allows special cell functions via cell differentiation. Epithelial cell production - skin. vs mucus membranes.

What does RBP do?

Allows vitamin A to be transported throughout the body.

What is the role of Beta-Carotene?

Antioxidant.

What is the role of Vitamin E?

Antioxidant.

What does Vitamin E toxicities do?

Augment the effects of anticlotting medications.

Why do infants receive Vitamin K when they are born?

Because their digestive tract is sterile when they are born.

What do fat soluble vitamins require for absorption?

Bile.

What is Xerophthalmia?

Blindness due to a lack of vitamin A.

What are acute signs and symptoms of Vitamin A toxicities?

Blurred vision. Nausea. Vomiting. Vertigo. Headaches. Pressure in the skull.

What are some Vitamin A toxicities?

Bone defects. Birth defects. Liver abnormalities.

What are roles of vitamin D?

Bone growth. Immune system. Brain and nervous system. Pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage, and reproductive organs.

What is Erythrocyte hemolysis?

Breaking open of red blood cells.

What is Vitamin D also known as?

Calciferol Vitamin D3. Cholecalciferol. Vitamin D2. Ergocalciferol.

How do Vitamin D toxicities occur?

Caused by high dose supplements.

How is Retin A different than pure Vitamin A?

Chemically.

What are the sources of Beta-Carotene?

Dark green leafy vegetables. Deep orange fruits. Deep orange vegetables.

What are factors that lead to Vitamin D deficiency?

Dark skin. Breast-feeding without supplements. Lack of sunlight. Use of non-fortified milk.

What are signs and symptoms of vitamin D toxicities?

Elevated blood calcium. Calcification of soft tissues. Frequent urination.

What is a Vitamin E deficiency?

Erythrocyte hemolysis.

What is night blindness?

First detectable sign of a vitamin A deficiency. The inability to see in dim light or recover after flashes of bright light.

What are food sources of Vitamin D?

Fortified milk, butter, margarine, chocolate, veal, beef, egg yolks, and fatty fish.

What are sources of Retinol?

Fortified milk. Cheese. Cream. Butter. Fortified margarine. Eggs.

How can Vitamin E be destroyed?

Heat and Oxygen.

How does Vitamin D work in bone growth?

Helps maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Works other nutrients and hormones.

How does Beta-Carotene act as an antioxidant?

Helps protect the body from diseases, including cancer.

What are Vitamin K deficiencies?

Hemorrhage.

What is a Vitamin D toxicity?

High blood calcium - hypercalcemia toxicity disease. Hypovitaminosis D.

What is a toxicity of Vitamin A called?

Hypervitaminosis A.

What is are signs and symptoms of Rickets?

Inadequate bone calcification. Growth retardation. Bowing legs. Deformed ribs. Delayed head enlargement. Lax muscles.

What are bone defects?

Increased activity of osteoclasts. Osteoporosis.

The the risk of toxicity increased or decreased when compared to water soluble vitamins?

Increased.

Who do Vitamin K deficiencies effect the most?

Infants. Individuals taking antibiotics.

What are some Vitamin A deficiencies?

Infectious disease. Night blindness. Blindness. Keratinization. Hypovitaminosis.

Why is Vitamin K important?

It is essential in clotting.

How long does it take to develop a Vitamin A deficiency?

It takes at least a year, if not longer.

Where is excessive storage of fat soluble vitamins?

Liver and adipose tissue.

What is the role of Vitamin A in vision?

Maintenance of the cornea. Conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina.

What is the RDA for Vitamin A?

Men - 900 micrograms/day Women - 700 micrograms/day.

What is the RDA of Vitamin K?

Men = 120 micrograms/day. Women = 90 micrograms/day.

Are there any known Vitamin K toxicities?

No, but high doses decrease the effectiveness of anticlotting medications.

Is Vitamin D essential or non-essential?

Non essential.

Is vitamin A effective in treating acne?

Not effective in teenagers.

What are other names for Vitamin K?

Phylioquione. Menaquinone. Menadione. Naphthoquine.

What are sources of Vitamin E?

Polyunsaturated plant oils. Leafy green vegetables. Wheat germ. Whole grains. Liver and egg yolks. Nuts and seeds.

Who does hemolysis affect?

Premature infants. Hemolytic anemia can be treated though.

What is RBP?

Retinal binding protein.

What is Vitamin A also known as?

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.

What are Vitamin D deficiencies?

Rickets. Osteomalacia. Osteoporosis.

What does osteoporosis increase?

Risk of fractures.

What is Keratinization?

Secretion of keratin in epithelial cells. Changes results in keratinization. Rough, dry, and scaly skin.

What are signs and symptoms of Osteomalacia?

Soft, flexible bones. Progressive weakness. Pain in the pelvis, low back, and legs.

What is Keratomalacia?

Softening of the cornea.

What is the role of vitamin A in reproduction?

Sperm development in men. Fetal development in women. Growth in children. Remodeling of bone. Osteoclasts. Osteoblasts. Lysosomes.

How does Vitamin E act as an antioxidant?

Stops the chain reaction of free radicals. Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin A. Protects the oxidation of LDL.

What is another source of Vitamin D?

Sun.

What is vitamin A toxicity associated with?

Supplementation.

What are roles of Vitamin K?

Synthesis of blood clotting proteins. Synthesis of proteins that regulate blood calcium. Hemophilia is a heredity disorder not cured by Vitamin K.

How is sun synthesized as a source of Vitamin D?

Synthesized in the body from cholesterol. SPF 8+ prevents synthesis.

What is Beta-Carotene?

The precursor to vitamin A.

What does the function of fat soluble vitamins depends on?

The presence of other fat soluble vitamins.

What is the path of fat soluble vitamins?

Travels through the lymphatic system prior to entering the blood stream.

What do Vitamin K deficiencies lead to?

Uncontrolled bleeding.

What does Vitamin A play roles in?

Vision. Healthy epithelial cells. Growth.

What is liver high in?

Vitamin A.

What is Xerosis?

When the cornea becomes dry and hard.

What are the three types of blindness?

Xerophthalmia. Xerosis. Keratomalacia.