nutrition chapter 13 smart book
what is true about hypothyrodism
- caused by autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue, testing should be done for individuals with an unexplained weight gain, and typically associated with reduced metabolic rate, weight gain, and increased risk of overweight and obesity
why is energy balance a complex process?
- weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding - weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses
what statements agree with mindfulness
-has been shown to be moderately effective for weight loss - may reduce emotional eating - involves formal meditation practice and informal daily mindfulness practices
between 2017 and 2018, about ___ of american adults over 20 were either obese or extremely obese
50
RMR is different than BMR because
RMR is higher
a person's ____ is about 10% higher than his or her ____
RMR, BMR
metabolic rates tend to decrease with age due to ___
a loss of muscle mass
if fat is deposited in the ___ area, it poses a greater risk for chronic disease
abdomen
what mechanisms make energy balance complex
adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person, metabolic rates differ and hormone levels influence weight loss
A person with central-body obesity has a body that is ______ shaped and a person with lower-body fat distribution has a body that is ______ shaped.
apple; pear
when compared to direct methods of measuring energy expenditure, indirect methods
are relatively inexpensive and involve minimal equipment
minimal number of calories the body uses to support vital activities
basal metabolic rate
factors that influence BMR include
body composition, body surface area and age
A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of _____.
body fat
genetic factors that play a role in the development of obesity include
body frame, metabolic rate, and hormone production
essential fat is found in ___
cell membranes, nervous tissue and certain bones
The most costly conditions associated with obesity include ______.
coronary artery disease, arthritis, and type 2 diabetes
____methods of measuring energy expenditure are generally complex and require sophisticated laboratory tools.
direct
the calories that cells use to carry out their activities is called
energy output
the calories that cells use to carry out their activities is called ____
energy output
total body fat includes
essential fat and adipose tissue
the two-component model includes
fat-free mass and fat mass
what hormone is secreted mainly by stomach and stimulates eating
ghrelin
the formulas use __ to predict BMR
height, weight, and age
what are two physical sensations that occur to help regulate eating behavior
hunger pains and stomach expansion
The method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her submerged in water is known as ______.
hydrostatic weighing
lean body mass, increased body surface area, and excess thyroid hormone all ___ the basal metabolic rate
increase
lactation, post-exercise recovery and stress will
increase a person's basal metabolic rate
the percentage of obese American adults has ___ from 2000 to 2017
increased
Apple-shaped (central-body fat distribution) obesity is associated with
increased risk for serious, chronic diseases and men with an "apple" body shape
what hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis and promotes the production of new fat cells
insulin
what increases a person's BMR
large surface area (Height), high fever and stress
An adipokine (a group of hormones secreted by fat cells) that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called____
leptin
A person who is overfat will weigh ____ underwater compared to a person who is lean.
less
fad diets ____
limit food selections to a few food groups, rely on testimonials for evidence of effectiveness, offer a "quick fix" to weight loss problem
A person taking a _____ inhibitor for weight loss often takes a multiple vitamin supplement to replace fat-soluble vitamins lost when fat digestion is reduced by 30%.
lipase
the formula used to predict the BMR for people with excess body fat is
mifflin-St.Jeor equation
what serious health problems are associated with obesity
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, vascular disease, and metabolic syndrome
factors that increase a person's BMR include ___
periods of growth, tall stature and caffeine
factors of energy output include
physical activity, digestion and metabolism
people with hypothyroidism may experience
reduced metabolic rate, weight gain, and fatigue
body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
resting metabolic rate
as people age, they often lose lean muscle tissue. the loss of muscle tissue is called
sarcopenia
what factors increase body fat accumulation
sleep deprivation, high stress, and hormonal imbalance
central body obesity is
sometimes described as having an "apple" body shape, symbolic of extra visceral fat stores and more common in men
women generally have more ___ fat than man
subcutaneous
Commonly used approaches to measuring body composition for physical fitness evaluate fat mass and fat-free mass. This is called the
two-component model
what are a few of the health problems associated with excess weight
type 2 diabetes, hypertension and CVD
what are the roles of insulin in energy balance
- inhibits lipolysis in fat cells - promotes triglycerides synthesis in the liver - promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake
All of the following are examples of energy output EXCEPT:
calories consumed in a large meal