Nutrition Exam 1

Which of the following does NOT stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach? -smell of food -taste of food -distention of stomach as it fills with food -secretin -all of the above stimulate secretion of HCl in the stomach

-secretin

Lisa is trying to choose more low-fat foods in order to reduce her risk for cardiovascular disease. One low-fat cookie that she sees advertised in the grocery store has 22 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of protein, and 1 gram of fat per cookie. How many kilocalories are in one of these low-fat cookies?

105 kcal per cookie

Food manufacturers often round the amount of calories in a food serving up or down. In this Nutrition Facts panel from a one-ounce serving of chips (about 12 chips), the manufacturer says there are 160 calories. If that same food label says there are 10 grams of fat, 14 grams of carbohydrate, and 2 grams of protein, how many calories are really in one serving?

154 kcal

An endurance athlete exercising for more than one hour should consider replenishing fluids with an electrolyte drink. A popular serving size bottle of a drink such as Gatorade® has four eight-ounce (1-cup) servings per bottle. If there are 50 kcal per cup, how many kcal are in the whole bottle?

200 kcal

Bob was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. His dietitian recommended that Bob follow an 1,800-kcal meal plan for weight loss. She went on to say that he should also follow the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) recommendation of getting 45-65% of these calories from carbohydrate. This is equivalent to ______ grams of carbohydrate per day.

203-293

Since beginning college, Lisa has put on about thirteen pounds. She is learning in her health science class that excess calories contribute to weight gain. One recommendation her instructor made for weight loss is to choose foods that have a low percentage of total calories coming from fat. If a 1/2-cup serving of her favorite ice cream has 310 kcal and 20 grams of fat, what percentage of total calories in the ice cream come from fat?

58% of kcal from food are from fat

The American Heart Association recommends limiting added sugar intake to 100 kcal (6 teaspoons) per day for most women or 150 kcal (9 teaspoons) per day for most men. Raisin Bran contains 17 grams of sugar per cup. How many kcal of added sugar is this?

68 kcal

In the later part of her first year of college, Lisa is doing well losing some of the weight she put on at the beginning of the school year. Her highest weight was 160 pounds and she now weighs 152 pounds. How many kilograms does Lisa now weigh?

69 kilograms

If one serving of the packaged frozen dinner shown below contains 1.5 grams of saturated fat and the maximum recommended daily intake of saturated fat is 20 grams, what percent daily value (%DV) for saturated fat does one package of this food provide?

7.5%

The energy content of food is expressed in kilocalories. Which definition best describes how much energy is equal to one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

hypothesis

A scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, K, E

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

ATP

water soluble vitamins

B, C

Minerals are structurally simple, inorganic substances that exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms. In chemistry, what does "inorganic" mean?

For the most part, the substance does not contain carbon

epidemiology

The study of disease rates that vary among different population groups

To celebrate her recent weight loss, Lisa's friends decide to take her out for a healthy dinner. Lisa doesn't drink alcohol because she knows the empty calories will contribute to weight gain. One girlfriend at the dinner has four margaritas and an extra shot of tequila before the food arrives. Is this friend's behavior considered binge drinking?

Yes, because consuming four drinks or more for women is considered binge drinking, and she had 5.

symptom

a change in health status as noted by the person with the problem, such as stomach pain

organ system

a collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function

eating pattern

a combination of foods and beverages that constitute an individual's complete dietary intake over time

energy density

a comparison of the calorie content of a food with the weight of the food; an energy dense food is high in calories but weighs very little (potato chips), whereas a low in energy density has few calories but weighs a lot such as an orange

carbohydrate

a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. most are know as sugars, starches, and fibers

lipid

a compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. lipids do not dissolve in water, and include fats, oils, and cholesterol

neurotransmitter

a compound made by a nerve cell that allows for communication between it and other cells

enzyme

a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. almost all enzymes are proteins

peristalsis

a coordinated muscular contraction used to propel food down the gastrointestinal tract

nonfermentable fiber

a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria

anal sphincters

a group of 2 sphincters (inner and outer) that help control expulsion of feces from body

compound

a group of different types of atoms bonded together in definite proportion

organ

a group of tissues designed to perform a specific function - for example, the heart, which contains muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and so on

insulin

a hormone produced by the pancreas. increases the synthesis of glycogen in the liver and the movement of glucose in the bloodstream into body cells

laxative

a medication or other substance that stimulates evacuation of the intestinal tract

proton pump inhibitor

a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions. low doses of this class of medications are also available without prescription

macronutrient

a nutrient needed in gram quantities in diet

micronutrient

a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in a diet

cell mediated immunity

a process in which certain white blood cells come in contact with the invading cells to destroy them

receptor

a site in a cell at which compounds (such as hormones) bind. cells that contain receptors for a specific compound are partially controlled by that compound

glucose

a six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form; found as such in blood, and in table sugar bound to fructose; aka dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars

genes

a specific segment on a chromosome. genes provide the blueprints for the production of all body proteins

salivary amylase

a starch digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands

case control study

a study in which individuals who have a disease or condition such as lung cancer, are compared with individuals who do not have the condition

essential nutrient

a substance that, when left out of a diet, leads to signs of poor health. the body either cannot produce this nutrient or cannot produce enough of it to meet its needs. then, if added back to a diet before permanent damage occurs, the affected aspects of health are restored

xylitol

alcohol derivative of 5 carbon monosaccharide xylose

sorbitol

alcohol derivative of glucose that yields about 3 kcal/g but is slowly absorbed from the small intestine - used in some sugarless gum and dietetic foods

stevia

alt sweetener derived from South American shrub - 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose

sucralose

alt sweetener that has chlorines in place of 3 hydroxl groups on sucrose - 600 x sweeter than sucrose

aspartame

alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol; about 200 times sweeter than sucrose

acesulfame K

alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body. 200 times sweeter than sucrose

saccharin

alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body. 300 times sweeter than sucrose

glycemic load (GL)

amount of carbohydrate in a serving of food multiplied by the glycemic index of that carbohydrate. result often divided by 100

theory

an explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it

chemical reaction

an interaction between two chemicals that changes both chemicals

gallbladder

an organ attached to the underside of the liver; site of bile storage; concentration, and eventual secretion

cellulose

an undigestable nonfermentable straight chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules

phospholipid

any class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorous fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing component. essential part of every cell

inorganic

any substance lacking carbon atoms bonded by hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure

antigen

any substance that induces a state of sensitivity and/or resistance to microorganisms or toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substance that stimulates a specific aspect of the immune system

blood leaves the heart via the

arteries

microorganism

bacterium virus, or other organism invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause diseases, aka microbe

carbohydrate food example

banana, rice

neutralizes stomach fat acid when it reaches the small intestine

bicarbonate

helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine

bile

glycemic index (GI)

blood glucose response of a given food, compared to a standard. influenced by starch structure, fiber content, food processing, physical structure, and macronutrients in the meal, such as fat

antibody

blood protein (immunoglobulin) that binds foreign proteins found in the body. helps prevent and control infections

artery

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

vein

blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

this food provides fiber, vitamin C, potassium, and phytochemicals

blueberries

cardiovascular system

body system consisting of heart, blood vessels, and blood; transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body and plays an important role in immune responses and regulation of body temperature

endocrine system

body system consisting of the various glands and the hormones these glands secrete. system has major regulatory functions in the body, such as reproduction and cell metabolism

immune system

body system consisting of white blood cells, lymph glands and vessels, and various other body tissues. immune system provides defense against foreign invaders, primarily due to the action of various types of white blood cells

Which of the following components of John's meal provides the most carbohydrates?

bread

Which of the following components of John's meal provides protein?

bread, meat, and cheese

histamine

breakdown of product of the amino acid histidine that stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and has other effects on the body such as contraction of smooth muscles, increased nasal secretions, relaxation of blood vessels, and changes in relaxation of airways

umami

brothy, meaty, savory flavor in some foods

You notice that a classmate of yours has become obsessive about her weight even though she eats unhealthy foods throughout your three-hour lecture class. She tells you that she feels so guilty after class that she goes to the gym and works out for two to three hours per day. Which eating disorder might she be suffering from?

bulimia nervosa

lipid food example

butter, olive oil

empty calories

calories from solid fats and/or added sugars; supply energy but few or no nutrients

Arteries branch into a network of tiny blood vessels called

capillaries

starch

carb made of multiple units of glucose attached together in form body can digest aka complex carb

glycogen

carb made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure. storage form of glucose in humans and is synthesized (and stored) in the liver and muscles

complex carb

carbohydrate compose of many monosaccharide molecules. glycogen, starch, and fiber

polysaccharides

carbs containing many glucose units from 10 - 1000 or more

glogi complex

cell organelle near the nucleus that processes newly synthesized protein for secretion or distribution to other organelles

peroxisome

cell organelle that destroys toxic products within the cell

phagocytes

cells that engulf substances, include nuetrophils and marcrophages

lysosome

cellular organelle that contains digestive enzymes for use inside the cell for turnover of cell parts

phytochemical

chemical found in plants. may reduce risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease

metabolism

chemical processes in the body which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained

nutrients

chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill energy needs, materials for building body parts, and factors to regulate necessary chemical processes in the body

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called

chyme

lower esophageal sphincter

circular muscles that constricts the opening of the esophagus to the stomach aka gastroesophageal sphincter

disaccharide

class of sugars formed by chemical bonding of two monosaccharides

lymph

clear fluid that flows through lymph vessels; carries most forms of fat after their absorption by the small intestine

tissues

collections of cells adapted to perform a specific function

total fiber

combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in food

organelles

compartments, particles, or filaments that perform specialized functions within a cell

vitamin

compound needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body

enzyme

compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process. almost all enzymes are proteins

constipation

condition char by infrequent bowel movements

lactose intolerance

condition in which symptoms such as abdominal gas and bloating appear as a result of severe lactose maldigestion

ketosis

condition of having high concentration of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in the bloodstream and tissues

metabolic syndrome

condition where person has poor blood glucose regulation, hypertension, increased blood triglycerides, and other health problems. usually accompanied by obesity, lack of physical activity, and diet high in refined carbs - aka syndrome X

enterohepatic circulation

continual recycling of compounds such as bile acid between small intestine and liver

high fiber, low sugar foods aid weight management because they

contribute feelings of fullness without adding many calories

The children who are in the group that receives a regular, normal-caffeine level diet make up the ___ group

control

fermentation

conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen

high fructose corn syrup

corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain 42 and 90% fructose

ribosomes

cytoplasmic particles that mediate the linking together of amino acids to form proteins. may exist freely in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

stroke

decrease or loss in blood flow to the brain that results from a blood clot or other change in arteries in brain; causes death of brain tissue; aka cerebrovascular accident

non-specific immunity

defenses that stop the invasion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with a pathogen

scurvy

deficiency disease that results after a few weeks to months of consuming a diet that lacks vitamin C; sites of bleeding on skin - early sign

amylopectin

digestible branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units

amylose

digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units

phenylketonuria (PKU)

disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. untreated toxic byproducts of phenylalanine build up in the body and lead to mental illness

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

disease that results from stomach acid backing up into the esophagus

protein food example

egg, chicken breast

mineral

element used to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures

lactase

enzyme made by absorptive cells of small intestine; digests lactose to glucose and galactose

maltase

enzyme made by absorptive cells of small intestine; digests maltose to two glucoses

sucrase

enzyme made by absorptive cells of small intestine; enzyme digests sucrose to glucose and fructose

lysozyme

enzyme produced by a variety of cells; it can destroy bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes

promotes digestion of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption

enzymes

ulcer

erosion of the tissue lining, usually in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the upper small intestine (duodenal ulcer) - as group these are peptic ulcers

dental caries

erosions in the surface of a tooth caused by acids made by bacteria as they metabolize sugars

Which of the following correctly traces the path of food through the gastrointestinal tract?

esophagus - stomach - small intestine

acceptable daily intake (ADI)

estimate amount of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume daily over a lifetime

estimated energy requirement (EER)

estimate of the energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage

dietary assessment

estimation of typical food choices relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or record of one's previous days' intake

alcohol

ethyl alcohol or ethanol is the compound in alcoholic beverages

clinical assessment

examination of general appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; and ability to cough and walk

One of Lisa's college classmates is an aspiring body builder with questionable nutrition knowledge. He eats more than the recommended amount of dietary protein but tells Lisa he heard at the gym that this is actually helpful to the body. All of the following are accurate descriptions of what excess dietary protein does except -excess dietary protein can contribute to fat storage. -excess dietary protein is stored as muscle mass. -excess dietary protein can be used to meet immediate calorie needs. -excess dietary protein can be used for carbohydrate production.

excess dietary protein is stored as muscle mass.

The children who are in the group that receives a high-caffeine diet constitute the _____ group

experimental

double blind study

experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's assignment (test or placebo) or the outcome of the study until it is completed. an independent third party holds the code and the data until the study has been completed

undernutrition

failing health that results from long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs

malnutrition

failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs

placebo

fake medicine or treatment used to disguise the treatment's given to the participants in an experiment

True or false: Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.

false

when chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases (t or f)

false

lipase

fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas

Lipids are broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol

functional fiber

fiber added to foods that has been shown to provide health benefits

dietary fiber

fiber found in food

villi

fingerlike protrusions into the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of food

cytoplasm

fluid and organelles in a cell (except nucleus)

protein

food and body compounds made of amino acids; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other atoms

functional foods

foods that provide health benefits beyond those supplied by the traditional nutrients they contain. tomato has phytochemical lycopene - functional

sucrose

fructose bonded to glucose; table sugar

specific immunity

function of lymphocytes directed at specific antigens

a term that refers to the stomach is

gastric

dietary guidelines for Americans

general goals for nutrient intakes and diet composition set by the USDA and the US Department of Health and Human Services

neotame

general purpose, nonnutritive sweetener that is approx 7000-13000 times sweeter than table sugar. chemical structure similar to aspartame's

Carbohydrates are broken down into

glucose

lactose

glucose bonded to galactose - milk sugar

maltose

glucose bonded to glucose

simple sugars

glucose, sucrose, fructose

whole grains

grains containing entire seed of plant

kilocalorie

heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as calories

hyperglycemia

high blood glucose, above 125 mg per 100 mL of blood

epinephrine

hormone aka adrenaline; released by adrenal glands (side of kidneys) at times of stress. acts to increase glycogen breakdown in liver

glucagon

hormone made by the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose - ends up increasing blood glucose

endocrine gland

hormone producing gland

erythropoietin

hormone secreted mostly by the kidneys that enhances red blood cell synthesis and stimulates red blood cell release from bone marrow

thyroid hormones

hormones produced by the thyroid gland that among their functions increase the rate of overall metabolism in the body

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme

celiac disease

immunological or allergic reaction to the protein gluten in certain grains such as wheat and rye. effect is to destroy the intestinal enterocytes, resulting in much reduced surface area due to flattening of the villi. elimination of wheat/rye and other grains from diet restores intestinal surface

environmental assessment

includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. weekly food budget

diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticula caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism inside of the diverticula

transcription

information on DNA needed to make a protein is copied onto RNA

epigenetics

inherited changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence

cystic fibrosis

inherited disease that can cause over production of mucus. mucus can block pancreatic duct, decreasing enzyme output

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance and often associated with obesity. insulin therapy can be used but is not often required

absorptive cells

intestinal cells that line the villi; and participate in nutrient absorption

The stomach produces an important substance called ______ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

studies show that eating breakfast

is a good weight management strategy

megadose

large intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs or what would be found in a balanced diet; 2-10 times human needs is a starting point

portal vein

large vein leaving the intestine and stomach and connecting to the liver

anus

last portion of GI tract

bond

linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons, or attractions

myelin sheath

lipid and protein combination (lipoprotein) that covers nerve fibers

solvent

liquid substance in which other substances dissolve

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

liver

what organ produces bile?

liver

bile

liver secretion stored in gallbladder and released through the common bile duct into the first segment of the small intestine. essential for digestion and absorption of fat

reactive hypoglycemia

low blood glucose that follows a meal high in simple sugars, with corresponding symptoms of irritability, headache, nervousness, sweating, and confusion aka postprandial hypoglycemia

fasting hyoglycemia

low blood glucose that follows about a day of fasting

hypoglycemia

low blood glucose, below 40-50 mg per 100 mL

For what activities does the body use ATP?

main energy currency of the cells

gastrointestinal tract (GI)

main sites in body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

mitochondria

main sites of energy production in a cell. they contain the pathway for oxidizing fat for fuel, among other metabolic pathways

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage

pH

measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. scale 0-14. 7 is neutral. below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline

biochemical assessment

measurement of biochemical functions (e.g. concentrations of nutrient by-products or enzyme activities in the blood or urine) related to a nutrient's function

anthropometric assessment

measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body

h 2 blocker

medication that blocks the increase of stomach acid production caused by histamine

secretory vesicles

membrane bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus; contain protein and other compounds to be secreted by the cell

capillary

microscopic blood vessel that connects the smallest arteries and veins; sits of nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between body cells and the blood

rich source of protein at breakfast

milk

chyme

mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food

bolus

moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx

simple sugar

monosaccharide or disaccharide in diet

serves as protective lining for digestive tract organs

mucus

Which of the following body systems are involved in regulation of digestion? Select all that apply. -nervous system -endocrine system -immune system -lymphatic system

nervous and endocrine systems

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter from nerve endings and a hormone from the adrenal gland. released in times of stress and is involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation, and other body processes

urea

nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine

hemicellulose

nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together

lignins

nonfermentable fiber made up of multiringed alcohol structure

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen

anaerobic

not requiring oxygen

adequate intake (AI)

nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA. AI based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage

nutritional state

nutritional health of a person as determined by anthropometric measurements (height, weight, circumferences), biochemical measurements of nutrients or their by-products in blood and urine; a clinical (physical) examination, a dietary analysis, and economic evaluation; aka nutritional status

overnutrition

nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

white blood cells

one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system; also called leukocytes. able to squeeze through intracellular spaces and migrate. phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and viruses as well as detoxify proteins that may result from allergic reactions, cellular injury, and other immune system cells

pharynx

organ of digestive tract and respiratory tract located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities - throat

cell nucleus

organelle bound by its own double membrane and containing chromosomes, the genetic info for cell protein synthesis and cell replication

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

organelle in cytoplasm composed of a network of canals running through the cytoplasm. part of endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes

ketone bodies

partial breakdown products of fat that contain three or four carbons

control group

participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested

which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach

pepsin

____ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

peristalsis

involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

registered dietitian (RD)

person who has completed a baccalaureate degree program approved by the American Dietetic Assoc, performed at least 1200 hours of supervised professional practice, passed a registration exam, and complies with education requirements

portal circulation

portion of the circulatory system that uses a large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portion of the stomach to the liver

diverticula

pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine

lactose maldigestion

primary lm occurs when production of enzyme lactase declines for no reason. secondary lm occurs when specific cause, such as long standing diarrhea, results in decline in lactase production

digestion

process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract

photosynthesis

process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy yielding compounds, such as glucose

phagocytosis

process in which a cell forms an indentation, and particles or fluids enter the indentation and are engulfed by the cell

probiotic

product that contains specific types of bacteria. use is intended to colonize the large intestine with the specific bacteria in the product. ex: yogurt

type 1 diabetes

prone to ketosis and requires insulin therapy

hemorrhoid

pronounced swelling of a large vein, particularly veins found in the anal region

connective tissue

protein tissue that holds different structures in the body together. some body structures are made up of connective tissue - notably tendons and cartilage. connective tissue also forms part of bone and the nonmuscular structures of arteries and veins

energy yielding nutrients

protein, carbohydrate, fat

protease

protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas

intrinsic factor

proteinlike compound produced by stomach that enhances vitamin b12 absorption

immunoglobulins

proteins found in the blood that bind to specific antigens; also called antibodies. 5 major classes of immunoglobulins play different roles in immunity

At the base of the stomach is the ______ which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) ______ study where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet.

randomized, double blind, placebo controlled

heart attack

rapid fall in heart function caused by reduced blood flow through the heart's blood vessels. often, part of heart dies in process; myocardial infarction

viscous fiber

readily fermented by bacteria in large intestine

In human metabolism, an aerobic process is one that

requires oxygen

aerobic

requiring oxygen

pyloric sphincter

ring of smooth muscle between stomach and small intestine

ileocecal sphincter

ring of smooth muscle between the end of the small intestine and the large intestine

lubricates food in preparation for swallowing

saliva

sugar

simple carbohydrate

monosaccharide

simple sugar, such as glucose, that is not broken down further during digestion

chromosome

single, large DNA molecule and its associated proteins; contains many genes to store and transmit genetic information

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

site of hereditary information in cells, DNA directs synthesis of cell proteins

galactose

six carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form; closely related to glucose

fructose

six carbon monosaccharides that usually exists in a ring form aka fruit sugar

The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the

small intestine

most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

salt

sodium and chloride 40:60 ratio

solid fats

solid; butter and margarine; high in saturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids

gene

specific segment on chromosome. provide blueprint for production of cell proteins

subclinical

stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce symptoms that can be detected or diagnosed

amylase

starch digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas

complex carbohydrate

starch, fiber

satiety

state in which there is no longer a desire to eat; feeling of satisfaction

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

neuron

structural and functional unit of the nervous system. consists of cell body, dendrites, and an axon

epidemiology

study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

nutrigenomics

study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression

prebiotic

substance that stimulate bacterial growth in the large intestines

fiber

substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine. these add bulk to feces. fiber naturally found in foods is also called dietary fiber

fiber

substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the stomach or small intestine. add bulk to feces

electrolytes

substances that separate into ions and water and in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. these include sodium, chloride, and potassium

added sugars

sugars or syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation

epithelial tissue

surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it

digestive system

system consisting of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

lymphatic system

system of vessels and lymph that accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption; lymph eventually passes into the bloodstream from the lymphatic system

hypotheses

tentative explanations by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. include RDAs, EARs, AIs, EERs, and ULs

rectum

terminal portion of the large intestine

motility

the ability to move spontaneously. also refers to movement of food through the GI tract

nervous system

the body system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological and intellectual functions

urinary system

the body system consisting of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. removes waste products from circulatory system and regulates blood acid base balance, overall chemical balance, and water balance in the body

amino acid

the building block for proteins containing a central carbon atom with nitrogen and other atoms attached

diverticulosis

the condition of having many diverticula in the large intestine

epiglottis

the flap that folds down over the trachea during swallowing

plasma

the fluid, extracellular portion of the circulating blood. includes the blood serum plus all blood clotting factors. serum is the fluid that remains after clotting factors have been removed from plasma

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

the main energy currency for cells; ATP energy is used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular contraction

hunger

the primarily physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating

appetite

the primarily psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger

absorption

the process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

nutrient density

the ratio derived by dividing a food's nutrient content by its calorie content. when the food's contribution to our nutrient need for that nutrient exceeds its contribution to our calorie need, the food is considered to have a favorable nutrient density

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

the singlestranded nucleic acid involved in the transcription of genetic information and translation of that information into protein structure

synapse

the space between one neuron and another neuron (or cell)

cell

the structural basis of plant and animal organization. cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy-yielding compounds. cells have the ability to take up compounds from and excrete compounds into their surroundings

epigenome

the way that the genome is marked and packaged inside the cell nucleus

If the results of many studies and much data support the original explanation about a relationship between caffeine intake and behavior, a _____ is formed

theory

mucus

thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body. contains compound that has carbohydrate and protein parts. it acts as a lubricant and means or production for cells

nervous tissue

tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells, which transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

True or false: Proteins are made of amino acids.

true

esophagus

tube in the GI tract that connects the pharynx with the stomach

ureter

tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

muscle tissue

type of tissue adapted to contract to cause movement

water

universal solvent, H2O; body composed of 60% water; women need 9 cups a day and men need 13

gene expression

use of DNA information on a gene to produce a protein

animal model

use of animals to study disease

The blood vessels that carry blood to the heart are the

veins

mucilages

viscous fiber consisting of chains of glacatose, mannose, and other monosacchariedes; found in seaweed

pectin

viscous fiber containing chains of galacturonic acid and other monosaccharides. found between plant and cell walls

Nutrients can be classified as essential or non-essential. All of the following are reasons why a nutrient could be considered an essential nutrient EXCEPT

vitamin A is essential because consuming too much supplemental vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects.

non energy yielding nutrients

vitamins, minerals, water

As part of her renewed focus on diet and health, Lisa is trying to eat more vegetables. She doesn't really like raw vegetables, so she has decided to add one cooked vegetable to her daily diet. She should be careful not to overcook her vegetables, because ________ are easily destroyed during cooking.

water soluble vitamins

saliva

watery fluid, produced by salivary glands in the mouth that contains lubricants, enzymes, and other substances