Nutrition Exam #1
Examples of insoluble isolated fibers
-Oat fiber -Soy fiber
The ____ is the amount of a given nutrient that will meet the needs of about half of the healthy people in a particular group. is the amount of a given nutrient that will meet the needs of about half of the healthy people in a particular group.
EAR
Values in this category meet the needs of only 50%of the people in a particular group.
EAR
Following this recommended intake value will help maintain energy balance.
EER
How does mechanical digestion work in the stomach?
Grinding and churning into chyme
Energy density
High in fats and energy (can be either high or low in calories)
This organ consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum.
Large intestine
Exceeding the values listed in this category can increase risk of toxicity.
UL
If an individual exceeds the ___ value for a particular nutrient, there's a chance for adverse health effects. value for a particular nutrient, there's a chance for adverse health effects.
UL
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Where is fructose found?
fruit and honey
Statements that describe a relationship between a food component and a specific health condition are called _________. One type of these statements is called a(n) __________________, in which the relationship between the food or compound and a health benefit is well-established with supporting research.
health claims, authorized health claim
Galactose is a component of ________
lactose
Fat-soluble nutrients travel throughout the body via the ____________
lymphatic system
Once absorbed, water-soluble nutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids enter capillaries and travel to the liver via the ____________.
hepatic portal vein
Fiber reduced which chronic diseases?
-Obesity -Diabetes -Colon cancer -Heart disease and stroke -Digestive health
How does chemical digestion work in the stomach?
-Slight chemical breakdown of starch by hydrochloric acid
What is the major site of carbohydrate digestion?
-Small intestine
As Americans we get too much.....
-Sugar -Sodium -Total fat -Saturated fat
What are the micronutrients?
-Vitamins -Minerals
-Values in this category are expressed as a percentage of total energy intake. -Exceeding or falling short of the ranges indicated by these DRI values can increase the risk for chronic disease.
AMDR
Individuals who consume macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) within the ranges indicated by the _______ may reduce their risk for chronic diseases. may reduce their risk for chronic diseases.
AMDR
Anatomy of an enriched grain
Addition of nutrients that were lost during processing.
Anatomy of a fortified grain
Addition of nutrients to a food which were not present in the original food.
Definiton of kcal or calorie
Amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius
What happens to fiber in the large intestine?
Bacteria breaks down fiber into water, gas, and fatty acid
Signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance
Bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea
Anatomy of a whole grain
Bran, germ, endosperm (minus husk)
When you have reduced oxygen flow you burn _________.
Carbohydrates
Nutrient content claims
Claims on the food label that describe the level or amount of a nutrient in the food.
___________ are based on a 2000-calorie per day diet, and the percentage of that nutrient's DV present in a serving is listed on a food label.
Daily Values (DVs)
Physical activity level is an important consideration when calculating the ____.
EER
Definition of variety
Eating a wide selection of foods within and among the major food groups
Where is GERD found?
Esophagus
A section of the label must include a list of ___________, or the individual components of the product, listed in descending order by weight.
ingredients
Most water is absorbed in the _________ , and solid waste is then eliminated.
large intestine
The _____________ of a product is located at the bottom of the package. This information is helpful when comparing products in different types of packaging.
net weight
Where is constipation, ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids, and IBS found?
Large intestine
Structure function claims
Nothing to do with chronic disease, just has to do with a bodily structure or function, not as valid claims, don't have enough nutrient to meet health claim
An area of the food label called the _________ panel provides a nutritional snapshot, including Daily Values, of the food inside a package.
Nutrition Facts
This organ releases amylase into the small intestine to digest starch.
Pancreas
What enzyme is used to breakdown carbs in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
What type of sugar is fiber?
Polysaccharide
Definition of moderation
Providing enough, but not too much of any one food or nutrient.
Definition of balance
Providing foods in proportion to one another and in proportion to the body's needs.
-The EAR is needed to calculate values in this category. -When this value can be determined, individuals should aim for this amount for daily intake.
RDA
Hydrolysis
Water breaking
A fourth method is called ____________, which involves a vesicle that forms from the enterocyte's cell membrane, engulfing the nutrient and then drawing the nutrient into the cell.
endocytosis
Choose the statement below that correctly describes nutrient content claims. "Cholesterol free" refers to a product with fewer than 20 milligrams of cholesterol per serving. "Reduced sodium" refers to a product with 25% less sodium than the original product. "Low calorie (kilocalorie)" refers to a product with fewer than 5 kilocalories per serving. "Reduced fat" refers to a product with fewer than three grams of fat per serving.
"Reduced sodium" refers to a product with 25% less sodium than the original product.
What is lactose intolerance?
-A condition that results from the inability to digest the milk sugar lactose -Lactase concentrations, the enzyme that breaks down lactose, declines as we age
Definition of nutrient dense food
-A measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. -The more nutrients and the fewer calories, the higher the nutrient density.
Jobs of protein
-Act as building blocks -Helps blood clot -Allow you to see -Make antibodies, hormones, and enzymes
Required on Current Label
-Calories from fat -Daily value of vitamin C
Low energy dense food
-Can promote weight loss. -You can eat larger portions for the same number of kilocalories when consuming low energy density foods which may improve satiety and decrease hunger.
What are the macronutrients?
-Carbohydrates -Fats (lipids) -Protein -Water
Examples of organic nutrients
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Vitamins
Organic nutrients
-Contains carbon carbon or carbon hydrogen bonds -More complex nutrients
Required for Both Current Labeland Proposed New Label
-Daily value of iron -Servings per container
Required on Proposed New Label
-Daily value of vitamin D -Daily value of potassium -Added sugars
As Americans we get too little....
-Fiber -Some vitamins (D) -Some minerals (potassium and calcium)
Major food sources of starch
-Grains -Legumes -Tubers -Root crops -Nut butters
Examples of soluble isolated fibers
-Insulin -Maltodextrin -Polydextrose
Other calcium rich foods (besides dairy products)
-Leafy greens -Soybean based foods -Pinto beans -Calcium fortified orange juice -Seafood -Nuts and seeds
Examples of disaccharides
-Maltose -Sucrose -Lactose
2 parts of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
-Mechanical digestion -Chemical digestion
Examples of inorganic nutrients
-Minerals -Water
Anatomy of a refined grain
-Minus the bran and germ. -Loss of fiber, vitamins, minerals, lignans, phytoestrogens, phenolic compounds and phytic acid
Other things that are used to make bread brown
-Molasses -Carmel -Other added coloring
Inorganic nutrients
-Not containing carbon or pertaining to living things -Simpler nutrients
Added sugar calculation factor
10%
Protein calculation factor
10%
Saturated calculation factor
10%
Daily amount of sodium
2,300 mg
What % of your bone is water?
22%
What % of your fat is water?
25%
Daily amount of cholesterol
300 mg
Total fat calculation factor
35%
How many calories per gram of carbohydrates?
4
How many calories per gram of protein?
4
How many grams are in 1 teaspoon of sugar
4 gram
Carbohydrate calculation factor
55%
What % of your muscles are water?
75%
What % of your blood is water?
83%
How many calories per gram of fat?
9
The _____ value for vitamin K is the intake level assumed to be adequate based on observations of what healthy people consume. value for vitamin K is the intake level assumed to be adequate based on observations of what healthy people consume.
AI
Values in this category are used when an EAR or RDA cannot be provided.
AI
What uses carbs as a source of energy?
Brain and RBCs
Nutrient density
Maximum nutrients with minimum calories
Which of the foods listed below are classified as major food allergens and are therefore required to be identified either in a "contains" statement or in parentheses following the name of the ingredient on a package label? milk shellfish tree nuts strawberries rice soy
Milk, shellfish, tree nuts, soy
Which of the following statements is true about nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed directly into bloodstream and travel via the hepatic portal vein to the liver for processing.
Food mixes with saliva here.
Mouth
Does soluble isolated fibers lower cholesterol or blood sugar?
NO
2 fats that ARE needed
Omega 3 and omega 6
The _____ is determined from the Estimated Average Requirement and meets the requirements of 97-98 % of healthy individuals in a particular group. is determined from the Estimated Average Requirement and meets the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular group.
RDA
What breaks starch into small polysaccharides and maltose
Salivary amylase
2 fats that are not needed
Saturated fat and cholesterol
-This organ contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area. -This organ releases sucrase, maltase, and lactase to break down sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Small intestine
Where is celiac disease found?
Small intestine
-This organ secretes pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl. -The hormone ghrelin is released here to stimulate hunger and gastric motility. -This organ temporarily stores chyme.
Stomach
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles
Where is the majority of the gastrointestinal microbes found?
The colon.
Where is gastroenteritis and peptic ulcers found?
The stomach
____________ is one of the nutrients required to be listed on a food label that consumers should try to limit in their diets.
Trans fat
Energy density
a measurement of the kilocalories in a food compared with the weight (grams) of the food.
Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are absorbed through ___________, which requires both a carrier protein and energy in the form of ATP.
active transport
What are nutrients?
essential compounds in foods that serve as building blocks for body components and sustain body processes.
How is fructose absorbed?
facilitated diffusion
Nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine via a variety of mechanisms. Most nutrients require _____________, where a specific carrier protein is utilized, but no energy is required.
facilitated diffusion
Unused energy is stored as ______
fat
When you are sitting, you burn mostly _______
fat
A majority of nutrient absorption occurs in _____.
the small intestine
What is a registered dietitian?
can help assess and determine nutritional status and subsequently provide medical nutrition therapy guidelines.
Health claims
claims that are based on science that shows a link between a nutrient and a chronic disease, certain guidelines have to be met in order to make these claims on the label
The phrase "Excellent source of fiber" is an example of a(n) ___________.
nutrient content claim.
Some smaller molecules (like small lipids, water, certain minerals, and vitamin C) can cross via ____________. Like with facilitated diffusion, no energy is required because the concentration of a nutrient is higher inside the GI tract than in the enterocyte. Unlike with facilitated diffusion, however, no __________ is needed.
passive diffusion, carrier protein
The organs of the gastrointestinal tract _____.
perform digestion, absorption, and elimination
A process called _________ helps to propel first the bolus and then chyme forward through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
peristalsis
