Nutrition final 2331 final 2.0

Based on calorie estimates from the Dietary Guidelines, a 19- to 30-year-old active woman needs about ______ kcal per day 2000 2400 1600 2800

2400

Norovirus causes an illness that is commonly misdiagnosed as A. the common cold. B. food poisoning. C. the stomach flu. D. Montezuma's revenge.

C. the stomach flu.

When older adults cannot do 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week because of chronic conditions, A. they should reduce their caloric intake to compensate for the lack of physical activity. B. they should participate in muscle stimulation activities that do not increase their risk of poor outcomes. C. they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow. D. they should consume a higher protein dietary pattern to stimulate muscle growth.

C. they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.

During rest and light activities, ______ are the main fuel for muscles. a. phospholipids b. monosaccharides c. fatty acids d. amino acids

c. fatty acids

Immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the a. kidney. b. pancreas. c. liver. d. heart.

c. liver.

The major storage sites for glycogen are the a. liver and pancreas. b. kidney and muscles. c. muscles and liver. d. liver and kidney.

c. muscles and liver.

The taste for fat is known as a. butyric acid. b. umami. c. oleogustus. d. lipase.

c. oleogustus.

Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required for the metabolism of A) iron. B) niacin. C) homocysteine D) fatty acids.

homocysteine

A good suggestion for eating in a heart-healthy way would be to a. trim fat off meat before and after cooking it. b. avoid foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil. c. avoid all treats. d. take vitamin E supplements.

trim fat off meat before and after cooking it.

Choose the statement that is true about sports drinks. A) All of these choices are correct. B) Their flavor encourages athletes to drink C) They replenish electrolytes D) They replenish fluids

All of these choices are correct.

An adequate intake of dietary fiber may help to prevent a. diverticulosis. b. constipation. c. hemorrhoids. d. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Excessive use of vitamin E supplements could lead to A) uncontrolled bleeding. B) nausea. C) diarrhea. D) All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

The two main intracellular ions are A) sodium and chloride. B) phosphate and potassium. C) potassium and sodium. D) chloride and potassium.

phosphate and potassium.

Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in the American dietary pattern is iron. copper. phosphorus. calcium.

phosphorus

Most American adults exceed current recommendations for intake of A) potassium. B) water. C) calcium. D) sodium.

sodium

The process of nerve impulse transmission starts with the flow of ______ ions into the nerve cell. A) chloride B) sodium C) phosphate D) potassium

sodium

Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme produced by the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) liver. D) pancreas

stomach

Water constitutes ______ percent of an adult's body weight. A) 50 to 70 B) 10 to 20 C) 25 to 45 D) 75 to 95

50 to 70

According to the 3500-kcal rule, a daily deficit of 500 kcal should result in an approximate weight loss of about how many pounds per week? 4 1 2 3

1

Researchers suggest a dose of at least _____ grams of protein per meal is ideal to promote muscle synthesis. A) 30 B) 10 C) 50 D) 20

30

Essential amino acids account for approximately ______ of total amino acids in the typical American dietary pattern. 10% 25% 40% 50%

50%

Restricting food and beverage intake by ______ kcal per day below calorie needs typically leads to a weight loss of about 1 pound per week to start. A) 100 B) 1000 C) 500 D) 250

500

During the second and third trimesters, a pregnant woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain approximately ______ pound(s) per week. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A. 1

Kimi's prepregnancy BMI is 38. Her weight-gain goal should be ______ pounds for the entire pregnancy. A. 11 to 20 B. 28 to 40 C. 15 to 25 D. 25 to 35

A. 11 to 20

The Dietary Guidelines advise adults to consume less than _____ milligrams of sodium per day. A. 2300 B. 3500 C. 1500 D. 5000

A. 2300

During pregnancy, a woman should follow a balanced dietary pattern, such as the plan suggested the Dietary Guidelines, which includes ______ each day. A. 3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the dairy group B. 2 ounce-equivalents from the protein group C. 9 cups from the vegetables group D. 4 ounce-equivalents from the grain group

A. 3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the dairy group

Concerning the infant, two major indicators of a successful pregnancy are: (1) gestation period longer than ______ weeks and (2) birth weight greater than ______ pounds. A. 37; 5.5 B. 37; 2.5 C. 34; 5.5 D. 40; 7.5

A. 37; 5.5

Ground pork should be cooked to an internal temperature of ______ to destroy the parasite Trichinella spiralis. A. 165°F (74°C) B. 160°F (71°C) C. 170°F (77°C) D. 145°F (63°C)

B. 160°F (71°C)

Pat purchases a 2-liter bottle of root beer. This would be approximately A. 2 pints. B. 2 quarts. C. 2 gallons. D. 4 cups.

B. 2 quarts.

Nutritional therapy for people with anorexia nervosa aims to slowly increase body weight to achieve a BMI of at least A. 15 kg/m2. B. 20 kg/m2. C. 25 kg/m2. D. 30 kg/m2.

B. 20 kg/m2.

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ______ pounds. A. 28 to 40 B. 25 to 35 C. 15 to 25 D. 11 to 20

B. 25 to 35

On average, Americans consume approximately ______% of total calories as fat. A. 34 B. 28 C. 55 D. 22

B. 28

After around age ______, the total calorie needs of physically inactive adults fall steadily throughout adulthood. A. 20 B. 30 C. 50 D. 70

B. 30

By definition, a low-birth-weight infant weighs less than ______ pounds at birth. A. 3.5 B. 5.5 C. 6.5 D. 7.5

B. 5.5

Declining production of stomach acid and intrinsic factor increases the risk for deficiency of ______ among older adults. A. calcium B. vitamin B-6 C. vitamin B-12 D. iron

C. vitamin B-12

Which of the following ergogenic aids may cause anxiety and insomnia? A) Creatine B) Sodium bicarbonate C) Caffeine D) Growth hormone

Caffeine

______ are hardy and survive freezing and relatively high temperatures and chlorination up to 10 parts per million (ppm). A. Escherichia coli B. Salmonella C. Listeria D. Noroviruses

D. Noroviruses

______ is the term used to describe a condition in which the desire to consume healthy foods becomes an obsession and begins to interfere with daily living. A. Diabulimia B. Reverse anorexia C. Atypical anorexia nervosa D. Orthorexia

D. Orthorexia

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy? A. Foodborne illness can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus. B. Use of tobacco products can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus. C. All women must avoid NutraSweet during pregnancy because phenylalanine causes problems with fetal brain development. D. Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.

D. Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.

Which of the following describes fat-soluble vitamins? A) They are absorbed directly from the GI tract into the blood via the hepatic portal vein. B) Excesses are excreted in the urine. C) They form coenzymes that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein. D) They are readily stored in the body.

They are readily stored in the body.

The two forms of starch found in food are a. soluble and insoluble. b. maltose and mannose. c. amylose and amylopectin. d. glycogen and glucagon.

amylose and amylopectin.

In the typical American diet, most dietary protein comes from plant sources. animal sources

animal sources

Body proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are A) collagen. B) hormones. C) antibodies. D) enzymes

antibodies.

The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from a. fat. b. carbohydrate. c. protein. d. iron.

b. carbohydrate.

The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body. a. vitamins b. energy c. hormones d. structure

b. energy

An example of an approved Nutrition Fact label claim includes a. calcium and heart disease. b. folate and neural tube defects. c. whole grains and diabetes. d. sodium and cancer.

b. folate and neural tube defects.

A(n) ______ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions. a. antibiotic b. proton pump inhibitor c. antacid d. NSAID

b. proton pump inhibitor

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the a. sphincter of Oddi. b. pyloric sphincter. c. lower esophageal sphincter. d. ileocecal sphincter.

b. pyloric sphincter.

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories starting at age 2. a. total fat b. saturated fatty acids c. essential fatty acids d. trans fatty acids

b. saturated fatty acids

Nutrients are primarily absorbed from the a. large intestine. b. small intestine. c. stomach. d. liver.

b. small intestine.

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption is the a. liver. b. small intestine. c. large intestine. d. stomach.

b. small intestine.

Foods that are sources of chemicals that provide health benefits beyond being essential dietary nutrients are termed A) gluten-free foods. B) antioxidants. C) superfoods. D) functional foods

functional foods

An increasingly common and effective surgical procedure for morbid obesity is A) gastric bypass. B) intestinal bypass. C) gastric blockage. D) gastrectomy.

gastric bypass

Glucose is also known as a. sucrolose. b. xylitol. c. dextrose. d. sorbitol

c. dextrose.

To prevent bone loss, a woman at risk for osteoporosis could A) consult a physician about estrogen replacement. B) All of these choices are correct. C) include weight-bearing exercise into her routine. D) ensure adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D.

All of these choices are correct.

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? A) Urea B) Amino acids C) Fatty acids D) Ketones

Amino acids

What disease is caused by a thiamin deficiency? A) Scurvy B) Kwashiorkor C) Pellagra D) Beriberi

Beriberi

Which of the following is true about the use of diet pills for weight reduction? A) Orlistat (Xenical®, Alli®) increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. B) Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects. C) Very-low-calorie diets, combined with anti-obesity drugs, are recommended for optimal weight loss. D) Candidates for medications to treat obesity include those with a BMI ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 20 with at least one weight-related health condition.

Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects

_______ is the major monosaccharide found in the body. a. Glucose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Fructose

Glucose

In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true? a. Lower HDL = decreased risk b. Higher HDL = increased risk c. Higher LDL = increased risk d. Lower LDL = increased risk

Higher LDL = increased risk

Which of the following is a benefit of regular physical activity? A) Increased body fat B) Improved sleep C) Increased blood pressure D) Reduced muscle mass

Improved sleep

_____ is a spot reducing procedure that involves inserting a thin tube into an incision that allows access to the fat tissue. The fat cells are then suctioned out through the tube and disgarded. A) Liposuction B) Gastric plication C)Botox injections D) Cryolipolysis

Liposuction

For which of the following activities would carbohydrate loading be most useful? A) Weight lifting B) Golf C) Football D) Marathon

Marathon

Which of the following is one of the eight most common food allergens? Chocolate Milk Beef Mangoes

Milk

Proteins are unique among the macronutrients because they are a source of ______ for the human body. hydrogen oxygen carbon nitrogen

Nitrogen

Which of the following is true in relation to the components of energy expenditure? A) Physical activity accounts for 15% to 30% of total energy expenditure. B) Basal metabolism accounts for 85% to 100% of total energy expenditure. C) Fidgeting accounts for 40% of total energy expenditure. D) The thermic effect of food represents about 20% to 35% of total energy expenditure

Physical activity accounts for 15% to 30% of total energy expenditure

Which of the following is a true statement about sources of protein? A) Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein. B) Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in cholesterol than animal sources of protein. C) Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in saturated fat than animal sources of protein. D) Animal sources of protein tend to be higher in phytochemicals than plant sources of protein

Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein.

Which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins? A) Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood. B) Polypeptide chains are digested to yield monosaccharides, which can be absorbed into the blood. C) Many whole proteins are absorbed by phagocytosis and enter the blood. D) The products of protein digestion cannot be absorbed directly into the capillaries; they must be absorbed into lacteals

Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood

Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure? A) Sodium B) Cadmium C) Potassium D) Chloride

Potassium

Which of the following health conditions is not primarily related to upper-body (android) obesity? A) Skin cancer B) Diabetes mellitus C) Heart disease D) Hypertension

Skin cancer

Body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters yields A) relative weight. B) the body mass index. C) the obesity index. D) percent body fat

The body mass index

Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin? A) The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health. B) The compound is best absorbed if taken in supplement form. C) The compound prevents chronic disease. D) The body is unable to synthesize the compound.

The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.

The major function of adipose tissue is to a. maintain blood glucose. b. store bile. c. synthesize cholesterol. d. store energy.

d. store energy.

Excessive intake of ______ can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney. vitamin A vitamin K vitamin E vitamin D

VItamin D

When the intake of is low, vitamin E aids in its absorption. A) zinc B) vitamin D C) vitamin A D) iron

Vitamin A

Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin? A) Vitamin B-12 B) Riboflavin C) Vitamin B-6 D) Vitamin A

Vitamin A

The body's set point has been suggested to be A) a weight the body attempts to maintain closely. B) one's desirable and most healthy body weight. C) one's minimum body weight. D) the weight that is reached and maintained during mid-life.

a weight the body attempts to maintain closely

If Jacob eats a bowl of 18 chips, how many grams of fat will he consume? a. 10 grams b. 40 grams c. 5 grams d. 6 grams

a. 10 grams

Adults need to consume only about 5% of total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _______ of plant oil each day. a. 2 to 4 tablespoons b. 3/4 to 1 cup c. 2 to 4 teaspoons d. 1/4 to 1/2 cup

a. 2 to 4 tablespoons

An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Dietary Pattern should consume ______ ounce-equivalents from the Protein Foods group per day. a. 5.5 b. 4 c. 10 d. 2 to 3

a. 5.5

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by A) synthesizing hydrochloric acid. B) binding sodium ions. C) releasing nitrogen. D) acting as buffers

acting as buffers.

Amino acids are absorbed via A) passive diffusion. B) active absorption. C) osmosis. D) facilitated diffusion

active absorption

The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are a. a rash, sneezing, and stuffy nose. b. gas, abdominal pain, and bloating. c. nausea and vomiting. d. a headache and chest pain.

b. gas, abdominal pain, and bloating.

Dietary patterns high in saturated fatty acids tend to ______ the level of LDL in the blood. a. decrease b. increase

b. increase

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ______ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism. a. monosaccharides b. ketone bodies c. polysaccharides d. fatty acids

b. ketone bodies

According to the FDA, there are eight allergens that must be labeled. These include a. shrimp, tree nuts, and chocolate. b. milk, eggs, wheat, and fish. c. poultry, beef, soy, and processed meats. d. coconut, mushrooms, nuts, and gluten.

b. milk, eggs, wheat, and fish.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the a. small intestine. b. mouth. c. stomach. d. pancreas.

b. mouth.

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called a. regurgitation. b. peristalsis. c. compression. d. propulsion.

b. peristalsis.

Metabolic by-products of the microorganisms that live in and on the human body are called a. synbiotics. b. postbiotics. c. prebiotics. d. probiotics.

b. postbiotics.

To boost glycogen stores in the hours before an event, an endurance athlete should eat A) broccoli and cheese soup. B) tuna fish. C) peanut butter. D) bagels.

bagels

A pre-event meal should A) be high in fat to prevent hunger. B) contain at least 600 kcal. C) be eaten less than 1 hour before the event. D) be high in carbohydrates without providing large amounts of fiber.

be high in carbohydrates without providing large amounts of fiber.

Of the following foods, iron is best absorbed from A) broccoli. B) kidney beans. C) beef. D) cheese.

beef.

Which of the following tools do not measure body fatness or body composition? A) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry B) Bioelectrical impedance analysis C) Underwater weighing D) Body mass index

body mass index

The B vitamins generally function as A) antioxidants. B) hormones. C) coenzymes. D) emulsifiers.

coenzymes.

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use? a. Glycogen b. Insulin c. Progesterone e. Epinephrine

e. Epinephrine

The goal of blood doping is to A) enhance aerobic capacity. B) enhance immune function. C) alleviate hemochromatosis. D) prevent blood clots.

enhance aerobic capacity.

Major fructose sources include a. fruits and sweetened beverages. b. nuts and seeds. c. fruits and vegetables. d. milk and cheese.

fruits and sweetened beverages.

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver. a. glucose b. glycogen c. lactose d. fructose

glucose

Lower-body obesity, also known as ______ obesity, is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension than upper-body obesity A) android B) gynoid C) cardiometabolic D) morbid

gynoid

Primary hypertension A) is a result of sleep apnea. B) is a result of kidney disease. C) has no clear-cut cause. D) is also known as the white coat syndrome.

has no clear-cut cause.

The hormone _______ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range. a.glycogen b. thyroxine c. glucagon d. insulin

insulin

Potassium and phosphate are the major ______ electrolytes. A) extracellular B) intracellular

intracellular

Worldwide, the most prevalent nutrient deficiency is of A) zinc. B) iron. C) iodine. D) copper.

iron

Milk is a poor source of A) iron. B) calcium. C) vitamin D. D) vitamin A.

iron.

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs is referred to as a(n) vegan. ovovegetarian. lactovegetarian. lactoovovegetarian

lactoovovegetarian

Older women may be at risk for phosphorous deficiency if they A) take hormone replacement therapy. B) live alone, have a nutrient-poor dietary pattern, and take calcium supplements. C) they include too much dairy products in their dietary patterns. D) stay inside most of the day.

live alone, have a nutrient-poor dietary pattern, and take calcium supplements

Where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism? A. Stomach B. Kidneys C. Brain D. Liver

liver

Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______ that can leave the nucleus. a) amino acids b) tRNA c) chromosomes d) mRNA

mRNA

All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium except A) milk and dairy products. B) whole grains. C) fruits. D) legumes.

milk and dairy products.

Exceeding the UL for phosphorus can lead to A) mineralization of soft tissues, such as blood vessels and organs. B) excessive bone growth. C) blood clots. D) All of these choices are correct.

mineralization of soft tissues, such as blood vessels and organs.

When it comes to the impact of dietary patterns on the risk for hypertension, there are some racial differences in sodium sensitivity. Individuals of African or Asian descent tend to be ______ sodium sensitive than whites. A) less B) more

more

Recent research shows that older adults need ______ the current RDA for protein for adults. A) less than B) more than

more than

The study of the ways in which genetic variations influence nutritional status is called A) nutritional biochemistry. B) nutrigenetics. C) nutrigenomics. D) genetic engineering.

nutrigenetics

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called molecular biology. epidemiology. nutrigenetics. nutrigenomics.

nutrigenomics

Good sources of plant-based proteins include A) coconut oil, bananas, and beans. B) soy, berries, and peppers. C) nuts, quinoa, and chickpeas. D) avocados, tomatoes, and seeds.

nuts, quinoa, and chickpeas.

Niacin is necessary to prevent the disease A) scurvy. B) beriberi. C) pellagra. D) pernicious anemia.

pellagra.

What enzyme digests protein in the stomach? Lipase Amylase Pepsin Trypsin

pepsin

In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are A) citrus fruits. B) plant oils. C) yellow and orange vegetables. D) refined grain products.

plant oils

Fluid balance is dependent on A) niacin. B) iron. C) vitamin C. D) potassium.

potassium.

The thermic effect of food A) is included in the measurement of basal metabolism. B) refers to energy expended to produce heat in response to a cold environment. C) represents approximately 25% of total energy expenditure. D)represents the calories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food

represents the calories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food

The FITT principle describes A) the fluid needs of athletes before, during, and after a workout. B) specific aspects to consider when designing a sound fitness program. C) a method of determining the intensity of exercises. D) the benefits of incorporating regular, moderate physical activity into one's lifestyle.

specific aspects to consider when designing a sound fitness program.

The ringlike muscles that prevent the backflow of partially digested food within the gastrointestinal tract are called a. passages. b. sphincters. c. channels. d. gates.

sphincters.

Jackie has an alcohol use disorder. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is A) the accumulation of fluids in extracellular spaces. B) loss of muscle mass. C) extreme thirst due to the high concentration of proteins in the blood. D) irregular heart rate

the accumulation of fluids in extracellular spaces.

The difference between aerobic and anaerobic glucose breakdown is A) aerobic glucose breakdown uses amino acids, while anaerobic does not. B) the end product of aerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid), while the end products of anaerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water. C) anaerobic glucose breakdown uses oxygen, while aerobic does not. D) the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; while the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid).

the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; while the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid).

The energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process the nutrients in food is called the ______ of food. This equals approximately 8% to 15% of energy intake A) breakdown B) metabolism C) thermic effect D) transformation

thermic effect

The nutrient that prevents beriberi is A) thiamin. B) niacin. C) riboflavin. D) vitamin B-12.

thiamin

According to the Dietary Guidelines, saturated fat intake should be less than 10% of total calories beginning at age A) eighteen. B) ten. C)two. D) one

two

Vitamins involved in red blood cell synthesis are A) vitamin B-12 and folate. B) thiamin and niacin. C) folate and thiamin. D) folate and pantothenic acid.

vitamin B-12 and folate.

Most water-soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body when consumed in excess. However, ______ is an example of a water-soluble vitamin that can accumulate to toxic levels in the liver. A) riboflavin B) thiamin C) vitamin B-6 D) vitamin C

vitamin B-6

Fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of A) phosphorus. B) vitamin D. C) vitamin A. D) magnesium.

vitamin D

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is A) vitamin D. B) niacin. C) vitamin E. D) vitamin A.

vitamin D.

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase A) vitamin E intake. B) selenium intake. C) vitamin C intake. D) vitamin A intake.

vitamin E intake.

As part of the body's antioxidant defenses, vitamin C participates in the recycling of A) iron. B) vitamin E. C) zinc. D) vitamin A.

vitamin E.

The nutrient essential for the synthesis of several blood clotting factors is A) vitamin K. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin A. D) vitamin C.

vitamin K.

To decrease the risk of developing heat-related injuries, A) limit fluid repletion to avoid bloating. B) avoid exercising in temperatures below freezing. C) watch for rapid body-weight changes of 2% or more of body weight. D) stretch before and after physical activity.

watch for rapid body-weight changes of 2% or more of body weight

Vitamin C is a ______-soluble vitamin. A) fat B) water

water fat soluble : vitamins A, D, E, K

The only proven treatment for celiac disease is dietary avoidance of a. gas-forming foods. b. wheat, barley, and rye. c. spicy and acidic foods. d. wheat, rice, and oats.

wheat, barley, and rye.

Which of the following could be a trigger for an eating disorder? A. Comments from significant others about being too fat B. A traumatic event, such as witnessing a car crash C. Leaving home for college or independent living D. All of these choices.

D. All of these choices.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.0

0.8

According to most sports nutrition experts, the daily protein intake for an athlete should fall within the range of A) < 0.8 grams per kilogram. B) 0.8 to 1.0 grams per kilogram. C) 1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram. D) > 3.0 grams per kilogram.

1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram.

The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs? 5% 10% 15% 20%

10%

During endurance activities, protein can supply as much as _______ of energy needs, especially as glycogen stores in the muscle are exhausted. A) 10% to 15% B) 5% C) 25% to 50% D) 20%

10% to 15%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from protein. A. 20% to 35% B. 10% to 35% C. 45% to 65%

10-35%

A 120-pound woman is training for a bodybuilding competition and needs to build muscle mass. What is the maximum recommended daily protein intake for this woman? A) 80 grams per day B) 45 grams per day C) 240 grams per day D) 110 grams per day

110 grams per day

Normal blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure below ______ mmHg and a diastolic pressure below ______ mmHg. A) 140; 90 B) 180; 100 C) 100; 50 D) 120; 80

120; 80

The Physical Activity Guidelines recommends that adults participate in at least _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity, or _____ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. A) 150 to 300; 75 to 150 B) 200; 60 C) 75 to 150; 150 to 300 D) 60 to 90; 30 to 60

150 to 300; 75 to 150

The Adequate Intake (AI) for sodium for adults is ______ milligrams per day. A) 500 B) 1000 C) 1500 D) 2000

1500

Bill expends 2500 kcal per day. What would be his approximate energy expenditure from basal metabolism? A) 1500 to 2000 kcal B) 250 to 375 kcal C) 1200 to 1500 kcal D) 500 to 1050 kcal

1500 to 2000 kcal

Farah wishes to lose 5 pounds before her vacation in approximately 5 weeks. Her average consumption is 2100 kcal per day. Assuming her physical activity levels remain unchanged, she should reduce her energy intake to ______ kcal per day A) 1200 to 1300 B) 1800 to 1900 C) 1400 to 1500 D) 1600 to 1700

1600 to 1700

What is the age-predicted maximum heart rate of a healthy 48 year old? A) 172 B) 138 C) 103 D) 220

172

Aerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting A) 30 seconds to 1 minute. B) 2 minutes to several hours. C) up to 30 seconds. D) 1 to 2 minutes.

2 minutes to several hours.

For a pre-event meal, rich sources of carbohydrates, such as bagels, muffins, and bread, should be eaten ______ before an endurance event. A) 2 to 4 hours B) less than 30 minutes C) 4 or more hours D) 30 to 60 minutes

2 to 4 hours

How many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? 5 9 20 29

20

Men with body fat levels greater than _____ have increased health risks 10% 15% 20% 25%

25%

An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Dietary Pattern should consume ______ cups of dairy equivalents per day. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1

3

Research shows that it is optimal for adults to distribute protein intake throughout the day to maintain lean mass as they age. Adults should consume approximately ______ of protein per meal at more than one meal per day to maintain healthy muscles and bones. 15 grams 30 grams 45 grams 60 grams

30 grams

Anaerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting A) to 30 seconds. B) 30 seconds to 2 minutes. C) 10 seconds. D) up to 5 minutes.

30 seconds to 2 minutes.

Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence. Later in life, the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis. For average, healthy men and women, gradual bone loss begins around age A) 20. B) 30. C) 40. D) 50.

30.

For additional and more extensive health benefits, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommends that adults increase their physical activity beyond _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity or _____ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. A) 150; 300 B) 75; 150 C) 150; 75 D) 300; 150

300; 150

When attempting to use body fat percentage to define obesity, body fat above ______ for women results in an obesity diagnosis 32% 10% 20% 25%

32%

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcal daily for one month? A) 3 pounds B) 2 pounds C) 4 pounds D) 6 pounds

4 pounds

The DASH diet recommends inclusion of ________ of nuts, seeds, or legumes. A) 1 serving per day B) 2 to 3 servings per week C) 4 to 5 servings per day D) 4 to 5 servings per week

4 to 5 servings per week

Joe is a wrestler. During his workouts, he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss? A) 4 to 6 cups B) 3 to 4 cups C) 2 to 3 cups D) 6 to 8 cups

4 to 6 cups

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from carbohydrates. A. 20% to 35% B. 45% to 65% C. 10% to 35%

45-65%

How much vitamin D is in one serving (3 ounces) of cooked salmon? A) 7 milligrams B) 7 micrograms C) 7 grams D) 7 milliliters

7 micrograms

How many grams of protein are needed per day by a sedentary adult male who weighs 87 kilograms? 70 87 174 191

70

Measuring your heart rate can provide an estimate of workout intensity. An aerobic zone is typically characterized by a maximum heart rate in the range of A) 60% to 70%. B) 50% to 60%. C) 80% to 90%. D) 70% to 80%.

70% to 80%.

The calorie cost of the thermic effect of food is ______ of the energy consumed. 20% to 25% 1% to 5% 15% to 20% 8% to 15%

8% to 15%

Which of the following individuals is most likely to need a calcium supplement? A) A 30-year-old male who follows a lactoovovegetarian diet B) A 14-year-old female with a milk allergy C) A 45-year-old male with a sedentary desk job D) A 4-year-old female who refuses to eat vegetables

A 14-year-old female with a milk allergy

Which of the following includes all energy-yielding substances? A. Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein B. Vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, protein C. Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water D. Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, water

A. Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein

What is a serious, long-term health consequence of absent or irregular menstrual periods among women of childbearing age? A. Bone loss B. Dehydration C. Esophageal bleeding D. Muscle tears

A. Bone loss

Bolu experiences a high degree of anxiety and occasionally binges on large quantities of food to cope with her emotions. After these binge-eating episodes, she goes to the gym and works out on the elliptcal machine for 90 minutes or more to burn off the calories consumed during the binge. These behaviors have been taking place once or twice per month since she began college two years ago. Which of the following best describes Bolu's pattern of disordered eating? A. Bulimia nervosa of low frequency B. Binge eating disorder of low frequency C. Atypical anorexia nervosa D. Bulimia nervosa of limited duration

A. Bulimia nervosa of low frequency

Which of the following is an example of a phytochemical? A. Carotenoids B. Fiber C. Enzymes D. Cholesterol

A. Carotenoids

The ______ bacterium can cause a potentially fatal foodborne illness. Home-canned foods often are culprits of this intoxication. A. Clostridium botulinum B. Escherichia coli C. Vibrio vulnificus D. Staphylococcus aureus

A. Clostridium botulinum

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins? A. Enable chemical processes in the body B. Become structural components of the body C. Made in sufficient quantities by the body D. Provide energy

A. Enable chemical processes in the body

Which of the following agencies regulates pesticides? A. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) B. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) C. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries D. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

A. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa? A. Extreme dietary restriction that leads to significantly low body weight B. Body mass index below 17.5 kg/m2 C. Use of unsafe means of preventing weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting) at least one time per week for at least 3 months D. Significantly low heart rate, measured on two separate occasions

A. Extreme dietary restriction that leads to significantly low body weight

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects? A. First B. Third C. Second

A. First

Which of the following characteristics is most likely related to bulimia nervosa? A. Fluctuating weight B. Daily energy intake <800 kcal per day C. Lack of menstruation D. Feeling a sense of power because of strict discipline and self-denial

A. Fluctuating weight

Ana Paula's physician tells her she needs more folate in her dietary pattern during pregnancy. She should do which of the following? A. Include a serving of leafy, green vegetables each day. B. Incorporate more cheese in meals. C. Eat two servings of lean beef per week. D. Eat 2 servings of fish per week.

A. Include a serving of leafy, green vegetables each day.

Which of the following is true about food irradiation? A. Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food. B. Irradiation does not affect the vitamin content of foods. C. Foods that are irradiated do not require labeling as such. D. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned food irradiation.

A. Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food.

An infant born at 38 weeks of gestation and weighing 5 pounds is A. LBW and SGA. B. LBW. C. preterm and SGA. D. preterm and LBW.

A. LBW and SGA.

The most common cause of foodborne illness in the United States is A. Norovirus. B. Hepatitis A virus. C. Escherichia coli. D. Staphylococcus aureus.

A. Norovirus.

One cup of apple juice has 111 kcal and 1.4 mg of vitamin C. The same serving size of orange juice has 112 kcal and 124 mg of vitamin C. Which of the following is true regarding their nutrient density? A. Orange juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than apple juice. B. Apple juice provides more vitamin C per calorie than orange juice. C. To get adequate vitamin C while watching calorie intake, it would be better to consume apple juice than orange juice. D. Apple juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than orange juice.

A. Orange juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than apple juice.

Which of the following naturally occurring substances limits the absorption of calcium and iron? A. Oxalic acid B. Solanine C. Avidin D. Safrole

A. Oxalic acid

The most rigorous type of controlled experiment is a A. Randomized controlled trial B. Cohort study C. Case-control study D. Meta-analysis

A. Randomized controlled trial

Which of the following forms of physical activity should be avoided by women during pregnancy? A. SCUBA diving B. Water aerobics C. Brisk walking D. Riding a stationary bike

A. SCUBA diving

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs are often contaminated with ______, which can cause fatal infections in immunocompromised populations. A. Salmonella B. Clostridium botulinum C. Shigella species D. Escherichia coli

A. Salmonella

Which of the following bacteria can make a person ill by foodborne infection (as opposed to foodborne intoxication)? A. Salmonella species B. Clostridium botulinum C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Bacillus cereus

A. Salmonella species

Which of the following is characteristic of lipids? A. Supplies a concentrated form of fuel for the body B. Adds sweetness to food C. Adds structural strength to bones and muscles D. Supplies 4 kcal per gram

A. Supplies a concentrated form of fuel for the body

Which of the following is a medical contraindication for breastfeeding? A. The infant has galactosemia. B. The mother has gestational diabetes mellitus. C. The infant is born preterm. D. The infant was born by Caesarean section.

A. The infant has galactosemia.

Home-delivered meal kits are gaining in popularity. What is a key benefit of these kits for consumers? A. They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills. B. They require advanced cooking skills so budding chefs can enjoy these meals at home. C. The companies pick up the food waste on their next delivery visit and share fresh compost with customers. D. Overall, they are lower in cost than purchasing the same food at a local grocery market.

A. They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills.

The best long-term success in anorexia nervosa treatment has been with A. a multidisciplinary team approach with health care providers. B. scare tactics. C. outpatient treatment. D. hospitalization and feeding via a tube.

A. a multidisciplinary team approach with health care providers.

Low energy availability among females of reproductive age may lead to hormonal imbalances that affect menstrual function. The absence of menstrual periods in a female of reproductive age is called A. amenorrhea. B. menarche. C. oligomenorrhea. D. premenstrual syndrome.

A. amenorrhea.

Studies have shown that behaviors of night eating syndrome are significantly improved with use of A. antidepressants. B. sleeping pills. C. amphetamines. D. antibiotics.

A. antidepressants.

A disorder characterized by frequent, secretive bingeing, often followed by purging, is A. bulimia nervosa. B. binge eating disorder. C. relative energy deficiency in sport. D. anorexia nervosa.

A. bulimia nervosa.

Food diaries and a regular meal plan are commonly part of the treatment for A. bulimia nervosa. B. anorexia nervosa. C. relative energy deficiency in sport. D. night eating syndrome.

A. bulimia nervosa.

The dietary manipulation that is most significantly related to longevity is A. calorie restriction. B. protein restriction. C. high carbohydrate intake. D. low fat intake.

A. calorie restriction.

In its public health campaign, the United States Department of Agriculture promotes food safety with four simple actions: A. clean, separate, chill, and cook. B. boil, freeze, dry, and salt. C. bake, sterilize, freeze, and label. D. scrub, irradiate, cook, and freeze.

A. clean, separate, chill, and cook.

One feature of anorexia nervosa that significantly reduces treatment success is A. denial of the problem. B. rationalization of the problem. C. high self-esteem. D. drug abuse.

A. denial of the problem.

During pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and seizures are associated with a condition called A. eclampsia. B. essential hypertension. C. preeclampsia. D. secondary hypertension.

A. eclampsia.

Lower risk for gestational diabetes, reduced bone loss during pregnancy, better sleep, decreased back pain, and improved satisfaction with body image are all outcomes of A. exercise during pregnancy. B. taking prenatal supplements. C. following a low-fat diet during pregnancy. D. weight gain throughout pregnancy.

A. exercise during pregnancy.

A food preservation technique in which bacteria or yeast make acids and alcohol that serve to minimize growth of other bacteria and yeast is termed A. fermentation. B. aseptic processing. C. irradiation. D. pasteurization.

A. fermentation.

Common symptoms of foodborne illness include A. fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. B. fever, headache, and muscle cramps. C. coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. D. fever, skin rash, and itching.

A. fever, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Requirements for ______ increase by 50% during pregnancy. A. folate B. vitamin D C. sodium D. pantothenic acid

A. folate

The MIND Diet includes plenty of A. fruits and vegetables. B. red meats. C. whole milk. D. All of these choices are correct.

A. fruits and vegetables.

A kilocalorie is a measure of A. heat energy. B. fat in food. C. sugar and fat in food. D. nutrients in food.

A. heat energy.

When bacteria, such as Salmonella, produce their disease-causing effects by directly assaulting the intestinal tract, this is called a foodborne A. infection. B. intoxication.

A. infection.

Toxin-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium botulinum, that end up in food cause a disorder called a foodborne A. intoxication. B. infection.

A. intoxication.

Preterm infants A. may have problems sucking and swallowing. B. will almost always die. C. have minimal nutritional problems. D. are born with adequate mineral and fat stores.

A. may have problems sucking and swallowing.

Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need _____ vitamin D. A. more B. less C. the same amount of

A. more

Individuals who perceive themselves as being too thin and who engage in disordered eating behaviors to achieve weight gain may have A. muscle dysmorphia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. reverse bulimia. D. orthorexia.

A. muscle dysmorphia.

Avoiding greasy or fried foods, eating saltine crackers or dry cereal before getting out of bed, avoiding large fluid intake in the mornings, and eating smaller, more frequent meals help to control _____ during pregnancy. A. nausea B. constipation C. gestational diabetes D. edema

A. nausea

Declining function of the ______ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home. A. nervous B. endocrine C. immune D. reproductive

A. nervous

A degenerative joint condition caused by a breakdown of joint cartilage that often results from repetitive motions or the pressure of excess body weight is termed A. osteoarthritis. B. rheumatoid arthritis. C. gallstones D. gout.

A. osteoarthritis.

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is A. oxytocin. B. estrogen. C. progesterone. D. prolactin.

A. oxytocin.

Low blood levels of ______ can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm, a leading cause of death among people with eating disorders. A. potassium B. glucose C. chloride D. sodium

A. potassium

The Delaney Clause A. prevents the intentional use as food additives of compounds shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans. B. defines the maximum dosage of a food additive that causes no observable effects in rats and mice. C. grants the USDA jurisdiction over food additives. D. lists food additives that are generally recognized as safe.

A. prevents the intentional use as food additives of compounds shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans.

A nutrition-related objective from Healthy People 2030 is to A. reduce the proportion of households that experience food insecurity. B. increase the consumption of sodium. C. reduce the proportion of adults who are at a healthy weight. D. increase the consumption of added sugars.

A. reduce the proportion of households that experience food insecurity.

The process of aging is most likely the result of A. slow cell death. B. complete death of the immune system. C. acute death of an organ. D. rapid cell multiplication.

A. slow cell death.

The typical characteristics for binge eating disorder include binge-eating episodes A. that are not accompanied by compensatory behaviors. B. at holidays or during social occasions. C. that occur at least once per month for three months in a row. D. that do not cause distress or shame.

A. that are not accompanied by compensatory behaviors.

A teratogen is a compound that may increase A. the risk for birth defects. B. the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. C. the ability to produce milk. D. the rate of conception.

A. the risk for birth defects.

Negative health effects of frequent, self-induced vomiting include A. tooth damage. B. increased abdominal fat. C. cirrhosis. D. All of these are negative effects of self-induced vomiting.

A. tooth damage.

Many of the health problems associated with bulimia (e.g., tooth decay, stomach ulcers, and esophageal tears) arise as a result of A. vomiting to purge excess calories. B. laxative abuse. C. low blood potassium levels. D. low blood calcium levels.

A. vomiting to purge excess calories.

To reduce exposure to pesticides, A. wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating. B. consume the outer leaves of leafy vegetables, which have the highest nutrient content. C. limit variety in fruit and vegetable consumption. D. when fishing, throw back small fish and keep only the large ones.

A. wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating.

A mineral that is especially important for male fertility is A. zinc. B. iron. C. sodium. D. potassium.

A. zinc.

Which of the following accurately describes the functions of phosphorus? A) Support of immune function, regulation of cell growth, and production of hormones B) Activation of enzymes, component of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance C) Regulation of blood glucose, control of calcium absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D in the liver D) Energy metabolism, destruction of pathogens, and transport of oxygen in the blood

Activation of enzymes, component of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance

Which of the following are reasons older adults are more susceptible to the damaging effects of alcohol? A. Older adults tend to have lower lean body mass and lower body water content. B. The rate of alcohol metabolism decreases with age. C. Alcohol can interact with medications in the body. D. All of these choices are correct.

All of them

Recommendations from the American Cancer Society (ACS) encourage Americans to A) eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes. B) limit consumption of salty foods and highly processed foods with salt. C) avoid sugary drinks. D) All of these are ACS recommendations.

All of these are ACS recommendations.

If blood calcium concentration drops below normal limits, which of the following will occur? A) Calcium will be released from bones. B) More calcium will be absorbed from the intestine. C) Less calcium will be excreted by the kidneys. D) All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following nutrients must be supplied by the foods we eat to support the chemical processes of human physiology? a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Vitamins and minerals d. All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

The training effect, in which individuals experience improvements in physical fitness as they continue a regular exercise regimen, is a product of A) increased number of mitochondria in muscle cells. B) increased number of capillaries in muscles. C) increased efficiency of the heart. D) All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following conditions leads to the breakdown of plastic water bottles? A) Being left in a hot car B) Being used to hold lemonade C) Being cleaned in the dishwasher D) All of these conditions break down plastic.

All of these conditions break down plastic.

What is the name of the recently FDA-approved obesity treatment device that uses a surgically implanted tube placed into the stomach to drain the stomach contents after every meal? A) EatPurge® B) DrainAssist® C) FatDrain® D) AspireAssist®

AspireAssist®

Which of the following is true about the North American dietary pattern? A. Our dietary fiber intake is excessive. B. Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars. C. Most of our protein comes from plant sources. D. Most of our fats come from plant sources.

B. Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars.

Colton is a 17-year-old gymnast who is training for a national competition. He severely restricts his food intake to maintain a lean physique, has an extreme fear of weight gain, and his current BMI is 19.2 kg/m2. Which of the following best describes Colton's pattern of disordered eating? A. Purging disorder of unknown etiology B. Atypical anorexia nervosa C. Bulimia nervosa of low frequency D. Bulimia nervosa of limited duration

B. Atypical anorexia nervosa

Which of the following would not be a practical suggestion for a single individual planning a dietary pattern? A. Cooking large amounts of food, dividing it into small portions, and freezing it B. Buying family-sized packages of meat C. Buying fruits at various stages of ripeness D. Buying small containers of food

B. Buying family-sized packages of meat

Which of the following is true about the energy content of nutrients? A. Lipids and alcohol supply 9 kcal per gram. B. Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram. C. Lipids supply 7 kcal per gram. D. Alcohol supplies 9 kcal per gram.

B. Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram.

Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature. She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, plant sources of protein, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle? A. Eat more vitamin E-laden fruits and vegetables. B. Consume plenty of low-fat dairy or dairy-alternatives. C. Take vitamin and mineral supplements. D. Eat more red meat.

B. Consume plenty of low-fat dairy or dairy-alternatives.

Which of the following occurs with aging? A. The immune system is more able to recognize and counteract foreign substances that enter the body. B. Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death. C. Concentrations of many hormones, such as testosterone in men and estrogen in women, increase with aging. D. The body has learned to fight off attacks on healthy cells, thus preserving maximum function.

B. Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death.

Which of the following is true about aging? A. The rate of aging is based on genetics and no amount of modifiable lifestyle behaviors can alter it. B. Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging. C. Mathematical models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process. D. Aging is a disease.

B. Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

Per gram, which of the following provides the most energy? A .Carbohydrates B. Fats C. Proteins D. Alcohol

B. Fats

Which of the following traits is common among people with bulimia nervosa? A. Perfectionism B. Impulsiveness C. Rigidity D. Sexual modesty

B. Impulsiveness

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? A. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two distinct conditions that do not overlap. B. Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa. C. Anorexia nervosa is essentially a very severe case of bulimia nervosa. D. People with anorexia nervosa fear becoming overweight or obese, whereas people with bulimia nervosa are not concerned with body weight.

B. Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa.

Which of the following is true about nutrition and Alzheimer's disease? A. High intakes of choline can reverse Alzheimer's disease. B. It is wise for others to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy. C. Strict adherence to the Mediterranean diet can prevent Alzheimer's disease. D. High intakes of aluminum can cause Alzheimer's disease.

B. It is wise for others to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy.

Which of the following is the largest unit of measurement? A. Milligram B. Kilogram C. Centigram D. Microgram

B. Kilogram

Which of the following nutrients can be broken down by human enzymes to yield energy? A. Vitamins B. Lipids C. Fiber D. Minerals

B. Lipids

The _____ Diet is a dietary intervention that shows promising results for protecting the brain against cognitive decline. A. gluten-free B. MIND C. Paleo D. Scholars

B. MIND

Which of the following is true about thirst among older adults? A. About six cups of fluid per day is the goal for older people. B. Older individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion. C. Diuretics do not affect an older person's fluid requirement. D. Older people rarely become dehydrated because their sense of thirst is enhanced with aging.

B. Older individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion.

Which of the following consumer behaviors increases the risk of a foodborne illness? A. Chopping fresh vegetables on one cutting board, and then using a separate cutting board to prepare raw meat B. Reheating leftover meatballs to an internal temperature of 140°F C. Washing and scrubbing all produce under running water D. Cooking ground meats to an internal temperature of 165°F

B. Reheating leftover meatballs to an internal temperature of 140°F

Which of the following statements is true about dietary supplements during pregnancy? A. It is better to take amino acid supplements than to increase the intake of protein foods. B. Research evidence supports routine supplementation with iron and folic acid. C. Vitamin A supplements are usually necessary to meet increased needs during pregnancy. D. Overdoses of vitamin B-12 could cause birth defects.

B. Research evidence supports routine supplementation with iron and folic acid.

For a person with anorexia nervosa, when is total hospitalization necessary? A. Missing one or more menstrual periods (for women) B. Self-mutilation or threats of suicide C. Growth of lanugo D. Body weight falls below 85% of expected weight

B. Self-mutilation or threats of suicide

Eating habits of older adults may be influenced by A. enhanced thirst response. B. reduced taste sensitivity. C. increased production of melatonin. D. increased physical mobility.

B. reduced taste sensitivity.

Which of the following bacteria can produce a foodborne intoxication (as opposed to foodborne infection)? A. Campylobacter jejuni B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Salmonella species D. Clostridium perfringens

B. Staphylococcus aureus

Covering cuts or sores on hands and avoiding sneezing when handling food are important strategies to prevent foodborne illness from A. Clostridium perfringens. B. Staphylococcus aureus. C. Clostridium botulinum. D. Salmonella.

B. Staphylococcus aureus.

According to the Food and Health Survey, what is the leading factor that influences food purchases among American consumers? A. Healthfulness B. Taste C. Price D. Convenience

B. Taste

Of the following groups, which have the the lowest risk of becoming ill from foodborne illness? A. Young children B. Teens C. Individuals with cancer D. The elderly

B. Teens

Which of the following is true about lactation? A. Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts. B. The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information. C. The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk. D. Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed.

B. The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Which of the following is associated with aging? A. The liver's detoxifying capacity increases. B. The risk of developing gallstones increases. C. High chromium intake impairs glucose tolerance. D. The digestive function of the pancreas improves.

B. The risk of developing gallstones increases.

Which of the following is true about the bingeing behavior of a person with bulimia nervosa? A. Binges usually last 15 to 30 minutes. B. Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge. C. Binges most often occur during the morning. D. Bingeing behavior is controlled and methodical.

B. Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge.

Some researchers believe that damage to cells by free radicals may contribute to the aging process. Which of the following nutrients serves as an antioxidant that protects cells from these compounds? A. Magnesium B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin B-12

B. Vitamin E

A disorder in which frequent bingeing is followed by compensatory behaviors to rid the body of excess calories is called A. hypoglycemia. B. bulimia nervosa. C. compulsive overeating. D. anorexia nervosa.

B. bulimia nervosa.

For a person who engages in binge eating, typical binge foods include A. sugar-free items, such as artificially sweetened gelatin, candy, and soft drinks. B. cakes, cookies, doughnuts, and ice cream. C. high-protein foods, such as tuna, chicken, and steak. D. a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.

B. cakes, cookies, doughnuts, and ice cream.

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother's breast during the first few days after birth is A. foremilk. B. colostrum. C. hindmilk. D. prolactin.

B. colostrum.

Low iodine status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to A. hypertension in the offspring. B. congenital hypothyroidism in the offspring. C. gestational diabetes in the mother. D. edema in the mother.

B. congenital hypothyroidism in the offspring.

Prenatal dietary supplements containing iron may cause _______ in some women. A. gastrointestinal bleeding B. constipation and nausea. C. brain fog D. high blood sugar

B. constipation and nausea.

Consuming food sources of omega-3 fatty acids are involved in biochemical pathways that ______ inflammation and are associated with a reduction in depression. A. increase B. decrease C. do not change

B. decrease

Over the past several decades, the consumption of fluid milk in the United States has A. increased. B. decreased. C. remained the same.

B. decreased.

Mild and short-term changes in eating patterns that occur in relation to a stressful event, an illness, or a desire to modify one's dietary pattern for a variety of health and personal appearance reasons are classified as A. eating disorders. B. disordered eating.

B. disordered eating.

During pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate A. trans fatty acids. B. essential fatty acids. C. cholesterol. D. saturated fatty acids.

B. essential fatty acids.

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ______ trimester. A. third B. first C. second

B. first

Elements from the National Institute on Aging include endurance, strength, balance, and A. mindfulness. B. flexibility. C. yoga. D. nutrient density.

B. flexibility.

The aseptic processing food preservation method is especially useful for A. meats. B. fruit juices. C. whole grain cereals. D. spices.

B. fruit juices.

Most strains of Escherichia coli are A. harmful. B. harmless.

B. harmless.

The low blood potassium levels seen among people with eating disorders may cause A. high blood pressure. B. heart rhythm disturbances. C. lack of appetite. D. swelling of the salivary glands.

B. heart rhythm disturbances.

Research shows that disordered eating behaviors are twice as common among young people with type 1 diabetes compared to youth without diabetes. A pattern of disordered eating commonly called diabulimia involves A. severely restricting carbohydrate intake to avoid weight gain. B. intentionally skipping insulin doses to avoid weight gain. C. overdosing on insulin to induce weight loss. D. purging excess calories by self-induced vomiting.

B. intentionally skipping insulin doses to avoid weight gain.

Downy hair that grows on the body to protect against heat loss is called A. amenorrhea. B. lanugo. C. hypothyroidism. D. alopecia.

B. lanugo.

Research suggests that older adults probably require ______ the current RDA for protein for adults. A. the same amount as B. more than C. less than

B. more than

Meals provided by congregate or home-delivered meal programs are designed to provide ______ of the RDA or AI for nutrients. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. 100% D. one-half

B. one-third

To avoid Salmonella contamination, A. cook chicken to at least 140°F. B. store chicken below 40°F. C. refrigerate or freeze leftovers within 6 hours of cooking. D. thaw chicken at room temperature.

B. store chicken below 40°F.

Life span refers to A. the average length of life for a cohort of people born in a specific year. B. the oldest age a person can live. C. the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes. D. the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.

B. the oldest age a person can live.

The Danger Zone refers to A. the rapid heart rate that accompanies dehydration from foodborne illness. B. the temperature range at which bacteria grow quickly. C. any food preparation surface that is contaminated with microorganisms. D. parts of the United States where environmental conditions favor microbial growth.

B. the temperature range at which bacteria grow quickly.

Low maternal levels of ______ during gestation may increase the risk for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allergies, asthma, and mental disorders in the offspring. A. vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin K D. vitamin E

B. vitamin D

Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body? A) Tocopherols B) Beta-carotene C) Cholesterol D) Phenylalanine

Beta-carotene

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants be given ______ of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food. A. 5 micrograms B. 10 micrograms C. 15 micrograms D. 20 micrograms

C. 15 micrograms

Successful treatment for bulimia nervosa usually lasts at least A. 4 weeks. B. 8 weeks. C. 16 weeks. D. 32 weeks.

C. 16 weeks.

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds. A. 5 to 9 B. 10 to 14 C. 2 to 4 D. 1 to 2

C. 2 to 4

A serving of breakfast cereal provides 160 total calories and 8 grams of added sugars. Added sugars provide ______ of total kcal in this breakfast cereal. A. 45% B. 35% C. 20% D. 5%

C. 20%

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, women need an average of ______ extra kilocalories per day. A. 150 to 250 B. 250 to 350 C. 350 to 450 D. 450 to 550

C. 350 to 450

The U.S. Public Health Service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains A. 500 milligrams of calcium. B. 15 milligrams of iron. C. 400 micrograms of folic acid. D. 40 milligrams of zinc.

C. 400 micrograms of folic acid.

Bacterial growth requires nutrients, water, and warmth. Most bacteria grow best in danger zone temperatures of _____°F to _____°F. A. 35; 165 B. 60; 165 C. 40; 140 D. 32; 140

C. 40; 140

Life expectancy in North America is about ______ years for men and ______ for women. A. 84; 80 B. 80; 84 C. 76; 81 D. 75; 75

C. 76; 81

Among the older population, the fastest growing age group is A. 60 to 65. B. 75 to 80. C. 85 and older. D. 65 to 75.

C. 85 and older.

The CDC reports that over _____% of older adults take at least one prescription medication daily, and _____% of all people over age 65 take five or more medicines each day. A. 25; 10 B. 80; 25 C. 90; 40 D. 50; 25

C. 90; 40

A known carcinogen, _____, is produced when carbohydrate-rich foods are fried at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Examples include French fries and potato chips. A. dioxin B. cadmium C. acrylamide D. urethane

C. acrylamide

Which of the following most accurately describes the term epidemiology? A. An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it B. An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon C. A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups D. A test made to examine the validity of an educated guess

C. A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provide guidelines specifically for older adults. Which of the following is one of these guidelines? A. To maintain lean tissue and basal metabolic rate, strength training should be performed 5 to 7 times per week. B. Stretching each major muscle group should accompany aerobic or strength training at least 5 days per week. C. All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 to 300 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 to 150 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two. D. For those over age 55 who are at risk for falling, physical activities that improve endurance are recommended.

C. All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 to 300 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 to 150 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two.

Javier takes a diuretic to control his blood pressure, aspirin to prevent his blood clots, and an antibiotic for a recent sinus infection. Which of these may affect his vitamin K needs? A. Diuretic B. Aspirin C. Antibiotic D. None of these

C. Antibiotic

Which of the following is an essential nutrient? A. Alcohol B. Zoochemicals C. Carbohydrates D. Phytochemicals

C. Carbohydrates

If you buy food in a can that is bulging or spurts liquid, the food is likely to contain toxins produced by a type of bacteria called A. Staphylococcus aureus. B. Salmonella. C. Clostridium botulinum. D. Clostridium perfringens.

C. Clostridium botulinum.

______, which causes abdominal pain and diarrhea, multiplies rapidly in prepared foods (e.g., beef, poultry, and gravy) left at room temperature for extended periods of time. A. Salmonella B. Clostridium botulinum C. Clostridium perfringens D. Escherichia coli

C. Clostridium perfringens

Which of the following is not recommended as a component of the Mediterranean diet? A. Plentiful intake of fruits and vegetables B. Frequent consumption of fish C. Coconut oil as the preferred fat source D. Moderate alcohol intake

C. Coconut oil as the preferred fat source

Which statement best describes nutrient density? A. Plan your entire day's dietary intake so that you do not overconsume nutrient sources. B. Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day. C. Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories. D. Choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the same old thing.

C. Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories.

Edna, age 75, does not tolerate dairy products well. Which of the following practices would be most appropriate for Edna to increase her calcium levels? A. Decrease protein intake while increasing vitamin D B. Eat more meat C. Consume small amounts of low-fat milk and yogurt and calcium- fortified alternatives D. Eliminate all dairy

C. Consume small amounts of low-fat milk and yogurt and calcium- fortified alternatives

Which of the following is not an appropriate measure to prevent eating disorders? A. Discourage restrictive dieting and meal skipping. B. Correct misconceptions about nutrition and healthy body weight. C. Encourage daily measurements of body weight. D. Provide opportunities for fun and social physical activity in school and at home.

C. Encourage daily measurements of body weight.

Which of the following statements describes a person with bulimia nervosa? A. Has obvious physical and mental symptoms B. Usually male C. Engages in binge eating D. Tends to be very thin and emaciated

C. Engages in binge eating

Which of the following terms describes physiological (internal) influences that encourage us to find and eat food? A. Saturation B. Appetite C. Hunger D. Satiety

C. Hunger

What nutrient participates in the pathways that yield energy to fuel the brain, the myelination of nerve tissue, and the formation of neurotransmitters? A. Folate B. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids C. Iron D. Iodine

C. Iron

Choose the minerals that are needed in higher quantities during pregnancy. A. There are no minerals that need to be increased during pregnancy, only some vitamins. B. Sodium and chloride C. Iron, iodine, and zinc D. Calcium and phosphorus

C. Iron, iodine, and zinc

The ______ dietary pattern features an abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds. A. Western B. Atkins C. Mediterranean D. Ketogenic

C. Mediterranean

Which of the following is an environmental contaminant that may end up in the food supply? A. Carbon dioxide B. Avidin C. Mercury D. Caffeine

C. Mercury

Extra kilocalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)? A. First and third B. First C. Second and third D. Second

C. Second and third

Which of the following agencies enforces wholesomeness and quality standards for meat? A. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) B. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries C. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) D. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

C. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Which of the following is true about U.S. dietary patterns since the mid-1950s? A. We are eating more eggs. B. We are eating less chicken and fish. C. We are consuming less saturated fat. D. We are eating less cheese.

C. We are consuming less saturated fat.

Which of the following food-handling practices increases risk for foodborne illness? A. Wash all utensils that have come in contact with raw meat or fish after using. B. Always wash your hands after handling raw meat, fish, poultry, or eggs. C. When shopping, select meat, poultry, or fish first. D. Do not buy or use food from a bulging can.

C. When shopping, select meat, poultry, or fish first.

Most cases of anorexia nervosa begin in A. the preschool years. B. older adulthood. C. adolescence or young adulthood. D. middle adulthood.

C. adolescence or young adulthood.

The introduction of harmful agents, biological and otherwise, into the food supply chain that is both deliberate and intended to cause damage is called A. foodborne pathogenesis. B. agricultural targeting. C. agroterrorism. D. food insecurity.

C. agroterrorism.

A disorder characterized by extreme weight loss, distorted body image, and an extreme fear of obesity and weight gain is A. night eating syndrome. B. binge eating disorder. C. anorexia nervosa. D. bulimia nervosa.

C. anorexia nervosa.

Cessation of menstruation is most common among women with A. night eating syndrome. B. binge eating disorder. C. anorexia nervosa. D. bulimia nervosa.

C. anorexia nervosa.

Coping with stress by not eating is the typical pattern of A. binge eating disorder. B. bulimia nervosa. C. anorexia nervosa. D. night eating syndrome.

C. anorexia nervosa.

Minerals can A. be destroyed during cooking. B. provide energy. C. become part of body structures. D. be degraded by the body.

C. become part of body structures.

Fiber and starch belong to the class of nutrients known as A. minerals. B. protein. C. carbohydrates. D. lipids.

C. carbohydrates.

Striving to live the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of ill years is referred to as A. reserve capacity. B. maintaining homeostasis. C. compression of morbidity. D. usual aging.

C. compression of morbidity.

Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter are the bacterial foodborne illnesses of particular interest since they are the ones most often associated with A. liver failure. B. kidney failure. C. death. D. high fever.

C. death.

Adequate intake of high-quality protein ______ the rate of muscle breakdown associated with aging. A. does not affect B. increases C. decreases

C. decreases

Meals on Wheels is a nutrition program that A. provides free transportation to food pantries. B. serves meals to older adults in a congregate setting. C. delivers meals to older adults in their own homes. D. provides nutrition education to older adults in senior centers.

C. delivers meals to older adults in their own homes.

Fertility can be impaired by A. too much body fat. B. too little body fat. C. either too little or too much body fat.

C. either too little or too much body fat.

The most important predictor of an eating disorder is A. binge drinking. B. perfectionism. C. extreme dieting. D. a history of sexual abuse.

C. extreme dieting.

The only drug approved by FDA for treatment of bulimia nervosa is A. orlistat (Xenical®). B. topiramate (Topamax®). C. fluoxetine (Prozac®). D. duloxetine (Cymbalta®).

C. fluoxetine (Prozac®).

An overarching goal of Healthy People 2030 is to A. develop policies that promote physical activity among Americans of all ages. B. implement a universal health care system. C. help people live free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. D. set standards for nutrient intakes in the United States.

C. help people live free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

A mineral that is often deficient in the dietary pattern of U.S. adults and is linked to bone health, muscle function, mental health, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is A. zinc. B. calcium. C. magnesium. D. iron.

C. magnesium.

By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is A. increased. B. stopped and they are killed. C. minimized. D. not changed.

C. minimized.

Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of A. enzymes. B. proteins. C. neurotransmitters. D. types of nerve tissue.

C. neurotransmitters.

Because older individuals need similar amounts of nutrients compared to their younger counterparts but fewer calories, they should focus on dietary patterns that emphasize A. fat intake. B. energy density. C. nutrient density. D. liquid calories.

C. nutrient density.

The practice of eating nonfood substances is called A. bingeing. B. lanugo. C. pica. D. purging disorder.

C. pica.

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the A. umbilicus. B. ovum. C. placenta. D. embryo.

C. placenta.

The main function of carbohydrates is to A. prevent cancer. B. regulate body processes. C. provide energy. D. promote growth and development.

C. provide energy.

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by A. hyperactivity. B. compulsive eating. C. psychological denial of appetite. D. misuse of laxatives and diuretics.

C. psychological denial of appetite.

Individuals who induce vomiting to rid the body of calories even in the absence of a binge may be diagnosed with A. anorexia nervosa. B. bulimia nervosa. C. purging disorder. D. binge eating disorder.

C. purging disorder.

Throughout the aging process, optimal functioning of body organs decreases, but it may be years before organ decline is noticeable. This phenomena is referred to as A. organ repression. B.compression of morbidity. C. reserve capacity. D. homeostasis.

C. reserve capacity.

Javier operates a food service establishment and is serious about preventing foodborne illnesses. Javier was disturbed to find out his employees A. cooled leftovers rapidly in shallow pans. B. avoided cross-contamination by using multiple cutting boards. C. served meals made with raw fish. D. cooked chicken to 165°F.

C. served meals made with raw fish.

A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat is called A. homeostasis. B. thrifty reserve. C. thrifty metabolism. D. energy reserve.

C. thrifty metabolism.

The greatest health risk from food today is contamination via A. prions. B. fungi. C. viruses and bacteria. D. parasites.

C. viruses and bacteria.

Anabolic steroid use may cause which of the following side effects? A) Weight loss, decreased mental alertness, and increased fat metabolism B) Cardiovascular disease, extreme mood swings, and sleep disturbances C) Decreased heart rate, confusion, and vision disturbances D) Frequent urination, hyperactivity, and groin pain

Cardiovascular disease, extreme mood swings, and sleep disturbances

Which of the following populations is most susceptible to vitamin K deficiency? A) Preschool children who are picky eaters B) Older adults C) Children with cystic fibrosis D) Vegans

Children with cystic fibrosis

______ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones. A) Cholesterol B) Calcitriol C) Hydroxyapatite D) Estrogen

Cholesterol

Vitamin ______ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light. A C D E

D

During pregnancy, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is A. 30% to 45% of total kcal. B. 25% to 35% of total kcal. C. 10% to 35% of total kcal. D. 20% to 35% of total kcal.

D. 20% to 35% of total kcal.

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks. A. 32 to 36 B. 30 to 34 C. 35 to 39 D. 38 to 42

D. 38 to 42

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for lactating women is approximately _______ kilocalories per day above the prepregnancy EER. A. 330 to 400 B. 150 to 220 C. 750 to 850 D. 440 to 600

D. 440 to 600

A serving of ranch salad dressing has 5 grams of fat. How many calories come from fat in 1 serving of ranch salad dressing? A. 5 kcal B. 20 kcal C. 25 kcal D. 45 kcal

D. 45 kcal

A recipe calls for 140 grams of chicken breast. This is equivalent to ______ ounces of chicken breast. A. 3920 B. 8.75 C. 1.4 D. 5

D. 5

A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1120 kcal. If 40% of total kcal in this meal come from fat, how many grams of fat are in this meal? A. 64 grams B. 448 grams C. 112 grams D. 50 grams

D. 50 grams

Advantages of breastfeeding include A. fewer ear infections for the infant. B. reduced risk of celiac disease for the infant. C. reduced risk of diarrheal diseases for the infant. D. All of these are advantages of breastfeeding.

D. All of these are advantages of breastfeeding.

Which of the following can prevent or reduce the occurrence of constipation during pregnancy? A. Drink about 10 cups of fluids per day. B. Choose plenty of fruits and vegetables. C. Engage in daily physical activity. D. All of these are good strategies to prevent or reduce constipation.

D. All of these are good strategies to prevent or reduce constipation.

Compensatory behaviors used by people with eating disorders may include A. self-induced vomiting. B. excessive exercise. C. misuse of laxatives. D. All of these choices.

D. All of these choices.

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with A. high blood pressure. B. diabetes. C. surgical complications. D. All of these choices.

D. All of these choices.

Which of the following may be an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa? A. Withdrawing from family and friends B. Cooking a large meal for others, but refusing to eat it C. Frequent measurement of body weight or body size D. All of these choices.

D. All of these choices.

Which of the following population groups should avoid or strictly limit caffeine intake? A. Individuals with peptic ulcers B. Young children C. Individuals with anxiety disorders D. All of these population groups should avoid or limit caffeine inake.

D. All of these population groups should avoid or limit caffeine inake.

Which of the following is true about the let-down reflex? A. It is needed to make milk available to the infant. B. It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension. C. After a few weeks of breastfeeding, it becomes automatic. D. All of these statements are true.

D. All of these statements are true.

Which of the following food trends increases the risk of foodborne illness? A. More foods prepared in kitchens outside the home B. Consumption of more imported ready-to-eat foods C. Greater consumer interest in eating raw or undercooked animal products D. All of these trends increase the risk of foodborne illness.

D. All of these trends increase the risk of foodborne illness.

Which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis? A. A test made to examine the validity of an educated guess B. A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups C. An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it D. An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

D. An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

______ is an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight. A. Purging disorder B. Binge eating disorder C. Bulimia nervosa D. Anorexia nervosa

D. Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following terms describes psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food? A. Satiety B. Saturation C. Hunger D. Appetite

D. Appetite

Which of the following is a natural substance found in raw egg whites that can inhibit the absorption of biotin? A. Oxalic acid B. Saponins C. Dioxin D. Avidin

D. Avidin

Which foods are commonly associated with Salmonella intoxication? A. Seafood and raw fish B. Gravies and sauces C. Custards and cream-filled pastries D. Chicken and eggs

D. Chicken and eggs

Which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym? A. Eating poorly B. Economic hardship C. Multiple medications D. Depression

D. Depression

Which of the following are substances in plant foods that cannot be digested in the stomach or small intestine? A. Disaccharides B. Simple sugars C. Starch D. Dietary fiber

D. Dietary fiber

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following? A. Eat more oysters. B. Eat more meat. C. Drink more milk. D. Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

D. Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Which of the following typically increases with aging? A. Sense of thirst B. Immune function C. Lean tissue mass D. Fat stores

D. Fat stores

What is the brain's preferred fuel source? A. Lipid B. Oxygen C. Protein D. Glucose

D. Glucose

Which of the following is the leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States? A. Diabetes B. Pneumonia C. Cancer D. Heart disease

D. Heart disease

Which of the following is a key recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for adults? A. Follow an energy-dense dietary pattern across one's life span. B. Shift to processed food and beverage choices. C. Focus on refined grains and animal proteins. D. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

D. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

Which of the following drugs has been approved by FDA for treatment of binge eating disorder? A. Lorcaserin (Belviq®) B. Topiramate (Topamax®) C. Fluoxetine (Prozac®) D. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse®)

D. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse®)

______ can cause spontaneous abortion or stillbirth because the bacteria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus. A. Escherichia coli O157:H7 B. Clostridium botulinum C. Salmonella species D. Listeria monocytogenes

D. Listeria monocytogenes

Which of the following is an example of a medication that affects nutritional status? A. Use of oral contraceptives can decrease a woman's requirements for calcium. B. Some pain medications cause blood clots, resulting in anemia. C. Some antihypertensive medications decrease appetite. D. Long-term use of antibiotics can decrease the population of bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K.

D. Long-term use of antibiotics can decrease the population of bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K.

Bud has trouble with his dentures that results in chewing difficulties. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to help meet his nutritional needs? A. Toast B. Clear bouillon C. Sirloin steak D. Low-fat yogurt

D. Low-fat yogurt

Which of the following is the smallest unit of measurement? A.Milligram B. Kilogram C. Centigram D. Microgram

D. Microgram

Which of the following statements describes foodborne illness caused by Salmonella species? A. Salmonella infection can cause acute respiratory failure. B. The symptoms of illness from Salmonella infection develop within 4 hours of eating the contaminated food. C. There have been no documented deaths from Salmonella infections. D. Most cases of Salmonella infection can be avoided by not allowing susceptible foods to stand at room temperature for more than 2 hours.

D. Most cases of Salmonella infection can be avoided by not allowing susceptible foods to stand at room temperature for more than 2 hours.

The _____ establishes strict fishing catch levels in U.S. waters. A. Sustainable Seafood Sourcing Organization B. Natural Resources Seafood Defense Council C. Global Seafood Watch D. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries

D. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries

Which of the following is among the criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa? A. Binge-compensate cycles that occur at least one time per week for one month or longer B. Waking at least once during the night with a need to eat to be able to fall asleep again C. Restriction of energy intake that leads to significantly low body weight D. Repeated use of unsafe means to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting)

D. Repeated use of unsafe means to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting)

Among individuals who repeatedly use self-induced vomiting as a way to purge excess calories consumed during a binge, there may be evidence of abrasions, calluses, or scars on the knuckles as a result of trauma from the teeth. These marks on the knuckles are known as A. lanugo. B. Wilson's disease. C. sialadenosis. D. Russell's sign.

D. Russell's sign.

A common cause of foodborne illness that results from sneezing or coughing over food is A. Campylobacter jejuni. B. Clostridium perfringens. C. Yersinia enterocolitica D. Staphylococcus aureus.

D. Staphylococcus aureus.

______ is the federal agency that enforces standards for wholesomeness and quality of meat, poultry, milk, and eggs. A. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) B. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) C. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) D. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

D. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Which of the following is a function of water? A. Provides energy B. Structural component of bone C. Prevents oxidative damage to cell membranes D. Transports nutrients and wastes

D. Transports nutrients and wastes

Which of the following is a likely long-term consequence of binge eating disorder? A. Enlarged salivary glands B. Low blood potassium C. Osteoporosis D. Type 2 diabetes

D. Type 2 diabetes

Participants in which of the following sports are most likely to engage in disordered eating behaviors? A. Baseball B. Cross-country C. Ice hockey D. Wrestling

D. Wrestling

Nutrient density can be defined as the amount of A. calories in a food divided by the amount of calories needed in a day. B. a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of grams of protein. C. a nutrient in a serving of food divided by the amount of the nutrient needed for that day. D. a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of calories in that serving.

D. a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of calories in that serving.

To reduce oxidative damage to her eggs, a woman should consume A. zinc supplements. B. 3 servings per day of dairy foods. C. beta-carotene supplements. D. brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

D. brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

Oxalic acid binds _____, thus limiting their absorption. A. vitamin D and calcium B. folate and zinc C. iron and biotin D. calcium and iron

D. calcium and iron

Regular physical activity along with adequate intakes of fluid and fiber are lifestyle strategies to prevent or treat A. osteoarthritis. B. gallstones. C. diarrhea. D. constipation.

D. constipation.

The best way to prevent the foodborne illness caused by E. coli (Escherichia coli) is to A. wash your hands often. B. wear a hair net while cooking. C. substitute bean sprouts for washed lettuce. D. cook all meat thoroughly.

D. cook all meat thoroughly.

By 2040, the population aged 85+ years in the United States is expected to A. triple. B. stay the same. C. be reduced by 50%. D. double.

D. double.

If you suspect that a friend has an eating disorder, you should A. provide your friend with a calorie-controlled diet plan. B. ignore the behavior. C. direct your friend to pro-Ana or pro-Mia websites. D. encourage your friend to seek professional help.

D. encourage your friend to seek professional help.

The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can be reduced by A. drinking enough water. B. eating an abundance of calories. C. taking amino acid supplements. D. engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise.

D. engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise.

From the beginning to the end of each feeding, the proportion of ______ in human milk increases. A. protein B. carbohydrate C. minerals D. fat

D. fat

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called A. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. B. cystic fibrosis. C. chronic cirrhosis. D. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

D. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has been associated with consumption of A. breakfast cereals. B. well-done roast beef. C. bread made from organic flour. D. fresh spinach or spinach-containing products.

D. fresh spinach or spinach-containing products.

Benefits of hydroponics include A. natural biofortification of plants due to hydroponic exposure. B. complete reformation and replacement of traditional agricultural practices. C. rapid plant growth with greater yields, reduced food and water waste. D. growing more nutrient-dense plants in bioactive soil systems.

D. growing more nutrient-dense plants in bioactive soil systems.

A difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that A. individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to be methodical, whereas individuals with anorexia nervosa tend to be impulsive. B. individuals with bulimia nervosa exhibit denial of the disorder, whereas individuals with anorexia nervosa know their behavior is abnormal. C. anorexia is more common among women, whereas bulimia is more common among men. D. individuals with anorexia nervosa turn away from food during a crisis, whereas individuals with bulimia nervosa turn toward food.

D. individuals with anorexia nervosa turn away from food during a crisis, whereas individuals with bulimia nervosa turn toward food.

The most common type of malnutrition during the adult years is ______ deficiency. A. vitamin C B. vitamin K C. phytochemical D. iron

D. iron

Foodborne illness caused by Clostridium perfringens A. usually is caused by consuming improperly home-canned food. B. appears within 12 to 36 hours of ingesting contaminated food. C. can cause human illness in about 4 hours. D. is usually associated with meat and meat dishes, gravies, and improperly handled leftovers.

D. is usually associated with meat and meat dishes, gravies, and improperly handled leftovers.

As a result of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, individuals have been hospitalized with A. myocardial infarctions. B. strokes. C. kidney stones. D. kidney failure.

D. kidney failure.

A characteristic shared by individuals with anorexia nervosa and individuals with bulimia nervosa is that they A. are male. B. both recognize their behavior as abnormal. C. were born underweight for height. D. lack appropriate coping strategies.

D. lack appropriate coping strategies.

Foods commonly associated with illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus include A. undercooked soybeans. B. raw seafood. C. unfiltered water. D. meat, poultry, and eggs.

D. meat, poultry, and eggs.

The hormonal changes associated with cessation of menstruation increase the risk of ______ among women with eating disorders. A. hyperglycemia B. anemia C. hypertension D. osteoporosis

D. osteoporosis

Consumption of nonfood items such as laundry starch, ice, and dirt is known as A. hyperemesis. B. eclampsia. C. preeclampsia. D. pica.

D. pica.

Women who experience infertility related to high levels of testosterone and insulin may have a condition known as A. preeclampsia. B. gestational hypertension. C. gestational diabetes mellitus. D. polycystic ovary syndrome.

D. polycystic ovary syndrome.

The hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is A. progesterone. B. estrogen. C. oxytocin. D. prolactin.

D. prolactin.

Sugar acts as a food preservative by A. directly killing disease-producing microbes. B. increasing the acidity of food. C. increasing the water activity of the food. D. reducing the amount of free water in food.

D. reducing the amount of free water in food.

Life expectancy refers to A. the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes. B. the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease. C. the maximum number of years humans live. D. the time an average person born in a specific year can expect to live.

D. the time an average person born in a specific year can expect to live.

Excessive intake of ______ has been linked to birth defects. A. iron B. folate C. vitamin B-12 D. vitamin A

D. vitamin A

Within cells, the synthesis of proteins is directed by ATP. DNA. CCK. RDA

DNA

Which strategy is recommended for successful weight gain? A) Drink fluids between meals, not during meals. B) Consume organic and non-GMO foods. C) Avoid between-meal snacks. D) Limit or avoid physical activity.

Drink fluids between meals, not during meals.

Of the most common methods of estimating body composition, which is the most accurate? A) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry B) Bioelectrical impedance analysis C) Skinfold measures D) Air displacement plethysmography

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

If an athlete's body fat level is too high, what is the best weight-loss approach? A) Restrict dietary carbohydrates to less than 50% of total calories. B) Eat 200 to 500 kcal less than one's EER per day. C) Wear a rubber or plastic suit to sweat off extra body weight. D) Follow an 800-kcal per day eating pattern.

Eat 200 to 500 kcal less than one's EER per day.

Which of the following is likely to cause chromium toxicity? A) Exposure to industrial waste B) Daily consumption of egg yolks C) Daily consumption of Brazil nuts D) All of these lead to chromium toxicity.

Exposure to industrial waste

Why is spot reducing inappropriate when one is attempting to lose weight or change their body composition? A) Glycogen blocks hormonal signaling that promotes spot reducing throughout the body. B) Stored proteins are recruited from all muscle beds simultaneously when exercising. C) Most exercisers engage in repetitive activities and movements that do not stress muscles throughout the entire body. D) Fatty acids are recruited from all over the body, not necessarily from fat stored near the active muscles.

Fatty acids are recruited from all over the body, not necessarily from fat stored near the active muscles.

Which large blood vessel transports nutrients from the small intestine directly to the liver? a. Renal vein b. Mesenteric vein c. Hepatic portal vein d. Subclavian vein

Hepatic portal vein

Which of the following statements is true about iron? A) Excess dietary iron is excreted readily via the kidneys. B) An individual with iron deficiency absorbs less iron than a person with good iron status. C) Approximately 65% of dietary iron is absorbed. D) Iron deficiency anemia is found most commonly among young children, adolescents, and menstruating women.

Iron deficiency anemia is found most commonly among young children, adolescents, and menstruating women.

Which of the following is true about fat? A) It is less calorie-dense than carbohydrates or proteins. B) It has a high thermic effect. C) It is better to eliminate proteins and carbohydrates, rather than fat, when cutting calories. D) It is a concentrated source of calories

It is a concentrated source of calories

Which of the following is correct about upper-body (android) obesity? A) Low testosterone levels encourage it. B) It refers to obesity in the buttocks and thighs of the body. C) It is related to heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. D) A low waist-to-hip ratio is indicative of it.

It is related to heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus

Which of the following is true about selenium? A) It is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. B) It participates in antioxidant reactions. C) An excess can cause hypertension. D) It acts as a cofactor in protein metabolism

It participates in antioxidant reactions

Which of the following is characteristic of a fad diet? A) It promotes a wide variety of food selections. B) It prohibits supplements and expensive meals. C) It promotes quick solutions and rapid weight loss. D) It uses scientific evidence, presenting the pros and cons

It promotes quick solutions and rapid weight loss

Which of the following is an important aspect of behavior modification used for weight control? A) Severely restricting intake after overeating B) Weighing yourself several times each day C) Avoiding planned eating so you can be ready to handle spontaneous changes in the situation D) Keeping a record of eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating

Keeping a record of eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating

Carbohydrate loading may be most beneficial for athletes engaging in the following activities. A) Discus throwing, weight lifting, and interval training B) Yoga, pilates, and relaxation exercises C) Marathons, cross-country skiing, and triathlons D) Baseball, jump rope, and track sprints

Marathons, cross-country skiing, and triathlons

Which of the following is true about the vitamin and mineral intake of athletes? A) Most athletes should take antioxidant supplements to reduce muscle damage caused by workouts. B) Most athletes obtain ample vitamins and minerals through whole foods if they meet their caloric needs. C) Most athletes do not consume enough supplements. D) Most athletes should take iron supplements to enhance their aerobic capacity.

Most athletes obtain ample vitamins and minerals through whole foods if they meet their caloric needs

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States? A) Most consume approximately the amount of protein needed to balance losses. B) Most consume more protein than is needed. C) Athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements. D) Most do not consume enough protein

Most consume more protein than is needed

Which of the following is a high-energy compound that resupplies ATP for quick bursts of activity lasting up to 10 seconds? A) Lactate B) Aerobic glucose breakdown C) Caffeine D) Phosphocreatine

Phosphocreatine

The acronym "RDA" stands for a. Required Dietary Allowance. b. Required Daily Allowance. c. Recommended Daily Allowance. d. Recommended Dietary Allowance.

Recommended Dietary Allowance.

Dietary patterns that are high in _______ tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. fish nuts and seeds legumes red meat

Red meat

Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals? A) Regulates cell signaling and gene expression B) Increases the initiation and proliferation of cancer C) Increases inflammation and oxidative damage to cells D) Increases the formation of blood clots

Regulates cell signaling and gene expression

How would you interpret the body mass index for a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms? A) This indicates significant android obesity and high health risk. B) She slightly exceeds the value at which health risks are increased. C) The value does not exceed the value at which health risks are increased. D) Her health risks would be high.

She slightly exceeds the value at which health risks are increased

Which of the following is an appropriate goal for weight control programs? A) 5-pound weight loss per week B) Reduced physical activity C) Significant water loss D) Sparing lean body mass

Sparing lean body mass

Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion? a. Starch to lactose to galactose b. Starch to sucrose to fructose c. Starch to maltose to glucose d. Starch to glycogen to glucose

Starch to maltose to glucose

Which statement about vitamins is true? A) They help regulate chemical reactions in the body. B) They cannot be stored by the body. C) They directly supply energy. D) They are inorganic.

They help regulate chemical reactions in the body

Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Major minerals are needed in amounts greater than 200 milligrams per day. B) Major minerals are needed in amounts greater than 500 milligrams per day. C) Trace minerals are needed in amounts lower than 10 milligrams per day. D) Trace minerals are needed in amounts lower than 100 milligrams per day.

Trace minerals are needed in amounts lower than 100 milligrams per day.

Which of the following describes the structure of a phospholipid? a. Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone b. Two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone c. One fatty acid and two phosphate-containing groups attached to a glycerol backbone d. Multiple rings made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus

Two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement, look for ______ on the label, which signifies that an independent group of scientists has reviewed the product for purity, strength, and quality. A) UPS B) USP C) PSU D) SPU

USP

Most bottled water has ______ fluoride content than municipal tap water. A) a lower B) a higher C) the same

a lower

Based on the % DV, what is the maximum grams of added sugars per day that one could consume and meet the dietary recommendations? a. 50 grams b. 5 grams c. 25 grams d. 10 grams

a. 50 grams

To calculate the number of calories from fat in one serving, multiply grams of fat by ______ kcal/g. a. 9 b. 4 c. 2 d. 7

a. 9

Which type of metabolic reactions combine small, simple compounds to make larger, more complex compounds? a. Anabolic reactions b. Catabolic reactions

a. Anabolic reactions

What are the three main elements that make up lipids? a. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen b. Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur c. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen d. Calcium, phosphorus, and oxygen

a. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which type of cancer? a. Colon b. Pancreatic c. Liver d. Stomach

a. Colon

Which of the following nutrient standards is referenced on the Nutrition Facts label of a box of breakfast cereal? a. Daily Value b. Recommended Dietary Allowance c. Adequate Intake d.Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake

a. Daily Value

Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol? a. Egg yolks b. Coconut oil c. Sunflower seeds d. Avocados

a. Egg yolks

Which government agency is responsible for regulating most U.S. food labeling? a. Food and Drug Administration b. Center for Science in the Public Interest c. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms d. U.S. Department of Agriculture

a. Food and Drug Administration

Starch consists of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Glycerol

a. Glucose

______ is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. a. HDL b. LDL

a. HDL

Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. Lactose b. Galactose c. Glucose d. Fructose

a. Lactose

The visual food grouping guidelines most recently released from the United States government are called a. MyPlate. b. The Food Guide Pyramid. c. MyPyramid. d.The Basic Four Food Groups.

a. MyPlate.

Which of the following is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids? a. Salmon b. Sirloin steak c. Broccoli d. Chicken breast

a. Salmon

The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs. Which of the following organs is part of the GI tract? a. Stomach b. Liver c. Pancreas d. Gallbladder

a. Stomach

Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate? a. Thyroid hormone b. Glucagon c. Insulin d. Vitamin D

a. Thyroid hormone

Which term describes failing health that results from a dietary pattern that is chronically inadequate? a. Undernutrition b. Inferior nutrition c. Desirable nutrition d. Food insecurity

a. Undernutrition

Glycogen is a. a highly branched carbohydrate that serves as the storage form of glucose in humans. b. a digestible, straight-chain resistant starch composed of glucose units. c. carbohydrates containing many glucose units that are stored in adipose cells. d. a six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form that is closely related to glucose.

a. a highly branched carbohydrate that serves as the storage form of glucose in humans.

Adequate Intakes (AI) a. are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs. b. represent minimum nutrient needs. c. are established for all vitamins and minerals. d. are established for carbohydrate, total fat, and dietary fiber.

a. are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs.

Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding a. chlorines to sucrose. b. sucrose to galactose. c. lactose to sucrose. d. sucrose to glucose.

a. chlorines to sucrose.

Malnutrition can occur in people old or young, rich or poor. Malnutrition is defined by being a. either overnourished or undernourished. b. overnourished. c. food insecure. d. undernourished.

a. either overnourished or undernourished.

Cholesterol is necessary for the synthesis of a. estrogen and testosterone. b. insulin and glucagon. c. cholecystokinin. d. glycogen.

a. estrogen and testosterone.

When a nutrient moves, with the help of a carrier, from an area of higher nutrient concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration of that nutrient is lower, this is called a. facilitated diffusion. b. passive diffusion. c. phagocytosis. d. active absorption.

a. facilitated diffusion.

A ______ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end. a. fatty acid b. sterol c. triglyceride d. glycerol

a. fatty acid

Excessive acid production in the stomach could result in a. formation of an ulcer. b. poor iron, calcium, and folate absorption. c. small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. d. decreased fiber digestion and absorption.

a. formation of an ulcer.

Having diabetes ______ your risk for developing cardiovascular disease. a. increases b. decreases c. does not affect

a. increases

A condition characterized by abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation is known as a. irritable bowel syndrome. b.peptic ulcers. c. gastroesophageal reflux disease. d. gallstones.

a. irritable bowel syndrome.

Which organ produces urine? a. kidney b. Urinary bladder c. Ureter d. Urethra

a. kidney

the disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and a. lactose. b. galactose. c. fructose. d. dextrose.

a. lactose.

Fish oil supplements may be prescribed to a. lower blood triglycerides. b. improve bowel regularity. c. lower blood glucose. d. induce weight loss.

a. lower blood triglycerides.

A diglyceride consists of a. one glycerol and two fatty acids. b. two glycerols and one fatty acid. c. two glucoses and one fatty acid. d. one glucose and two fatty acids.

a. one glycerol and two fatty acids.

Kate consumes 1900 kcal each day. She requires 1750 kcal to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's calorie consumption could lead to a. overnutrition. b. balanced nutrition. c. undernutrition.

a. overnutrition.

Soybean oil is a rich source of a. polyunsaturated fatty acids. b. saturated fatty acids. c. monounsaturated fatty acids. d. trans fatty acids.

a. polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ______ in the neuron. a. sodium and potassium b. B vitamins c. cholesterol d. vitamin D

a. sodium and potassium

The processes by which certain white blood cells identify and destroy pathogens are part of the ______ immune response. a. specific (adaptive) b. nonspecific (innate)

a. specific (adaptive)

A good weight-loss program should A) adapt to personal and cultural preferences. B) include meal replacement shakes or bars. C) include a weight-loss goal of 3 to 5 pounds per week. D) restrict food intake to less than 1200 kcal per day.

adapt to personal and cultural preferences

Athletes who consume adequate carbohydrates experience A) chronic fatigue. B) adequate liver and muscle glycogen stores. C) increased risk of chronic disease. D) increased lean body mass.

adequate liver and muscle glycogen stores.

A fitness program that includes 30 minutes of moderate jogging for 5 days per week is primarily designed to improve A) balance. B) strength. C) aerobic fitness. D) flexibility.

aerobic fitness.

Maxine runs a marathon in 2 hours and 40 minutes. Most of the ATP for this activity is supplied by A) aerobic glucose breakdown. B) breakdown of amino acids. C) breakdown of fatty acids. D) anaerobic glucose breakdown.

aerobic glucose breakdown.

According to the Dietary Guidelines, a nutrient-dense dietary pattern leaves little room for discretionary calories contributed by A) nutritional supplements. B) alcohol, added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. C) alcohol and simple carbohydrates. D) sugar-sweetened beverages and desserts.

alcohol, added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium

A rich folate food source would be A) asparagus. B) peanuts. C) roast beef. D) skim milk.

asparagus

Biotin absorption is inhibited by A) copper. B) avidin. C) oxalate. D) phytate.

avidin

A saturated fatty acid contains ______ double bond(s). a. 14 to 24 b. 0 c. 2 to 12 d. 1

b. 0

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting added sugars intake to less than ______ of total calories for those 2 years and older. a. 25% b. 10% c. 20% d. 15%

b. 10%

A breakfast sandwich from a fast food restaurant provides 33 grams of fat, 13 grams of saturated fat, and 500 kilocalories (kcal). Saturated fat accounts for approximately ______ of total kcal in the breakfast sandwich. a. 10% b. 23% c. 39% d. 59%

b. 23%

The Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming ______ servings of whole grains per day for adults. a. 9 b. 3 c. 2 d. 5

b. 3

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber for an adult man who consumes about 2700 kcal per day is a. 18 grams per day. b. 38 grams per day. c. 10 grams per day. d. 25 grams per day.

b. 38 grams per day.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? a. Docosahexaenoic acid b. Alpha-linolenic acid c. Oleic acid d. Arachidonic acid

b. Alpha-linolenic acid

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes? a.Bicarbonate b. Bile c. Pancreatic juices d. Mucus

b. Bile

Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion? a. Pancreatic juices b. Bile c. Bicarbonate d. Hydrochloric acid

b. Bile

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source? a. Heart b. Brain c. Muscles d. Liver

b. Brain

The acronym "DRI" stands for a. Dietary Required Intake. b. Dietary Reference Intake. c. Daily Required Intake. d. Daily Reference Intake.

b. Dietary Reference Intake.

Which of the following breakfast options is the highest in carbohydrate? a. 1 cup whole milk, 2 ounces sausage, 2 fried eggs, 1 slice of toast with butter b. English muffin with jelly, 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 cup whole milk c. Grapefruit half, 2 fried eggs, 3 bacon slices, 1 slice of toast with butter, coffee d. Coffee, 8 ounces orange juice, 1/2 cup fresh blueberries, 8 ounces nonfat yogurt

b. English muffin with jelly, 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 cup whole milk

Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true? a. Glucose and galactose form maltose. b. Glucose and galactose form lactose. c. Glucose and glucose form sucrose. d. Glucose and fructose form lactose.

b. Glucose and galactose form lactose.

______ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. a. HDL b. LDL

b. LDL

The Dietary Guidelines recommend which of the following? a. Decrease vegetable and fruit intake b. Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars c. Consume two alcoholic beverages per day d. Eliminate oils and solid fats from the diet

b. Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars

______ is an essential omega-6 fatty acid. a. Docosahexaenoic (DHA) b. Linoleic acid (LA) c. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) d. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

b. Linoleic acid (LA)

Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals? a. Gallbladder b. Liver c. Kidney d. Stomach

b. Liver

The RDA for iron is 18 milligrams per day for adult women. Tina usually consumes about 15 milligrams of iron per day. She is a healthy young woman with no condition that significantly increases her needs for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient? a. She is likely to be deficient in iron. b. She would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA. c. She could not possibly be getting enough iron for her needs. d. She will need to consume significantly more iron, above the RDA, to make up for her intake.

b. She would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA.

Which of the following is a major contributor of discretionary calories in American dietary patterns? a. Diet soft drinks b. Sugar-sweetened beverages c. Canned fruits d. Whole grain breakfast cereals

b. Sugar-sweetened beverages

______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body. a. Chylomicrons b. Very-low-density lipoproteins c. High-density lipoproteins d. Low-density lipoproteins

b. Very-low-density lipoproteins

Excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as aspirin) could lead to a. hemorrhoids. b. an ulcer. c. small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. d. gallstones.

b. an ulcer.

In order to make healthful and logical nutrition decisions, beware of a. registered dietitian nutritionists. b. testimonials about personal experience. c. reputable publication sources. d. evidence from a variety of scientific studies.

b. testimonials about personal experience.

In adipose tissue, energy is stored in the form of a. amino acids. b. triglycerides. c. phospholipids. d. glycogen.

b. triglycerides.

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of A) the central nervous system. B) bones and teeth. C) the skin. D) hair and fingernails.

bones and teeth.

What is the RDA and minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, adults must consume to avoid ketosis? a. 75 b. 100 c. 130 d. 250

c. 130

Saturated fat provides ______% of total calories in pita chips. a. 24 b. 35 c. 3.5 d. <1

c. 3.5

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines? a. Avoid varying from the prescribed foods because the recommendations are tailored to meet the needs of all U.S. adults. b. Limit carbohydrates and increase protein sources to promote energy balance. c. About 85% of the calories you consume daily are needed to meet the nutrient-dense food group recommendations. d. Choose a dietary pattern with plenty of animal products, including milk and meats, since they are most bioavailable.

c. About 85% of the calories you consume daily are needed to meet the nutrient-dense food group recommendations.

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated? a. Basic b. Neutral c. Acidic

c. Acidic

______ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid. a. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) b. Docasahexaenoic acid (DHA) c. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) d. Linoleic acid (LA)

c. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Most stomach ulcers are caused by ______ infection. a. E. coli b. Clostridium botulinum c. Helicobacter pylori d. Salmonella

c. Helicobacter pylori

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion? a. Chylomicron b. Very-low-density lipoprotein c. High-density lipoprotein d. Low-density lipoprotein

c. High-density lipoprotein

_____ occurs when the cells do not respond to normal insulin signals to take up glucose from the bloodstream. a. Metabolic syndrome b. Glycogen load c. Insulin resistance d. Hypoglycemia

c. Insulin resistance

Which of the following is an example of a phospholipid? a. Linoleic acid b. Prostaglandin c. Lecithin d. Alpha-linolenic acid

c. Lecithin

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose? a. Fruits b. Grains c. Sugar cane d. Alcohol

c. Sugar cane

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine? a. They are absorbed and converted to fat. b. They are absorbed and converted to glycogen. c. They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria. d. They pass into the colon and are absorbed.

c. They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.

How could you lower the fat content of the following sandwich? 2 slices of white bread2 ounces of sliced turkey1 slice of provolone cheese1 tablespoon of mayonnaise1 leaf of lettuce1 slice of tomato a. Choose cheddar cheese instead of provolone cheese b. Choose roast beef instead of turkey c. Use mustard instead of mayonnaise d. Select whole wheat bread instead of white bread

c. Use mustard instead of mayonnaise

A food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20% of the Daily Value for fat. This means that a. fat makes up 20% of the weight of the food product. b. when you eat a serving of this product, you will be getting one-fifth of the RDA for fat. c. a serving of this product provides about 15.6 grams of fat. d. this product is not a good choice to achieve your nutritional needs.

c. a serving of this product provides about 15.6 grams of fat.

Key dietary recommendations support limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories. a. sodium b. animal proteins c. added sugars d. total fat

c. added sugars

Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called a. electrocardiography. b. sonography. c. anthropometry. d. radiography.

c. anthropometry.

Immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as a. high-density lipoproteins. b. very-low-density lipoproteins. c. chylomicrons. d. low-density lipoproteins.

c. chylomicrons.

The ______ system assists the digestive system with the absorption of dietary fats. a. respiratory b. urinary c. lymphatic d. integumentary

c. lymphatic

The RDAs are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of a. all persons except the very young and very old. b. all persons, diseased and healthy. c. nearly all healthy persons. d. all persons except pregnant and lactating women.

c. nearly all healthy persons.

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because a. sugar leaches calcium and phosphorus out of teeth. b. sugars make the saliva more alkaline, causing damage to tooth enamel. c. oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars. d. salivary amylase dissolves tooth enamel during carbohydrate digestion.

c. oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

When a nutrient moves freely across the cell membrane from an area of higher nutrient concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration of that nutrient is lower, this is called a. phagocytosis. b. facilitated diffusion. c. passive diffusion. d. active absorption.

c. passive diffusion.

The epiglottis a. prevents the backflow of feces from the large intestine into the small intestine. b. covers the opening of the stomach. c. prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing. d. regulates the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.

c. prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

yogurt, miso, and sauerkraut can be sources of a. immunoglobulins. b. intrinsic factor. c. probiotics. d. NSAIDs.

c. probiotics.

A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is a. insomnia. b. rapid breathing. c. semiconsciousness or unconsciousness. d. skin that is hot to the touch.

c. semiconsciousness or unconsciousness.

The intrinsic factor is produced by cells in the a. liver. b. small intestine. c. stomach. d. pancreas.

c. stomach.

As of 2018, partially hydrogenated oils were banned from the food supply because the hydrogenation of oils produces a. phospholipids. b. cholesterol. c. trans fats. d. saturated fats.

c. trans fats.

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn? a. Milk and cream b. Aspirin c.Antacids d. Orange juice

c.Antacids

Among children with kwashiorkor A) calorie intake may be low, but carbohydrate intake is severely deficient. B) intakes of both calories and protein are severely deficient. C) calorie intake may be low, but protein intake is severely deficient. D) protein intake may be low, but calorie intake is severely deficient

calorie intake may be low but protein intake is severely deficient

All of the following can be classified as B vitamins except A) biotin. B) niacin. C) choline. D) riboflavin.

choline.

Soybeans, egg yolks, meats, and lecithin are sources of A) chromium. B) riboflavin. C) choline. D) iodide.

choline.

A deficiency of _______ results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol. A) iodine B) iron C) copper D) chromium

chromium

Changing one's frame of mind related to weight control and nutrition is called A) stimulus control. B) chain-breaking. C) cognitive restructuring. D) self-monitoring.

cognitive restructuring

If a woman athlete is not menstruating regularly, she should A) consult her primary care provider to determine the cause. B) decrease her calcium intake as a high calcium intake can trigger irregular menses. C) increase fluid intake. D) decrease calorie intake to lower body fat.

consult her primary care provider to determine the cause.

Food proteins are used most efficiently when we A) consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs. B) consume a very-low-kilocalorie diet. C) consume them with alcohol. D) consume a low-carbohydrate diet

consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.

For hydration, sports drinks are superior to water for athletes who participate in A) continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes. B) strength training. C) outdoor athletic events. D) workouts in cold weather.

continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes.

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is A) converted to urea. B) converted to fat. C) oxidized to carbohydrate. D) stored in the liver.

converted to urea

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that Americans consume ______ of their total calories from carbohydrates. a. 25% to 45% b. 65% to 75% c. 10% to 25% d. 45% to 65%

d. 45% to 65%

One serving of breakfast cereal contains 50% of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of the cereal provide? a. 5 mg b. 15 mg c. 36 mg d. 9 mg

d. 9 mg

To carry the "organic" label claim on the front of a food package, at least ______% of the ingredients (by weight) must meet the federal guidelines for organic foods. For a product labeled "made with organic ingredients," only ______% of ingredients must be organic. a. 90; 51 b. 100; 75 c. 80; 60 d. 95; 70

d. 95; 70

Which of the following is a description of chyme? a. The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion b. A thick, viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices c. A semisolid mass of undigested food that moves down the esophagus d. A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines

d. A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines

Mrs. Mitchell was hospitalized after being found unconscious in her home. A dietitian conducted a nutritional assessment, noting the general appearance of Mrs. Mitchell's skin, eyes, and tongue. Which part of the assessment is this? a. Biochemical evaluation b. Diet history c. Medical history d. Clinical examination

d. Clinical examination

Which of the following is stored within the nucleus of the cell and acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins? a. Ribosomes b. Amino acids c. RNA d. DNA

d. DNA

In human cells, which of the following fatty acids can be made from alpha-linolenic acid? a. Oleic acid b. Arachidonic acid c. Linoleic acid d. Eicosapentaenoic acid

d. Eicosapentaenoic acid

Which of the following is not included as one of the metabolic syndrome risk indicators? a. High triglycerides b. High glucose c. High blood pressure d. High HDL cholesterol

d. High HDL cholesterol

Which organ system defends the body against pathogens? a. Skeletal system b. Respiratory system c. Nervous system d. Immune system

d. Immune system

Immediately after chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system? a. Cardiovascular b. Endocrine c. Urinary d. Lymphatic

d. Lymphatic

Which of the following is representative of the Dietary Guidelines recommendations for meal planning? a. Incorporating several servings of animal sources of protein per week b. Consuming refined grain breads and cereals c. Eliminating all fruits to lose weight d. Selecting low-fat dairy choices over high fat

d. Selecting low-fat dairy choices over high fat

Amylose is a. an indigestible dietary fiber sequestered in plant walls. b. a group of polysaccharides that are found in plant cell walls. c. an indigestible branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units. d. a digestible, straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.

d. a digestible, straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.

The term Daily Value on a food label refers to a. minimum requirements. b. RDAs. c. AIs d. a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard.

d. a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting intake of a. dietary fiber. b. gluten. c. carbohydrates. d. added sugars.

d. added sugars.

The number of servings to consume from each MyPlate food group depends primarily on a person's a. culture and taste preferences. b. weight, sleep patterns, and waist circumference. c. frame size. d. age, sex, height, and weight

d. age, sex, height, and weight

When should you seek medical attention for digestive problems? a. When over-the-counter medications cannot control the symptoms b. If there is evidence of blood in the stool or vomit c. If the problem results in unintended weight loss d. all of these are reasons to seek medical treatment.

d. all of these are reasons to seek medical treatment.

Amylase is a. a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units. b. an enzyme that digests maltose into two glucose molecules. c. an indigestible disaccharide composed of glucose units. d. an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests starch.

d. an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests starch.

Plant-based "milks," such as _______, may contain calcium, but are not included as part of the MyPlate Dairy group because their overall nutritional content is not similar to dairy milk. a. fortified soy beverages b. kumbacha c. coconut oil d. coconut milk

d. coconut milk

The RDAs for nutrients generally are a. the minimum amounts the average adult male requires. b. designed to prevent deficiency disease in half the population. c. more than twice the actual requirements. d. designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.

d. designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.

When it comes to choosing fruit, the Dietary Guidelines recommend a. avoiding fruit if you want to lose weight. b. including plenty of fruit drinks for your fruit servings. c. choosing only whole, fresh fruits. d. eating a variety of fruit—fresh, canned, dried, 100%, or frozen.

d. eating a variety of fruit—fresh, canned, dried, 100%, or frozen.

The symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly and may include a. chronic insomnia. b. sudden weight gain. c. decrease in appetite. d. extreme thirst and excessive urination.

d. extreme thirst and excessive urination.

The function of the intrinsic factor is to a. emulsify fats in the small intestine. b. solubilize minerals in the chyme. c. lubricate the passage of food through the GI tract. d. facilitate absorption of vitamin B-12.

d. facilitate absorption of vitamin B-12.

______ is a condition in which symptoms such as abdominal gas and bloating appear as a result of severe lactose maldigestion. a. Galactosemia b. Milk allergy c. Celiac disease d. lactose intolerance

d. lactose intolerance

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) a. emulsifier. b. micelle. c. phospholipid. d. lipoprotein.

d. lipoprotein.

An omega-9 fatty acid has its first double bond starting at the ninth carbon from the a. acid group. b. alpha end. c. glycerol. d. methyl end.

d. methyl end.

A ______ fatty acid has one double bond. a. hydrogenated b. saturated c. polyunsaturated d. monounsaturated

d. monounsaturated

The villi of the small intestine a. store fat-soluble vitamins. b. continuously push food through the small intestine to the colon. c. inactivate enzymes consumed with food. d. provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

d. provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

The Dietary Guidelines emphasize a. increase in all types of dairy products. b. increase in animal protein and refined grains. c. reduction of both total calories and physical activity. d. reduction of added sugars, alcohol, saturated fat, and sodium.

d. reduction of added sugars, alcohol, saturated fat, and sodium.

After fatty acids and monoglycerides have been absorbed into the intestinal cells, they are a. converted to cholesterol. b. fermented by bacteria. c. emulsified by bile. d. reformed into triglycerides.

d. reformed into triglycerides.

When it comes to food choices, the most important factor that influences your risk for heart disease is the amount of ______ in your dietary pattern. a. protein b. total fat c. cholesterol d. saturated fat

d. saturated fat

The RDAs for nutrients are set a. based on a person's height and weight. b. by the FDA for food labeling purposes. c. based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health. d. to cover the needs of 97% to 98% of the population.

d. to cover the needs of 97% to 98% of the population.

Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called transcription. denaturation. translation. deamination

denaturation

Orlistat (Xenical®) is a medication approved by the FDA for weight loss that reduces fat A) circulation by inhibiting lipoprotein production. B) absorption by decreasing bile secretion. C) digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine. D) storage by inhibiting lipase activity in fat cells.

digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine

The best way to treat an underweight person is to advise him or her to A) eat energy-dense foods higher in plant fats like nuts and seeds. B) stop exercising. C) eat high-calorie foods at the beginning of each meal. D) eat high-fat foods such as heavy cream, cheeses, ice cream, and ground beef.

eat energy-dense foods higher in plant fats like nuts and seeds

The B vitamins A) facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients. B) provide strength and stability to bones. C) can be broken down to yield about 4 kcal per gram. D) protect the cells from damage by free radicals.

facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients

When considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that sustained aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ______ than resistance activity. A) muscle B) carbohydrates C) fat D) protein

fat

The process of manipulating the diet and physical training regimen so that muscles become more efficient at metabolizing fat as fuel during aerobic activity is called A) insulin manipulation. B) fat adaptation. C) lipid loading. D) carbohydrate loading.

fat adaptation.

The most economical way to supply fluoride is A) fluoridation of the municipal water supply. B) topical fluoride gels. C) fluoride tablets. D) fortification of foods with fluoride.

fluoridation of the municipal water supply

The mineral that gives hardness to teeth and bones is A) fluoride. B) zinc. C) copper. D) selenium.

fluoride

Consuming high doses of ______ can mask signs of a vitamin B-12 deficiency. A) folate B) iron C) vitamin B-6 D) vitamin K

folate

To prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should A) have her blood hemoglobin level checked to determine if a deficiency exists that may require iron supplementation. B) not be concerned about iron status as iron is not involved in energy production. C) not be concerned as a low iron status is common in female athletes and will eventually resolve on its own. )D take high-dose iron supplements regularly while following a low-calorie diet.

have her blood hemoglobin level checked to determine if a deficiency exists that may require iron supplementation.

A disorder that causes increased iron absorption leading to organ toxicity is A) pellagra. B) anemia. C) hemolysis. D) hemochromatosis.

hemochromatosis.

Amino acids are transported via the _______ vein to the liver. subclavian superior mesenteric vein renal hepatic portal

hepatic portal

A suboptimal intake of chromium in individuals in the United States may be linked to A) lowered serum cholesterol levels. B) impaired glucose tolerance. C) elevated calcitriol levels. D) elevated blood pressure.

impaired glucose tolerance

Most plant proteins are ______ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids. nonessential incomplete branched-chain complementary

incomplete

According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should _______ intake of fat-free or low-fat dairy products or fortified soy beverages. a. maintain current b. decrease c. increase

increase

The method for determining energy expenditure in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is measured is called A) bomb calorimetry. B) indirect calorimetry. C) direct calorimetry. D) thermocalorimetry.

indirect calorimetry

Carbohydrate loading A) involves a reduction in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake over several days before a competition. B) involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods on the morning of an endurance event. C) does not increase glycogen stores to any significant degree. D) involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition.

involves a reduction in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake over several days before a competition.

Dietary avoidance of poorly digested carbohydrates known as fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) may be a useful therapy for a. heartburn. b. irritable bowel syndrome. c. gallstones. d. inflammatory bowel disease.

irritable bowel syndrome.

The type of malnutrition that results from severely deficient intake of both calories and protein is called A) marasmus. B) phenylketonuria. C) kwashiorkor. D) sickle cell anemia

marasmus

The ______ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell. peroxisome ribosome nucleus lysosome

ribosome

Selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota and confer benefits upon the host are called a. probiotics. b. gluten. c. FODMAPs. d. prebiotics

prebiotics.

Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it A) relaxes blood vessels. B) enhances vitamin K activity. C) prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol. D) prevents sodium retention.

prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.

When an essential amino acid is missing from the diet, a) protein synthesis will stop. b) proteins will be made, but they will lack that particular amino acid. c) glucose will be converted into the missing amino acid. d) nonessential amino acids will be converted into the missing amino acid.

protein synthesis will stop

Antibodies are A) compounds that transport lipids through the blood. B) proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response. C) catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions. D) chemical messengers produced by glands

proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.

Complete (or high-quality) proteins A) are found only in foods of animal origin. B) also provide carbohydrates and lipids. C) are only found in foods of plant origin. D) provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids.

provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids

The name of the active vitamin B-6 coenzyme is A) pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). B) thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). C) nicotinamide. D) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

Of all the alcohol sources, ______ often is singled out as the best choice because of the added bonus of the many phytochemicals present. A. red wine B. hard cider C. wine coolers D. light beer

red wine

Symptoms of ________ deficiency include glossitis, dermatitis, cheilosis, eye disorders, sun sensitivity, and confusion. A) folate B) thiamin C) riboflavin D) niacin

riboflavin

To reduce their risk for many chronic diseases, Americans should limit their intakes of A. phytochemicals. B. carbonated water. C. saturated fats. D. whole grains.

saturated fats

A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer risk is A) sodium. B) sulfur. C) selenium. D) iron.

selenium.

Which of the following is a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in a protein chain? Marasmus Kwashiorkor Edema Sickle cell anemia

sickle cell anemia

Trained professionals that can help you set reasonable physical activity goals based upon your current level of fitness are called A) sports dietitians. B) health coaches. C) gym trainers. D) life coaches.

sports dietitians.

Negative protein balance is likely during a) starvation. b) growth. c) recovery from surgery. d) pregnancy.

starvation

Which of the following is a function of protein? A) Synthesis of enzymes and hormones B) Absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K C) Medium for chemical reactions in the cell D) The body's preferred source of energy

synthesis of enzymes and hormones

Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT) refers to A) the energy burned during intentional physical activity. B) the energy burned during shivering, sweating, and hydrating. C) the energy burned during spontaneous movements (including fidgeting). D) the energy burned during sleeping, eating, and talking

the energy burned during intentional physical activity

In the United States, approximately ______ of adults are overweight or obese. a. .one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

two thirds

Triathletes and marathoners need approximately ______ grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of weight per day to prevent chronic fatigue. A) < 5 B) up to 12 C) > 20 D) an unlimited

up to 12

Metabolic water refers to A) water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy. B) rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes. C) water that is conserved by the kidneys. D) fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.

When individuals lose weight quickly, most of the weight lost is from A) water, muscle tissue, and bone. B) fat, water, and muscle tissue. C) fat, water, and glycogen. D) water, glycogen, and muscle tissue.

water, glycogen, and muscle tissue

The best way to determine how much fluid to consume after a workout is to A) rely on your thirst. B) check the label of a sports drink. C) ask a personal trainer. D) weigh yourself before and after the workout.

weigh yourself before and after the workout.

Consuming excessive carotenoids may cause A) chlorosis. B) scurvy. C) yellowing of the skin. D) fetal malformations.

yellowing of the skin.

Cycles of loss and regain of weight are called A) mindful eating. B) yo-yo dieting. C) energy balancing. D) plateauing.

yo-yo dieting.

Protein-rich diets, especially those that include many animal sources of protein, are high in A) zinc. B) calcium. C) manganese. D) potassium.

zinc.