Nutrition Final
To avoid iodine toxicity, the UL is set at _____. 75 mcg/day 500 mcg/day 1100 mcg/day 1200 mcg/day 1500 mcg/day
1100 mcg/day
Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in vitamin E? Rickets Xerophthalmia Muscular dystrophy Erythrocyte hemolysis Osteomalacia
Erythrocyte hemolysis
What is the principal extracellular cation? Sodium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Phosphorus
Sodium
Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable? Broccoli Cauliflower Cabbage Spinach Brussels sprouts
Spinach
Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________. anions cations mineralytes valence ions prions
anions
Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? Peanut butter Butternut squash Sunflower seeds Whole-grain bread Pinto beans
Butternut squash
About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron? 5 10 20 33 42
10
About what percentage of the iron consumed in one day represents heme iron? 5 10 25 50 90
10
What is the UL for sodium for adults? 750 mg 900 mg 1200 mg 2300 mg 3500 mg
2300 mg
How many ounces of sugar-sweetened soft drinks do adolescent boys consume each day at school? 8 12 20 24 26
24
What percentage of all the earth's water is potable? 1 5 10 15 20
1
If a normal, healthy adult stopped eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would begin to appear in about ________. 6 weeks 2 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 year 1 to 2 years
1 to 2 years
About what proportion of US adults does high blood pressure affect? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 1/5
1/3
How many eligible seniors participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3
1/3
What proportion of adults in the United States has high blood triglycerides? 1/10 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3
1/3
By 2030, approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is projected to be 65 years or older? 1/100 1/25 1/10 1/8 1/5
1/5
A minimum of ____ minutes of aerobic physical activity, moderate or vigorous, is recommended. 5 10 15 30 45
10
What is the UL for vitamin E? 100 mg/day 120 mg/day 500 mg/day 1000 mg/day 1200 mg/day
1000 mg/day
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper? 5 mg/day 105 mg/day 100 mg/day 5000 mg/day 1000 mg/day
105 mg/day
The DRI recommends ________ milligrams of calcium for women over 50 and older and men over 70. 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1200
When tested, what percentage of imported foods are found to be in violation of residue limits? 1 5 13 20 32
13
To prevent dehydration, it is recommended that a lactating mother consume approximately ____ of water per day. 6 to 7 cups 8 cups 10 to 11 cups 13 cups 16 cups
13 cups
The maximum potential human life span is currently about ________ years. 110 120 130 140 150
130
To prevent foodborne illnesses, all foods should be served at a minimum of ________ °F. 140 152 165 180 212
140
Adults aged 51 to 70, who engage in minimal outdoor activity, need ________ micrograms of vitamin D daily. 15 20 25 30 35
15
What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D? 6 16 26 36 46
16
Approximately how many children live in U.S. households without enough available food? 1 million 6 million 10 million 16 million 60 million
16 million
An active 6-year-old child need about _________ kcalories per day to meet energy needs. 400 800 1600 2400 3200
1600
To minimize the possibility of foodborne illness, poultry, stuffing, and reheated leftovers should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least ________ °F. 125 140 145 165 212
165
John is a marathon runner training for his next competition. He normally weighs 185 pounds, and he admits to forgetting to hydrate adequately during long training runs. What weight suggests John is very close to becoming dehydrated? 173 176 179.5 181.5 183
181.5
Sally weighed 160 pounds and had a BMI of 28 when she got pregnant. What weight, in pounds, is within the recommended weight gain range for her at the end of her pregnancy? 173 182 189 194 196
182
To help improve a child's BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 5 years to ________ hours per day. 2 3 3.5 4 4.5
2
Dehydration greater than ____ of body weight can impair physical performance. 1 percent 2 percent 3 percent 5 percent 7 percent
2 percent
According to ACSM guidelines, resistance or strength exercise should be incorporated on _______ per week. 2 to 4 nonconsecutive days 5 to 7 nonconsecutive days 1 to 3 nonconsecutive days 2 to 3 nonconsecutive days 3 to 5 nonconsecutive days
2 to 3 nonconsecutive days
Caitlin is a 12-year-old girl and has started to menstruate. Caitlin needs an additional ____ milligrams of iron per day. 1.9 2 2.5 3.1 4
2.5
Nina is a 150-pound adult woman who drinks soft drinks sweetened with aspartame. According to the ADI, how many cans of soft drinks could Nina safely consume each day for the rest of her life? 5 10 20 40 60
20
To improve cardiorespiratory endurance, activities that use most of the large-muscle groups of the body and elevate heart rate should be sustained for at least _____. 20 minutes 40 minutes 1 hour 1½ hours 2 hours
20 minutes
About how long must you wash your hands with warm water and soap to reduce the potential for microbial contamination? 10 seconds 20 seconds 45 seconds 1 minute 2 minutes
20 seconds
About how long must you wash your hands with warm water and soap to reduce the potential for microbial contamination? 10 seconds 20 seconds 45 seconds 1 minute 2 minutes
20 seconds
It's recommended that an athlete consume ______ of calories from fat. 15 to 35 percent less than 20 percent 25 to 50 percent 20 to 35 percent 45 to 65 percent
20 to 35 percent
In the United States, beverages currently represent about ________ of a person's total energy intake. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
20%
A healthy infant that weighs 7 pounds at birth likely will weigh ________ pounds by her first birthday. 14 21 28 35 42
21
A lactating mother produces approximately ____ of milk each day. 12 oz 18 oz 25 oz 28 oz 32 oz
25 oz
Approximately what percentage of an average teenager's daily food energy intake is derived from snacks? 15% 25% 35% 50% 75%
25%
A low-birthweight infant is defined as a baby that weighs _______ at birth. 3 1/2 lbs or less 4 lbs or less 5 1/2 lbs or less 6 1/2 lbs or less 9 lbs or less
5 1/2 lbs or less
Losses of trabecular bone start becoming significant for men and woman at about age ________. 20 30 35 40 50
30
Peak bone mass is developed by age ________. 5 10 15 30 60
30
On average, adults absorb ________ of the calcium they ingest. 20% 30% 50% 65% 80%
30%
Approximately how many people in the United States die from foodborne illnesses each year? 3000 5000 7000 9000 11,000
3000
On any given day, how many adolescents smoke a cigarette for the first time? 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
3000
An estimated ________ percent of older adults in the United States are obese. 15 25 35 45 55
35
What is the recommended range of weight gain for a mother at healthy BMI at conception who is pregnant with twins? 28 to 40 pounds 31 to 50 pounds 37 to 54 pounds 50 to 70 pounds Insufficient data to make recommendation
37 to 54 pounds
About how many hours of television do children aged 8 to 18 years watch each day? 2.5 3 4.5 5 6.5
4.5
How many adults over age 65 would live in poverty without the help of Social Security? 9 15 26 33 40
40
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for zinc for adults? 20 mg 40 mg 80 mg 120 mg 160 mg
40 mg
About how many varieties of fruits and vegetables does the United States import from other countries? 100 200 400 800 1600
400
What was the average life expectancy in the United States in 1900? 42 years 47 years 55 years 59 years 65 years
47 years
What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods? Less than 5 25 50 85 95
50
Approximately how many people in the United States are diagnosed with some form of arthritis each year? 5 million 10 million 50 million 500 million 5 billion
50 million
People who travel to other countries have a ________ chance of contracting travelers' diarrhea. 15% 25% 33% 50% 75%
50%
Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes about ________ children to go blind each year. 125,000 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000
500,000
At what age should breastfed infants be offered complementary foods? 1 month 3 months 6 months 9 months 1 year
6 months
About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 kcalories? 3 to 5 mg 6 to 7 mg 10 to 12 mg 15 mg 18 mg
6 to 7 mg
Water constitutes about ________ of an adult's body weight. 35% 40% 55% 60% 75%
60%
About how many food samples are tested by the Total Diet Study each year? 300 600 3000 6000 36,000
6000
About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? 7 10 14 17 21
7
An individual is at risk of collapsing if ____percent of body weight is due to water loss. 2 7 15 25 33
7
In the United States, woman who live to the age of 85, can expect to survive an additional _______ years, on average. 3 5 7 9 11
7
Which of the following represents a blood pH level in the normal range? 6.75 7.00 7.35 7.55 8.35
7.35
Nancy's protein RDA before she got pregnant was 47 grams per day. What is her protein RDA now that she is pregnant? 47 grams 1.0 grams per kg of body weight 72 grams 1.2 grams for each kg of pregnancy weight gained 94 grams
72 grams
What is the average life expectancy in the United States today? 79 years 81 years 86 years 89 years 93 years
79 years
Overweight teens with at least one obese parent have about a ________ chance of becoming obese adults. 10% 35% 50% 65% 80%
80%
What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium? 50 60 70 80 90
90
What is a desirable blood level for triglycerides? <125 mg/dL <150 mg/dL 150 to180 mg/dL 180 to 200 mg/dL <240 mg/dL
<150 mg/dL
Which of the following is a characteristic of botulism? A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. With immediate treatment, a full recovery takes 24 hours. It is caused by the organism Staphylococcus aureus. It is a toxicant produced in foods stored under aerobic conditions. Symptoms may take several weeks to appear.
A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system.
Which of the following is a characteristic of botulism? A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. With immediate treatment, a full recovery takes 24 hours. It is caused by the organism Staphylococcus aureus. It is a toxicant produced in foods stored under aerobic conditions. Symptoms may take several weeks to appear.
A chief symptom is progressive paralysis of the respiratory system.
Which of the following will best accelerate glycogen storage after physical activity? A high carbohydrate snack within 2 hours of exercise completion A high fat meal taken within 2 hours of exercise completion A high protein snack taken midway through exercise and another 30 minutes after exercise Sports drinks taken throughout exercise and repeated small, high protein snacks for 2 hours after exercise A high protein meal taken within 2 hours of exercise completion
A high carbohydrate snack within 2 hours of exercise completion
What is lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2)? A pancreatic enzyme A blood protein and marker for hypertension risk A marker for plaque inflammation A LDL cholesterol-lowering medicine A liver enzyme
A marker for plaque inflammation
What is a congregate meal? A meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center A meal prepared for the elderly that meets two-thirds of the Dietary Recommended Intakes A meal prepared for individual elderly members of large church organizations and delivered to their homes A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for nursing home residents A meal prepared by a community organization and delivered to home-bound individuals where they live
A meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center
1 / 1 pts Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories
A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories
A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.
What is hemosiderin? The part of iron that is not used by the body Another term for ferritin A protein that carries iron in the blood An enzyme that helps in absorption of iron A storage protein for iron
A storage protein for iron
Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance? An Olympic weightlifter A teenager with bulimia nervosa An infant with sickle cell anemia An elderly person with dementia A vegan
A teenager with bulimia nervosa
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mother who has experienced malnutrition prior to or after conception? Inadequate fetal nourishment due to a poorly developed placenta. A temporary loss of insulin secretion If the baby is female, an elevated risk of that baby later in life to develop a chronic disease that could impair her ability to give birth to a healthy infant. Growth restriction in the fetus Higher risk of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth
A temporary loss of insulin secretion
When is it potentially acceptable for an infant to be fed fat-free milk? After 6 months of age After 1 year of age After 2 years of age As soon as complementary foods are introduced When the diet supplies 30% of kcalories from fat
After 2 years of age
What is the Healthy Eating Plate? An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health A vegetarian alternative to the USDA's MyPlate A 1200 kcalorie weight reduction diet A phytochemical-rich diet A carbohydrate counting plan
An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health
What is prothrombin? A storage protein for vitamin K A transport protein for vitamin E An active protein needed for bone formation An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation A soluble protein that decreases the "stickiness" of red blood cells
An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on the immune system? Immunity is improved by abundant intake of iron-rich red meats and calcium-rich butter. In the United States, infectious diseases rarely cause of deaths in the elderly. Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems. In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.
Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems.
Which of the following is correct statement about the U.S. adult population's physical activity? Half of adults get physical activity, but no exercise. Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines. Approximately 20% of adults get no physical activity. One-fourth of adults are sedentary. Approximately 60% of adults don't exercise regularly.
Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines.
When does the most severe damage associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occur? Around the time of conception Between weeks 8 and 12 After week 24 The second trimester The third trimester
Around the time of conception
What does phosphorus do in the body? Participates in blood clotting Helps maintain gastric acidity Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte Stabilizes protein shape Assists in energy metabolism
Assists in energy metabolism
Which carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity? Beta-cryptoxanthin Lycopene Lutein Beta-carotene Zeaxanthin
Beta-carotene
Which of the following statements accurately describes alcohol use among the elderly? Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons. The proportion of binge drinkers in greater in the elderly than any other age group. In elderly individuals, unlike in younger individuals, alcohol use is not associated with other risky behavior such as illicit drug use. Determining alcohol abuse among the elderly community requires costly assessment by medical professionals. Elderly individuals are rarely successfully treated for alcohol abuse and dependence.
Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons.
Which term refers to the increase in the concentration of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain? Bioaccumulation Hyperconcentration Evolutionary containment Binding capacity Degradation rate
Bioaccumulation
Which of the following statements accurately describes energy and nutrient needs during adolescence? Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies. Girls in an adolescent growth spurt need an additional 2.9 mg of iron a day. More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development. The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks. The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.
Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies.
Which statement is not true about how the body uses iron? Most iron entering the body is recycled. Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron. Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.
Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.
In Sardinia, Italy, and Nicoya, Costa Rica, people live long, healthy, and active lives well past 100 years. These places collectively are called ________. Red Zones Blue Zones Age Hot Spots Longevity Hot Spots Quality Circles
Blue Zones
Where is 99% of the body's calcium located? Body fluids Bones and teeth Kidneys and Intestines Thyroid glad Skeletal muscle
Bones and teeth
How does obesity raise blood pressure? By constricting blood vessels, thereby restricting blood flow. By inhibiting secretion of hormones that help regulate blood pressure. By altering kidney function. By causing the heart to work harder. By promoting inflammation of the arterial walls, thereby reducing their elasticity.
By altering kidney function.
Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells? Calcium Potassium Magnesium Phosphate Sulfate
Calcium
Which of the following interferes significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline? Folate Zinc Calcium Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
Calcium
_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations. Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Chromium and iron Sodium and potassium
Carbohydrates
_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations. Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Chromium and iron Sodium and potassium
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water? Soft water Public water Natural water Distilled water Carbonated water
Carbonated water
Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron? Yogurt Milk Cashews Apples Honey
Cashews
Which term refers the clouding of the eye lenses that impairs vision and can lead to blindness? Retinitis Keratoids Cataracts Rhodolipids Glaucoma
Cataracts
Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload? Gastric bypass surgery Chelation Vitamin C supplements Calcium supplements Blood transfusion
Chelation
The most dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes over the past two decades has involved _____. African Americans Hispanic Americans Premenopausal women Postmenopausal women Children and adolescents
Children and adolescents
Which of the following statements about the diets of today's children is FALSE? Few children eat the USDA recommended daily amounts from each food group. Children 2 to 6 years of age eat more solid fat, added sugar, and sodium. Preschool children eat more pizza and candy than those in previous decades. Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber. Children consume more fruit than they did in previous years.
Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber.
Which of the following factors has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program? The cost is prohibitive The meals are not nutritious Children simply do not participate in it Only about 25% of the nation's schools participate in it Recent legislation has reduced funding for it
Children simply do not participate in it
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin A in foods? Xanthophylls in beets and corn masks the presence of beta-carotene. Butter is a poor source of vitamin A. Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene. Plants contain retinoids but no carotenoids.
Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.
_________ is a postexercise snack that has been shows to increase muscle glycogen stores and protein synthesis. Almonds Bananas Cheese Chocolate milk Whole-grain tortillas
Chocolate milk
What is another name for vitamin D3? Ergocalciferol Foliocalciferol Cholecalciferol Phyllocalciferol Xanthociferol
Cholecalciferol
What is another name for vitamin D3? Ergocalciferol Foliocalciferol Cholecalciferol Phyllocalciferol Xanthociferol
Cholecalciferol
What term is defined as the milk-like substance secreted right after delivery? Lactadherin Lactoferrin DHA Colostrum TGF-β
Colostrum
______ is usually the best choice for physically active people who need to replace lost fluids. Cool water "Sweat" replacers Salt tablets and tap water Water warmed to body temperature Very cold water
Cool water
What is the name of the process by which glucose is regenerated from lactate? glycolysis Cori cycle TCA cycle fatty acid oxidation metabolism
Cori cycle
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium? Canned cream corn Corn on the cob Instant banana pudding Frozen apple pie Corn flake cereal
Corn on the cob
An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on _____ for quick energy in this event. Fat Lactate Creatine phosphate Adenosine diphosphate Glucose
Creatine phosphate
What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy? Gestational diabetes Iron deficiency Protein malabsorption Ketosis Cretinism
Cretinism
What is hydroxyapatite? A calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus A calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption Potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
What is hydroxyapatite? A calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus A calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption Potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
Which of the following is a natural toxicant found in lima beans? Cyanogens Solanine Goitrogens Hallucinogens Narcotic-like substances
Cyanogens
Which of the following substances is not involved in the inflammation process? Free radicals macrophages LDL cholesterol Cytokines Minerals
Cytokines
A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? A B12 C D E
D
A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? A B12 C D E
D
Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? They travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. They circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. The kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine. They are needed in frequent doses, perhaps ever 1 to 3 days.
Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.
Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition? Rich sources include fresh vegetables Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown Soft drinks reduce absorption Toxicity is common among vegetarians and causes kidney failure Eggs and milk are relatively poor sources
Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Which of the following is not usually a factor that puts an athlete at higher risk for developing iron-deficiency anemia? Being female Practicing an endurance sport Being vegetarian Drinking orange juice when consuming iron-rich foods Menstruation
Drinking orange juice when consuming iron-rich foods
Which is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins? A E K D2 D3
E
What is the federal agency that is responsible for regulating the use of pesticides and establishing water quality standards? EPA FDA CDC USDA WHO
EPA
Which of the following statements accurately describes the vitamin E in foods? Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat. Most convenience foods are good sources of vitamin E. Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E. The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated. Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.
Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.
What is polydipsia, a common symptom of untreated diabetes? Increased urge to urinate Excessive fluid losses Excessive thirst Excessive hunger Multiple electrolyte deficiencies
Excessive thirst
Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? Development of caries resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples. Bacterial attack of teeth due to use of lead-rich drinking water. Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle. Tooth decay resulting from prolonged exposure to soft food due to the infant's inability to swallow normally. Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.
Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle.
What organ is affected by macular degeneration, a common condition for older people? Bone Eyes Liver Kidneys Stomach
Eyes
Which of the following is a correct statement about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? FAS cannot be treated, only prevented. Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe. Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with FAS. The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt. No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.
FAS cannot be treated, only prevented.
_____ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. Fetus Ovum Zygote Embryo Blastocyst
Fetus
______ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. Fetus Ovum Zygote Embryo Blastocyst
Fetus
Which of the following dietary components may protect against cancer? Fiber Inositol and biotin Certain saturated fats Protein from animal sources Certain sugars
Fiber
Table salt has a margin of safety of 1/5. What does that mean? Food additives may use 1/5 of the RDA of dietary sodium. One in five people who consume the additive likely will experience health problems. People should strive to consume only 1/5 of the UL for table salt each day. Five times the amount normally used as a food additive would cause harmful effects. One in five forms of table salt have been found to cause health problems.
Five times the amount normally used as a food additive would cause harmful effects.
Which of the following is a correct statement about a lactating mother and her dietary intake? The mother's milk has consistent flavor regardless of foods eaten. Flavors in the mother's milk may influence the infant's food choices later in life. Many mothers require iron-supplementation to enhance the iron levels in breast milk. Infants consume more milk when it contains even small amount of alcohol. Infant discomfort like gas or constipation has no association with the food intake of the lactating mother.
Flavors in the mother's milk may influence the infant's food choices later in life.
___________ are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells. Protein and iron Folate and vitamin B12 Calcium and vitamin A Calcium and B6 Selenium and iron
Folate and vitamin B12
Which of the following is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? Naturally occurring toxicants Food poisoning from microbes Pesticide residues from farmers Food additives from the food industry Deliberate contamination or sabotage
Food poisoning from microbes
Which of the following is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? Naturally occurring toxicants Food poisoning from microbes Pesticide residues from farmers Food additives from the food industry Deliberate contamination or sabotage
Food poisoning from microbes
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? Fruits Fortified milk Vegetables Legumes Whole grains
Fortified milk
Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, how many have some relationship with diet? Two Four Five Six Eight
Four
Which of the following foods likely contains acrylamide? Raw potatoes French fries Raw carrots Grilled swordfish White rice
French fries
Which of the following statements accurately describes ways to minimize nutrient losses when storing or preparing foods? To minimize vitamin loss, cut fresh fruits and vegetables and then rinse in water. Most fruits should be stored at room temperature to prevent vitamin loss. Use frozen vegetables sparingly as the nutrient content is lower than that of fresh vegetables. Microwaving vegetables causes the greatest loss of nutrients over other cooking methods. Fruits that have been cut or juiced should be stored in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
Fruits that have been cut or juiced should be stored in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
What is the main symptom of iodine deficiency? Anemia Goiter Skin lesions Diarrhea Purplish tongue
Goiter
Of the following foods, which is considered a cancer initiator? Legumes Grilled meat Garlic Fruit Milk
Grilled meat
______ is an ergogenic aids that increases the risk for acromegaly HMB Creatine Octacosanol Growth hormone DHEA
Growth hormone
Breastfeeding is not recommended when the mother has ________. hepatitis common cold tuberculosis sinus infection HIV
HIV
All of the following are supplements that dangerous to health and are banned by most professional sports organizations except HMB. anabolic steroids. hGH. DHEA. androstenedione.
HMB.
Which of the following terms refers to the harm that is likely under real-life conditions? Hazard Toxicity Bioinsecurity Food insecurity Riskiness
Hazard
What type of diet does research suggest can provide endurance athletes with ability to go longer without fatigue? Mixed diet Low carbohydrate diet No-carbohydrate diet Low-fat diet High-carbohydrate diet
High-carbohydrate diet
Which of the following accurately describes bovine growth hormone use in the United States? It is only biologically active in humans when injected. It cannot be detected in meat or milk of cows receiving it. If consumed from foods, it is digested by enzymes in the GI tract. If consumed from foods, it could potentially stimulate receptors for human growth hormone. Testing of BGH has indicated that its risks to human health are, at most, minor.
If consumed from foods, it is digested by enzymes in the GI tract.
On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted? Intake is higher. Excretion is higher. Intake and excretion are equal. Excretion is unrelated to intake. With extreme sodium intake, they are unrelated; with normal sodium intake, ingestion is greater than excretion.
Intake and excretion are equal.
Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount? Iron Calcium Potassium Sodium Phosphorus
Iron
Which of the following statements describes the mineral nutrition of older adults? Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group. Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity. Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group. Vitamin D is more readily absorbed by the thinner skin of this group. Folate excesses are fairly common.
Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.
Mary is 15 years old and has just joined her high school swim team. After the first three months of training and competing, her coach sends the team for mandatory physical examinations and routine blood tests. When Mary got home, she told her mom that the team physician prescribed her a daily iron supplement to take. What condition does Mary most likely have? Iron-deficiency anemia Amenorrhea Vitamin E deficiency Pernicious anemia Sports anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Which of the following describes how iron deficiency affects children's behavior? It affects brain function long before blood effects appear. Testing is a tedious, cost-prohibitive process for many families. It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome. Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span. Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.
It affects brain function long before blood effects appear.
Which of the following is not true of copper? It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis. It helps make collagen. It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body. It helps inactivate histamine. It is a constituent of several enzymes.
It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.
How does aspirin reduce inflammation and relieve pain? It acts as a sedative. It promotes wound healing and blood clotting. It interferes with prostaglandins. It binds to nerve receptors. It stimulates endorphins.
It interferes with prostaglandins.
Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A? It is effective in treating rickets. It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne. It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles. It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women. It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.
It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles.
Which of these statements is true of nonheme iron? It is present in plant-derived foods only. It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods. Only about 25 percent of nonheme iron in food is absorbed. Citric acid interferes with its absorption. Its absorption is enhanced by phytates.
It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods.
How is iron used in the bone marrow? It is converted to myoglobin and sent to the muscle for storage. It is used to produce transferrin. It is used to make hemoglobin. It is used to convert hemoglobin to myoglobin. It becomes a cofactor and used during energy metabolism.
It is used to make hemoglobin.
Which of the following is true of fluoride? A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis. Toxicity is unknown. A deficiency can lead to pica. It is added to about 25 percent of community water systems in the United States. It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.
Which of the following is a correct statement about morning sickness? It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours. It typically peaks at the start of the second trimester. It can be effectively treated by eating foods high in vitamin B6. Citrus juices, water, and milk are the best beverages to treat nausea. Taking prenatal supplements will ease symptoms.
It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours.
Which of the following is not true of diabetic ketoacidosis? It results in ketonuria. It can lead to diabetic coma. It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It occurs only in type 1 diabetes. It results from the production of ketones for energy since glucose cannot enter the cells.
It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
At birth, a single dose of vitamin ________ is given by intramuscular injection. A D2 D3 E K
K
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A D2 D3 E K
K
Which substance has the biggest role in the development of atherosclerosis? HDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol Hemoglobin Calcium Sodium
LDL cholesterol
What factor in breast milk inhibits inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier? Colostrum Lactoferrin TGF-β Bifidus factor Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite? Arsenic Lead Cyanide Ricin Hydrazine
Lead
Which of the following statements accurately describes naturally occurring food toxicants? Lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds. Solanine poisoning is common in people who eat raw potatoes. The toxic laetrile in certain fruit seeds is a moderately effective cancer treatment. People with thyroid problems should eat mustard greens and radishes raw. Even small amounts of goitrogen-containing vegetables can cause thyroid problems.
Lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds.
Which food is a rich source of retinoids? Liver Broccoli Cantaloupe Sweet potato Spinach
Liver
Michael and his friends dined at a hibachi chain restaurant where Japanese dishes were grilled tableside by theatrical chefs. Afterward, Michael experienced facial flushing, chest pain, and throbbing headaches. His symptoms most likely were caused by which food additive? BHA Sulfites Nitrites BHT MSG
MSG
Which of the following is a not typically something that a pregnant woman of 35 years or older is at higher risk for? Caesarean sections Preterm births Macrosomia Genetic abnormalities in the fetus Low-birthweight babies
Macrosomia
Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water? Sodium Potassium Manganese Phosphorus Magnesium
Magnesium
What is a difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease between men and women? Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60. Men are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than women. After age 60, women are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than men Women have a higher risk for developing coronary heart disease but men have a higher risk of dying from it. Women's overall risk for coronary heart disease may be higher because they have higher homocysteine levels.
Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60.
Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia? Macrocytic red blood cells Microcytic red blood cells Purplish tongue Reddened cheeks Hyperchromic red blood cells
Microcytic red blood cells
Which of the following accurately describes how hunger affects behavior in children? Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch. Children who skip breakfast typically make up the nutrient deficits at later meals. Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime. Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, they tend to perform well on tasks requiring concentration. Hunger's short-term effects on behavior are well researched, but there is little evidence regarding its long-term effects.
Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime.
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _________. Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day 1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight supplements in addition to a healthy diet meat, poultry, or fish at every meal over 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight
Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body? Liver and pancreas Brain Small intestine Blood Muscle and bone
Muscle and bone
________ refers to an increase to the size and strength of muscles in response to use. Muscle hypertrophy Muscle overload Muscle atrophy Muscle conditioning Muscle fitness
Muscle hypertrophy
What organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period? Cardiovascular Circulatory Digestive Nervous Endocrine
Nervous
Vitamin K deficiency is most likely in which of the following groups? Young adults Elderly Newborns Teenagers Middle-aged adults
Newborns
Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral? Selenium Copper Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
Nickel
What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension? Obesity High sodium intake Insufficient calcium intake Potassium deficiency High HDL cholesterol7
Obesity
Which of the following is a recommended strategy for honoring children's mealtime preferences? Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods. Serve varied, spicy flavors to entice a child's taste buds. Cook food until very hot to keep a child from eating too quickly. Allow children to eat at the "grown-up" table using china and silverware. Try a series of gourmet foods with fancy names to build the child's cultural awareness.
Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods.
What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane? Hypotension Hypertension Osmotic pressure Solute pressure Centripetal pressure
Osmotic pressure
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? 21-34 years 35-49 years 50-64 years 65-84 years Over 85 years
Over 85 years
Of these foods, which is the best source of zinc? Oysters Potatoes Eggs Watermelon Tomato juice
Oysters
Of these foods, which is the best source of iron? Parsley Peanut butter Pinto beans Tuna Tofu
Parsley
Some diuretics can lead to a deficiency of what nutrient? Sodium Calcium Potassium Phosphate Manganese
Potassium
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun? Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or higher increase vitamin D synthesis. Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition. Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity. For someone living in Chicago, vitamin D stores from the summer months are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter. Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.
Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur? Fats Protein Fat-soluble vitamins Carbohydrates Water
Protein
What term is defined as the period of life in which a person becomes physically capable of reproduction? Tweenager Adolescence Puberty Juvenescence Immaturity
Puberty
What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years? Iron consumption Tobacco use Chronological age Regular physical activity Genetics
Regular physical activity
Which part of the eye contains billions of molecules of vitamin A? Cornea Sclera Retina Macula Choroid
Retina
What is the alcohol form of vitamin A? Retinal Beta-carotene Retinol Retinoic Alpha-carotene
Retinol
Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? All vitamin A comes from protein-rich foods. Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter. Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin. Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body. Protein frees vitamin A from its lipid bonds.
Retinol-binding protein serves as the vitamin's transport carrier inside the body.
Which of the following is a light-sensitive pigment of the retina? Rhodopsin Opsin Melanin Chlorophyll Xanthophylls
Rhodopsin
Of the following cereals, which is least likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? Oat Rice Corn Wheat Barley
Rice
Which of the following terms is defined as a measure of the probability and severity of harm? Risk Safety Hazard Toxicity Danger
Risk
In addition to iodized salt, which of these foods is a significant source of iodine? Seafood Tap water Pork Brussels sprouts Kale
Seafood
Which of the following is the only significant source of human methylmercury exposure? Seafood Legumes Unfiltered water Undercooked poultry Rice oil
Seafood
Of the following nutrients, which one has a known specific role in immunity? Selenium Vitamin K Thiamin Copper Molybdenum
Selenium
What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage? Hematocrit Serum iron level Red blood cell count Serum ferritin Transferrin saturation
Serum ferritin
Which of the following formulas should be used first when an infant is found to be lactose intolerant? Egg Soy Barley Hydrolyzed protein Goat's milk
Soy
Of these body organs and glands, which one is involved in immunity? Liver Pancreas Parathyroid gland Kidneys Spleen
Spleen
________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance. Iron-deficiency anemia Amennorhea Vitamin E deficiency Pernicious anemia Sports anemia
Sports anemia
Which of the following is the most pesticide-contaminated food? Grapefruit Cherry tomatoes Grapes Strawberries Peaches
Strawberries
What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity? Multiply body weight (kg) by 1 percent to determine liters of water loss Multiply duration of activity (min) by body weight (kg) to determine mL of water loss Subtract air temperature (°F) from body weight (lbs) and then multiply by 5 to determine mL of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and divide by the relative humidity.
Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss
What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity? Multiply body weight (kg) by 1 percent to determine liters of water loss Multiply duration of activity (min) by body weight (kg) to determine mL of water loss Subtract air temperature (°F) from body weight (lbs) and then multiply by 5 to determine mL of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and divide by the relative humidity.
Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss
Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium during pregnancy? Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations. The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy. Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy. Adequate intake prevents the calcium from being taken from the mother's bones. The body priorities the mother's bone calcium needs over that of the fetus.
The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy.
What is alpha-lactalbumin? The main carbohydrate in human breast milk The main carbohydrate in cow's milk A fatty acid in human breast milk The chief protein in human breast milk The chief protein in cow's milk
The chief protein in human breast milk
_________ are the two components that make up approximately 15 pounds of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy. The placenta and the mother's fat stores The amniotic sac fluid and the infant at birth The maternal fat stores and the additional blood volume The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores The increased size of the uterus and increases in the mother's fluid volume
The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores
Which of the following is a correct statement in regards to the mother's weight and weight loss after pregnancy? Most women return to their pre-pregnancy weight. Women who do lose all their pregnancy weight are more likely to gain additional weight during adult years. A combination of diet and breastfeeding is the most effective method to use to support weight loss. Retaining some pregnancy weight has little effect on the mother's future health and chronic disease risk. The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.
The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.
Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes? The mother being 33 years old The mother being 24 years old BMI of 29 at conception The mother's sister having type 2 diabetes The mother being African-American or Native American
The mother being 24 years old
Which of the following is true of food assistance programs of the Older Americans Act? Eligibility begins at 50. There are no income limits for eligibility. Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals. Currently, only luncheon meals are offered. Meals for people with special dietary needs are offered, but less frequently that regular meals.
There are no income limits for eligibility.
What is the UL for vitamin K? 200 μg/day 400 μg/day 600 μg/day 800 μg/day There is no UL.
There is no UL.
Which of the following is correct about a woman's energy needs during the first trimester? Only a very small additional amount of energy (150 to 250 kcal) is typically needed. They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman. The energy needs are the same as what is needed in the second trimester. No additional energy is needed if a vitamin and mineral supplement is being taken. Energy needs are the same across all three trimesters.
They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman.
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? Labor is typically shorter due to the baby being smaller. Maternal death is highest for those younger than age 20. Socioeconomic status has little effect on pregnancy health and complications. Young mothers are less likely to smoke. They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5 ½ pounds or less.
They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5 ½ pounds or less.
Which of the following is not a property of conditioned muscles? They can store more glycogen. Glycogen breakdown occurs more slowly. They contain more mitochondria. They rely less on glucose and more on fat breakdown for energy. They are resistant to lactate build-up.
They are resistant to lactate build-up.
Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition? Performance is usually enhanced. Absorption of vitamins and minerals occurs immediately so the body can use them during competition if needed. Supplements are only suggested for athletes who have nutrient deficiencies. They are useless for improving performance. Most athletes do not believe in the ability of them to enhance performance.
They are useless for improving performance.
Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition? Performance is usually enhanced. Absorption of vitamins and minerals occurs immediately so the body can use them during competition if needed. Supplements are only suggested for athletes who have nutrient deficiencies. They are useless for improving performance. Most athletes do not believe in the ability of them to enhance performance.
They are useless for improving performance.
Which of the following accurately describes free radicals? They are destroyed by air pollution. They arise from normal metabolic reactions. They promote cell repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. They are immune to the presence of antioxidant nutrients. They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.
They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
Which of the following statements is true of essential trace minerals in general? They are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. They can be found in a wide variety of foods. Toxicities are rare. They function independently in the body. They are found in a few select foods.
They can be found in a wide variety of foods.
Which of the following is true of iron supplements? They should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency. Iron in supplements is absorbed better than iron in food. Diarrhea is a common side effect. Absorption improves when the iron supplement is taken with meals. They are standard for vegetarians.
They should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency.
What is a possible health benefit of anthocyanins? To promote weight loss To prevent some cancers To reduce complications of diabetes To protect against the effects of aging To lower blood cholesterol levels
To protect against the effects of aging
What term is used to describe the maximum amount of a residue that is allowed in a food when the pesticide is used according to label directions? Toxicity level Tolerance level Residue maximization Risk concentration Adverse concentration
Tolerance level
With which of these factors is high blood triglycerides known to be associated? High alcohol intake Smoking Type 2 diabetes Underweight Postmenopausal estrogen therapy
Type 2 diabetes
The maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level is known as VO2 max. one-half VO2 max. cardiac output. cardiac conditioned index. cardiac volume.
VO2 max.
Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet? Vitamin C and iron Vitamin A and zinc Vitamin B12 and fluoride Vitamin E and magnesium Sodium and iron
Vitamin C and iron
Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet? Vitamin C and iron Vitamin A and zinc Vitamin B12 and fluoride Vitamin E and magnesium Sodium and iron
Vitamin C and iron
Which of the following statements describes a connection between nutrition and cataract formation? Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts. Adequate intakes of vitamin K and folate seem to delay the onset of cataract formation. Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts. Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts. Antioxidant supplements appear to prevent cataracts.
Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store? Whole-grain bread Vitamin D-fortified milk Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice Wheat germ Vitamin K-rich whole grain cereals
Vitamin D-fortified milk
Which of the following is a good indicator of an older adult's physical abilities? Walking endurance Arm strength Overall flexibility Posture Body composition
Walking endurance
Which of the following accurately describes minerals? When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way. Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid. The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day. Major minerals are more important than trace minerals.
When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.
Which of the following is an example of a flexibility activity? Yoga Swimming Power walking Lifting free weights Pilates
Yoga
Which individual does not have any of the coronary risk factors that may indicate the need for a medical examination before starting a fitness program? a 52-year-old woman who has a high fasting blood glucose a 30-year-old male with hypertension a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28 a 25-year-old sedentary female with a family history of heart disease a 50-year-old male with a 42-inch waist circumference
a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28
What is the main role of vitamin K in the body? a) Blood clotting b) Antioxidant c) Calcium utilization d) Epithelial tissue renewal e) Synthesis of reproductive hormones
a) blood clotting
Vitamin E functions primarily as ________. a peroxide a coenzyme an antioxidant a free radical an immune stimulant
an antioxidant
The type of disease that is characterized by arterial plaque and that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease is _____. thrombosis hypertension atherosclerosis cholesterolemia metabolic syndrome
atherosclerosis
Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A? a) It is effective in treating rickets. b) It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne. c) It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles. d) It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women. e) It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.
b) It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne
An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ________. a) rickets b) osteomalacia c) keratomalacia d) hyperkeratosis e) osteopenia
b) osteomalacia
Carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes should _____. be higher in the evening than in the morning be consistently spaced throughout the day exclude added sugars include limited amounts of fruits and fruit juices represent 60 percent of the day's kcalorie intake
be consistently spaced throughout the day
Improvements in nutrient composition, such as when soybeans are genetically modified to upgrade its protein to a quality approaching that of milk, is a strategy known as ________. biofortification reverse DNA enrichment USDA-approved enrichment nutritional trans-biodevelopment artificial fortification
biofortification
More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ______. bones teeth extracellular fluid cells of soft tissue muscle
bones
Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. the secretion of calciol the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol the synthesis of carotenoids calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds
calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
Potassium toxicity ________. can be caused by supplement overconsumption can be caused by diuretics is signaled by acute hypertension results from overeating foods high in potassium leads to kidney stones
can be caused by supplement overconsumption
By routing blood supply through ________, sweat evaporates which cools the skin and underlying blood. blood vessels near the kidneys arteries in the cooler extremities of the body capillaries just under the skin deep veins in the cooler areas of the body blood vessels surrounding the lungs
capillaries just under the skin
Intake of ________ enhances protein synthesis following physical activity. carbohydrate protein fat and water carbohydrate and protein protein and water
carbohydrate and protein
Regular aerobic workouts gradually improve heart and lung function that causes ________ for more efficient oxygen delivery. resting heart rate to increase cardiac output to increase blood pressure to increase stroke volume to decrease anaerobic capacity to increase
cardiac output to increase
Though some may experience unpleasant side effects, all of the following supplements have some demonstrated research findings that they may perform to some extent as claimed except carnitine. dietary nitrate. sodium bicarbonate. creatine. beta-alanine.
carnitine.
With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from ________. cholesterol tryptophan beta-carotene eicosapentanoic acid histamine
cholesterol
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream. albumin cholesterol chylomicrons liposoluble binding proteins osteocalcin
chylomicrons
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream. albumin cholesterol chylomicrons liposoluble binding proteins osteocalcin
chylomicrons
Phagocytes are a white blood cells that _____. are the last resort for fighting off foreign substances in the body initiate the release of lymphocytes when foreign substances enter the body secrete cytokines consist of neutrophils and macrophages are involved with production of lymphocytes
consist of neutrophils and macrophages
Supplementation of _______ may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters, but the safety of large doses and long-term use has not been confirmed. caffeine carnitine creatine steroids human growth hormone
creatine
The ________ is the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins. period of maximal sensitivity critical period fertility period conceptual period teratogenic period
critical period
Periods of time during development in which events can occur that will have irreversible effects on later development are called ________. anencephaly gestation fetal programming critical periods genetic mutations
critical periods
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K? a) Pumpkin seeds b) Bananas c) Corn d) Brussel sprouts e) Egg yolks
d) Brussel sprouts
Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. a) the secretion of calciol b) the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol c) the synthesis of carotenoids d) calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone e) converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds
d) calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
All of the following are benefits associated with resistance training except decreased risk of back injury enhanced psychological well-being decreased muscle endurance increased bone density Improved performance in other activities
decreased muscle endurance
A person who has difficulty swallowing has ________. edentulous sarcopenia dysphagia pressure ulcers gout
dysphagia
The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________. rely on supplements to meet RDA combine dietary intake and supplementation add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods
eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
Energy drinks are not recommended to be used as fluid replacement because they contain _______. carbonation excessive amount of vitamins alcohol enhanced water caffeine
enhanced water
The A1C is a test to measure _____. fasting plasma glucose non-fasting blood glucose percentage of hemoglobin with glucose attached cumulative values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood glucose the amount of glucose in the urine
fasting plasma glucose
Activities lasting longer than 20 minutes will gradually start using more ______ for fuel and less ______. lactate; glucose lactate; fat glycogen; fat fat; glucose fat; creatine phosphate
fat; glucose
An athlete's first sign of dehydration is typically ______ fatigue. dizziness. intense thirst. intense sweating. mental confusion.
fatigue.
The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later in life is referred to as ________. fetal programming overnutrition malnutrition fertilization critical periods
fetal programming
For most people in the United States, the best source of fluoride is _____. fluoridated drinking water bottled water fresh fruits and vegetables fluoride supplements meat
fluoridated drinking water
Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses can lead to ________. mercury contamination intake of heavy metals like lead low-birthweights foodborne illness from listeriosis. phenylketonuria (PKU)
foodborne illness from listeriosis.
An infant born at 39 weeks would be described as _____. pre-term complete full-term post-term after due date
full-term
The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted water protein glucose fatty acids lactate
glucose
The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted. water protein glucose fatty acids lactate
glucose
The body's primary source of glucose during physical activity is _______. ATP NAD glycogen creatine phosphate lactate
glycogen
The iodization of salt _____. began in the United States in the 1880s has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States is mandatory in the United States is available to only about 10 percent of households in developing countries has no benefit except for children
has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
The iodization of salt _____. began in the United States in the 1880s has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States is mandatory in the United States is available to only about 10 percent of households in developing countries has no benefit except for children
has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
All of the following are features of an ideal pregame meal except high-protein, providing 30 kcal per kg body weight. vegetable and fruit juices, providing 100-200 kcal. high-carbohydrate, low-fiber, and low-fat providing 300-800 kcal. high-fiber, providing 200-300 kcal and liberal amounts of fluid. bulky, fiber-rich foods providing at least 800 kcal.
high-carbohydrate, low-fiber, and low-fat providing 300-800 kcal.
Chromium deficiency is characterized by hypertension. hyperglycemia. hypoglycemia. weight loss. hyperparathyroidism.
hyperglycemia.
A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________. hypertension hyponatremia hyperkalemia water intoxication hypodiuresis
hyponatremia
Older adults primarily diet in order to ________. economize when food prices increase improve appearance pursue a medical goal such as reducing cholesterol reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia reduce feelings of depression
improve appearance
The increased energy demands from regular, strenuous activity typically _______. requires nutrient supplementation decreases appetite so intake of adequate energy and nutrients is difficult increases food intake to meet energy needs but not usually nutrient needs increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected respond better to nutrients in supplements, rather than food
increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected
Diuretics lower blood pressure by decreasing fluid loss. increasing fluid loss. removing calcium ions. promoting blood homeostasis. reducing bile salts.
increasing fluid loss.
The combination of an inefficient and overactive immune response in the aged is called ________. inflammaging dysphagic cell mass sarcopenic undermining endentulous-induced wasting cachexia of aging
inflammaging
The increased needs for _______ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended. protein calcium iron zinc vitamin B12
iron
The RDA for iodine _____. can be met only by consuming iodized salt can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt is the same for men and women is higher in men is higher in women
is the same for men and women
The RDA for iodine _____. can be met only by consuming iodized salt can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt is the same for men and women is higher in men is higher in women
is the same for men and women
All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except it has a diuretic effect. it inhibits glycogen breakdown. it slows reaction time. it impairs the body's ability to regulate temperature. it can lead to sports-related injuries.
it inhibits glycogen breakdown.
For women, soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis because ________. it prevents the kidneys from excreting calcium of the bioavailable calcium of its stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation its phytochemicals mimic the actions of estrogen in the body calcium alginate is used to process the soy bean
its phytochemicals mimic the actions of estrogen in the body
Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein ________. keratin opsin elastin collagen beta globulin
keratin
Diseases affecting the liver or the ________ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency. skin pancreas intestines kidneys stomach
kidneys
Pica, a craving for nonfood items like dirt and old paint, can lead to ________ in children. lead poisoning hyperactivity food allergies obesity type 2 diabetes
lead poisoning
Retinol-binding protein picks up vitamin A from the ________ and carries it to the blood. intestines kidneys liver pancreas gallbladder
liver
Excess vitamin D may result in ________. increased bone density increased bone calcification deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney osteoporosis
mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney
The developing brain depends heavily on ______, and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain function and cognition. essential amino acids omega-3 fatty acids iron saturated fats vitamins B6 and B12
omega-3 fatty acids
Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ________. osteocalcin adipose tissue calbindin calciferol teratogen
osteocalcin
An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ________. rickets osteomalacia keratomalacia hyperkeratosis osteopenia
osteomalacia
The extent to which an environmental contaminant lingers in the environment or body is referred to as ________. persistence the degradation rate its binding capacity food chain constancy perseverance
persistence
An individual is described as ________ when they have the endurance to engage in daily activities, as well enough reserve energy to handle added challenges. conditioned moderately fit moderately active physically fit sedentary
physically fit
Nora says her grandfather acts like a 25-year-old man. Nora is referring to her grandfather's ________ age. chronological physiological ephemeral transient historical
physiological
The _______ is the organ from which the infant receives nourishment. placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac blastocyte The sac in which the developing infant is contained prior to birth
placenta
People who take diuretic medications may need to take a ________ supplement. vitamin K vitamin D iron potassium sodium
potassium
An important function of selenium is to _____. help blood clot prevent free-radical formation stimulate the taste buds help in metabolism of cholesterol work with vitamin E in formation of hemoglobin
prevent free-radical formation
The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________. processed foods unprocessed foods natural salt content of foods salt added during cooking salt added at the table
processed foods
All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies. increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss. reduced risk of all types of cancer. cntraction of the uterus after birth.
reduced risk of all types of cancer.
All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies. increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss. reduced risk of all types of cancer. contraction of the uterus after birth.
reduced risk of all types of cancer.
Osteocalcin ________. is a vitamin K-deficiency disease in children binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals is a disease characterized by softening of the bones binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces
requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
Average zinc intakes in the United States are ______. slightly lower than recommended slightly higher than recommended sufficient in men but too low in women too low in children calcium low in the very elderly
slightly higher than recommended
Heat stroke shares all of the following symptoms with hypothermia except _______. mental changes confusion loss of consciousness clumsiness slow heart rate
slow heart rate
Antibiotics and antacids often contain large amounts of ________. sugar sodium sorbitol lactose niacin
sodium
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia water sodium glucose potassium calcium
sodium
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia. water sodium glucose potassium calcium
sodium
Aldosterone and renin each promote ________. electrolyte balance sodium retention calcium excretion vasoconstriction potassium retention
sodium retention
A high-quality, cost-effective healthcare and nutrition services program that provides women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have children ages 0 to 5 years is ________. the SNAP program the March of Dimes food stamp the WIC program the OAA program
the WIC program
Ready-to-eat-or-drink supplements can be ideal when the athlete only has 30 minutes before competition. the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach. the athlete wants a meal that provides "complete nutrition." substituted for regular meals. the athlete wants a low-carbohydrate pregame meal.
the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach.
Putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder is _________. effective for increasing muscle tissue when combined with tripling protein intake only effective for increasing muscle endurance the most effective, safe way for athletes to add muscle tissue. only effective for increasing muscle strength causes overtraining and is an ineffective method for adding muscle tissue.
the most effective, safe way for athletes to add muscle tissue.
The nutrient needs of older people ________. vary according to individual histories remain the same as in young adult life increase and necessitate supplementation decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition are addressed by four DRI categories
vary according to individual histories
Much of the vitamin E in the diet comes from ________. lean meats fish vegetable oils tropical fruits tomatoes
vegetable oils
The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend supplements of ________ for all measles-infected infants and children. iron vitamin A folic acid phylloquinone vitamin E
vitamin A
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to ________ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress. increased vitamin C intake from fruits vitamin E supplementation increased beta-carotene intake from foods incorporation of vitamin E-rich oils increased intake of fruits and vegetables
vitamin E supplementation
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to ________ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress. increased vitamin C intake from fruits vitamin E supplementation increased beta-carotene intake from foods incorporation of vitamin E-rich oils increased intake of fruits and vegetables
vitamin E supplementation
USDA regulations allow a food product to be labeled "organic" only if it ________. has been irradiated contains genetically engineered ingredients was made with at least 95% organic ingredients was grown with fertilizer made from sewer sludge was grown in the United States.
was made with at least 95% organic ingredients
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient. fat water protein glucose sodium
water
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient. fat water protein glucose sodium
water
The body's need for _____ surpasses the need for any other nutrient. iron water glucose glycogen sodium
water
Progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency is called ________. keratinization keratomalacia xerophthalmia teratogen xanthophyllia
xerophthalmia