nutrition final

The amount of energy (kcal) provided by the B-complex vitamins is ____. 4 kcal/g 7 kcal/g 9 kcal/g 0 kcal/g

0 kcal/g

What is the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females? 0.5-1.0% 1-3% 8-10% 12-15%

0.5-1.0%

As a rule of thumb, athletes who sweat heavily and lose large amounts of sodium should consume approximately _____ g of sodium per hour. 0.25 0.5 1 1.5

1

Approximately how much sweat can an athlete lose each hour when exercising in a hot and humid environment? 1 milliliter per hour 1 liter per hour 1 gallon per hour 25 cups per hour

1 liter per hour

Dr. Timothy Noakes estimates the performance enhancement associated with creatine to be ____ percent. 1 to 2 1 to 3 3 to 4 3 to 5

1 to 2

In general, it is recommended that well-trained athletes lose no more than ____ lb of weight per week. 1 to 2 3 to 4 3 to 5 4 to 6

1 to 2

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily? 800 mg 1,000 mg 1,200 mg 1,500 mg

1,000 mg

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily? 800 mg 1,000 mg 1,200 mg 1,500 mg

1,000 mg

What is the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females? 0.5-1.0% 1-3% 8-10% 12-15%

1-3%

Athletes who restrict energy intake should increase protein intake to at least ____ g/kg of body weight to protect against large losses of lean body mass. 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

1.4

As a rule of thumb for athletes, experts recommend a post-exercise fluid intake as soon after exercise as practical of approximately ____. 0.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost 1.0 L of fluid per kg body weight lost 1.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost 1 pint of fluid for each pound of weight lost

1.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost

How much carbohydrate should an athlete consume in the first hour after exercise? 0.5 g/kg 1.0 g/kg 1.5 g/kg 2.0 g/kg

1.5 g/kg

One drink of an alcoholic beverage is defined as ____ oz of ethanol. 1/2 1 1/2 3 5

1/2

One drink of an alcoholic beverage contains approximately how many kcal? 50 to 100 100 to 150 150 to 200 200 to 300

100 to 150

Male athletes who wish to promote the growth of muscle tissue should increase daily energy intake by approximately ____ kcal. 100 to 200 400 to 500 800 to 1,000 1,000 to 1,200

100 to 200

At what point do enzymes and coenzymes function at maximum velocity? 75% of tissue saturation 100% of tissue saturation 110% of tissue saturation 125% of tissue saturation

100% of tissue saturation

Using the formula listed below, calculate the target body weight of a female soccer player currently weighing 134 lb with a 18% body fat. Her goal is 15% body fat. Target body weight = Current FFM / 1 - desired % BF 114 122 129 131

129

How much additional protein is needed per day to support the growth of one pound of muscle? 14 g 40 g 58 g 65 g

14 g

What is the recommended daily dose of supplemental zinc? 10 mg 15 mg 30 mg 40 mg

15 mg

For adults, a weight corresponding to a BMI of ____ or less is considered significantly low or less than minimally normal. 11 15 17 21

17

For adults, a weight corresponding to a BMI of ____ or less is considered significantly low or less than minimally normal. 11 15 17 21

17

Using the formula listed below, calculate the recommended minimum body weight of a male wrestler currently weighing 185 lb with 8% body fat. His goal is 4% body fat. Minimum body weight = Current FFM / 1 - minimum %BF 163 168 172 177

177

Endogenous carbohydrates are limited to muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and blood glucose and together provide approximately ____ kcal of carbohydrates. 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

2,000

How many kcal are needed to support the growth of 1 pound of muscle? 1,000 1,800 2,300 3,900

2,300

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for calcium for adults younger than 50? 2,000 mg 2,500 mg 3,000 mg Not yet established

2,500 mg

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. What is the minimum amount of kcal he should consume on any given day? 2,150 2,580 3,010 4,300

2,580

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. He wants to consume 8 grams of CHO daily when training during racing season. How many kcal of CHO would this be? 1,720 2,064 2,752 3,440

2,752

The SEE for percent body fat determined from underwater weighing is approximately ±____ percent. 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7

2.7

At what age does peak trabecular bone mineral density occur (assume adequate calcium intake)? 10 to 20 years 20 to 30 years 30 to 40 years After age 40

20 to 30 years

At what age does peak bone mineral density occur (assuming that calcium intake is adequate)? 10 to 20 years 20 to 35 years 35 to 60 years After age 60

20 to 35 years

On average, the bone density of men and African Americans is approximately ____ greater than that of Caucasian women. 5% 20% 35% 65%

20%

A moderate dose of caffeine is defined as ____ mg daily. 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 500

200 to 300

How many minerals have been identified as essential? 9 15 21 27

21

Essential fat in adult males is estimated to be about ____ percent of body weight. 1 3 5 7

3

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. Assuming that the athlete engages in rigorous training nearly every day during a specific training period of the preparation cycle, approximately how many kcal will this athlete expend daily? 3,268 kcal/d 3,526 kcal/d 3,870 kcal/d 4,288 kcal/d

3,870 kcal/d

A female who is sedentary has an estimated daily energy need of ____ kcal/kg/d. 25 30 35 40

30

Considering minimum carbohydrate, protein, and fat guidelines, it is generally recommended that athletes who wish to lose body fat not restrict energy intake to less than ____ kcal/kg daily. 20 25 30 35

30

It is recommended that athletes consume no less than ____ kcal/kg daily, because it is difficult to consume an adequate amount of nutrients. 20 25 30 35

30

What is the recommended intake of carbohydrate during endurance sports? 10 to 30 g/h 30 to 60 g/h 60 to 90 g/h 90 to 120 g/h

30 to 60 g/h

What is the recommended intake of carbohydrate during intermittent, high-intensity sports? 10 to 30 g/h 30 to 60 g/h 60 to 90 g/h 90 to 120 g/h

30 to 60 g/h

If an adult consumes 1,000 mg of calcium daily, what is the estimated average amount absorbed from the intestinal tract? 800 mg 600 mg 500 mg 300 mg

300 mg

What does 40-30-30 represent? 40% carbohydrate (CHO) and 30% each protein and fat 40% fat and 30% each protein and CHO 40% protein and 30% each fat and CHO 40 lb lost in the first six months; 30 lb lost in subsequent six-month period

40% carbohydrate (CHO) and 30% each protein and fat

Normal hematocrit is defined as ____. 30% for women; 35% for men 42% for women; 45% for men 14 g/dl for women; 15 g/dl for men 12-16 g/dl for both women and men

42% for women; 45% for men

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. Approximately how many grams of CHO does he need daily during the transition/active recovery period? 344 430 516 688

430

A male who is rigorously training on a nearly daily basis has an estimated daily energy need of ____ kcal/kg/d. 40 45 50 55

45

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. During a specific training period of the preparation cycle, this athlete engages in rigorous training nearly every day. What would best estimate his energy expenditure? 31 kcal/kg/day 38 kcal/kg/day 41 kcal/kg/day 45 kcal/kg/day

45 kcal/kg/day

A daily caffeine intake of up to ____ mg does not seem to affect an athlete's hydration or electrolyte status. 200 300 450 550

450

For an athlete trying to lose body fat, what is the minimum amount of carbohydrate that should be consumed each day? 4 g/kg 5 g/kg 6 g/kg 7 g/kg

5 g/kg

As a rule of thumb, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends a fluid intake at least four (4) hours prior to exercise of approximately ____. 240 ml 500 ml 5-7 ml/kg 10-15 ml/kg

5-7 ml/kg

For athletes who are underweight and want to increase both muscle mass and body fat it is generally recommended that energy intake be increased by _____ kcal daily. 500 700 900 1,000

500

On average, an adult's body contains approximately ____ % water (by weight): 20 40 60 80

60

What is the average daily intake of dietary calcium for adult women? 350 mg 500 mg 650 mg 800 mg

650 mg

What percentage of adults in the United States are overweight or obese? 36% 52% 68% 83%

68%

When exercise intensity is greater than ____ percent of VO2max, the rate of absorption of carbohydrate-containing fluids will be slowed and the risk for gastrointestinal upset is increased. 30 50 75 90

75

Essential fat in adult females is estimated to be about ____ percent of body weight. 5 8 12 15

8

The incidence of exercise dependence or excessive physical activity may be as high as ____ percent among patients with diagnosed eating disorders. 20 40 60 80

80

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. Approximately how many grams of CHO should he consume one hour prior to exercise? 43 86 100 133

86

189-lb male, collegiate athlete does not want to change body composition. The transition period consists of no physical training. What does he weigh in kilograms (round to the nearest whole number)? 84 86 90 94

86

What is the relationship between multivitamin and mineral supplements and athletic performance? A multivitamin and mineral supplement taken together improves performance. A multivitamin and mineral supplement will improve performance in all athletes. A multivitamin and mineral supplement has been shown to decrease performance. A multivitamin and mineral supplement is not likely to improve performance in those without nutrient deficiencies.

A multivitamin and mineral supplement is not likely to improve performance in those without nutrient deficiencies.

What is body mass index (BMI)? A measure of how much muscle mass an athlete should have A method of measuring body composition A formula that predicts the best weight for performance and health A number that represents a weight-to-height ratio

A number that represents a weight-to-height ratio

What is "creeping obesity"? A slow gain of body fat as adults age The process of muscle turning to fat Change in body fat distribution after menopause A genetic predisposition to gain weight

A slow gain of body fat as adults age

Which athlete is most likely to suffer from hyponatremia? A team athlete such as a football player A strength athlete such as a body builder A slow marathon runner A soccer player

A slow marathon runner

How does the dietary intake of zinc by endurance athletes typically compare to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)? About 10 percent meet the DRI About 40 percent meet the DRI About 75 percent meet the DRI About 90 percent meet the DRI

About 10 percent meet the DRI

Which of the following criterion is least likely to indicate secondary exercise dependence? Impaired physical and behavioral functioning Unsuccessful efforts to control exercise Absence of an eating disorder Lying about exercise volume

Absence of an eating disorder

Which activity is most likely to result in appropriate weight loss? Daily physical activity meeting the Surgeon General's recommendations Strength training two days per week Aerobic exercise of sufficient duration/intensity to expend > 2000 kcal per week Exercise in heat and humidity to induce heavy sweating

Aerobic exercise of sufficient duration/intensity to expend > 2000 kcal per week

Which athlete is likely to have above-normal bone mineral density? Amenorrheic gymnast Amenorrheic distance runner Distance swimmer Sprint swimmer

Amenorrheic gymnast

How do the terms eating disorder and disordered eating compare? These are interchangeable terms. Disordered eating is a precise term while eating disorder is a general term. An eating disorder has specified criteria but disordered eating is not well defined. Disordered eating has specified criteria but an eating disorder does not.

An eating disorder has specified criteria but disordered eating is not well defined.

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C? Antiviral agent Antifungal agent Anticancer agent Antioxidant agent

Antioxidant agent

It would be inappropriate to use scale weight to monitor exercise-related fluid loss and subsequent rehydration with which of the following athletes? Endurance athlete exercising in the heat Endurance athlete exercising in humid conditions Strength athlete Athlete struggling with body image

Athlete struggling with body image

Appetite suppression due to ketosis.

Atkins diet

Low fiber intake.

Atkins diet

Which weight-loss plan contains the lowest amount of dietary carbohydrate? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Zone diet

Atkins diet

Which weight-loss plan induces ketosis? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Zone diet

Atkins diet

According to recent scientific studies, which weight-loss plan has been proven to be most effective for short-term (one year) weight loss in obese people? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Atkins, Ornish, and Weight Watchers diets are equally effective.

Atkins, Ornish, and Weight Watchers diets are equally effective.

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme? Attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme Attaches to cell membranes to assist in the uptake of an enzyme Attaches to an enzyme and speeds up a reaction Attaches to an enzyme and allows for the transportation of the enzyme

Attaches to an enzyme and speeds up a reaction

Promising as a buffer of muscle pH

Beta-alanine

Effective in raising blood pH and bicarbonate concentration

Bicarbonate

Use in athletes is hampered by need to follow restrictive pre-measurement guidelines related to exercise and caffeine intake

Bioelectrical impedance (BIA)

Effective as a central nervous system stimulant

Caffeine

Which statement is true regarding caffeine and its effectiveness for weight loss? Caffeine is an effective weight loss agent in athletes and nonathletes. Caffeine is an effective weight loss agent in athletes but not in nonathletes. Caffeine is an effective weight loss agent in nonathletes but not in athletes. Caffeine is not an effective weight loss agent.

Caffeine is not an effective weight loss agent.

A low intake during childhood and adolescence can reduce peak bone mineral density by as much as 5 to 10 percent.

Calcium

What are "discretionary calories?" Calories needed to maintain energy balance after meeting macronutrient needs Calories obtained from fat and alcohol after meeting micronutrient needs Energy (kcal) obtained from snacks but not meals Energy (kcal) obtained from alcohol and sugar

Calories needed to maintain energy balance after meeting macronutrient needs

Small temporary increases in resting metabolic rate

Citrus aurantium

Why does the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission recommend that coaches not be involved in determining or evaluating an athlete's weight or body composition? Coaches always choose a weight that is too low. Coaches typically have the most influence over an athlete's behavior. Coaches do not have the time to closely monitor the athlete's diet. Coaches cause eating disorders.

Coaches typically have the most influence over an athlete's behavior.

What are prohormones? Compounds that change the hormonal balance in the body Compounds that are precursors to human growth hormone Compounds that are precursors to testosterone Compounds that directly increase the synthesis of muscle proteins

Compounds that are precursors to testosterone

What is the primary source of sodium in the average American diet? Using a salt shaker to add sodium to food Consuming food and fluid that naturally contain sodium Consuming processed food Consuming foods such as milk, vegetables, and grains

Consuming processed food

Effective for increasing lean body mass in athletes performing repeated high-intensity, short-duration exercise bouts

Creatine

According to scientific research, what effect does the DASH diet have on prevention and treatment of high blood pressure? DASH helps to treat high blood pressure but does not help to prevent it. DASH helps to prevent high blood pressure but does not help to treat it. DASH helps to prevent and treat high blood pressure. DASH has no effect on either treatment or prevention of high blood pressure.

DASH helps to prevent and treat high blood pressure.

Which method of testing body composition has a SEE of approximately ±1.8 percent? DEXA BIA NIR MRI

DEXA

Not effective as a performance enhancer

DHEA

A term that is used on food and supplement labels that is an estimate of the amount of a nutrient needed each day is ____. Dietary Reference Intake Daily Value Recommended Amount Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Daily Value

What is oxidative stress? Damage that occurs due to the increase in free radical production The additional burden put on the lungs to deliver oxygen during intense exercise A series of oxidation/reduction reactions necessary for the production of ATP The result of a subclinical or clinical B-complex vitamin deficiency

Damage that occurs due to the increase in free radical production

Which condition listed below is the most prevalent in athletes? Anorexia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa. Disordered eating. All of the above have approximately the same prevalence.

Disordered eating.

Low SEE but additional research needed before it can be considered the new gold standard of body composition assessment

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

An individual demonstrates some signs of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa but does not fully meet the criteria for either. How would this condition be characterized? Anorexia nervosa, purging type Binge eating disorder Eating disorder not otherwise specified "Normal" eating

Eating disorder not otherwise specified

Which of the following is true regarding male athletes and eating disorders? Eating disorders have only been documented in female athletes. Eating disorders have been documented in males but only in wrestlers and bodybuilders. Eating disorders in male athletes have been reported but the prevalence is low. The prevalence of eating disorders in male athletes is approaching that of female athletes.

Eating disorders in male athletes have been reported but the prevalence is low.

Typically described as being slightly built with less-developed muscle mass and fat stores

Ectomorphs

Characterized as being stocky, with wide hips and a tendency to easily gain body fat, especially visceral fat

Endomorphs

What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad? Health, fitness, and longevity Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia athletica Appearance, performance, and optimal body weight Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

Which term is used to describe normal menstruation? Amenorrhea Eumenorrhea Periodization Luteinization

Eumenorrhea

What characterizes body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)? Excessive concern with perceived body defects Being severely underweight Being severely obese Displaying and eating disorder

Excessive concern with perceived body defects

A decrease in body fat can disrupt the normal signaling of adipokines, hormone-like substances secreted from adipose tissue. True False

False

A nutrition periodization plan is sports specific but generally not athlete specific. True False

False

After tissues are saturated with water-soluble vitamins, any excess is excreted and no toxicity symptoms have been reported. True False

False

Alcohol is considered nutrient dense because it contains 7 kcal/g. True False

False

All body tissues contain approximately 75% water. True False

False

Anabolic steroid use by trained and recreational athletes for appearance purposes appears to be decreasing. True False

False

Anorexia nervosa means loss of appetite due to nervousness, which describes the first symptom that usually occurs. True False

False

Approximately one-third of the people who die in the United States each year die from chronic diseases. True False

False

Athletes should not use the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) because most athletes experience large losses of minerals in sweat, blood, or urine. True False

False

Athletes who train and perform in the water, such as swimmers and water polo players, rarely sweat while in the water. True False

False

Body mass index (BMI) is appropriate to use with trained athletes if the formula for the general population is adjusted by the standard error of the estimate (SEE). True False

False

By law, the maximum amount that can be in one vitamin pill or tablet is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). True False

False

Caffeine is considered an effective weight loss agent because it helps decrease body fat. True False

False

Caffeine is not on the National Collegiate Athletic Association's list of banned stimulants. True False

False

Caffeine's effectiveness for improving endurance performance is a result of an increased mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids. True False

False

Coaches' comments and behaviors are the primary cause of athletes' eating disorders. True False

False

Consistently climbing a few flights of stairs instead of riding an elevator will have little to no impact on long-term weight management. True False

False

Dehydration and hypohydration can be used interchangeably because they both refer to the process of losing water. True False

False

Diagnosing exercise dependence or voluntary excessive exercise is relatively easy because the diagnostic criterion is specific for the maximum amount of exercise that should be performed in a week. True False

False

Disordered eating is hard to define but easy to recognize. True False

False

Eating disorders are psychiatric diseases; therefore, treatment programs are limited to psychological therapy. True False

False

Endomorphs are typically described as being slightly built with less-developed muscle mass and fat stores. True False

False

Fat should never be part of a pre-exercise meal. True False

False

Fatty acids stored in subcutaneous fat are more easily mobilized than fatty acids stored in visceral fat. True False

False

Federal law does ensure the safety and effectiveness of all dietary supplements. True False

False

For an individual with metabolic syndrome, becoming more physically active will have a positive effect but only if it results in weight loss. True False

False

Good advice to athletes who exercise in hot, humid conditions is to drink as much as possible before and during exercise. True False

False

Heavy sweating results in a loss of plasma water and a decrease in plasma sodium concentration. True False

False

Hematocrit is a direct measure of the amount of iron in hemoglobin. True False

False

High-volume weight-bearing exercise offsets the loss of bone mineral density that would otherwise occur in amenorrheic athletes. True False

False

If a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been established, it must appear on the label of a vitamin supplement. True False

False

In healthy athletes, an increase in thiamin intake results in an increase in energy production. True False

False

In the U.S., the amount of caffeine contained in an energy beverage must be stated on the label. True False

False

In underwater weighing if the individual being tested is unable to exhale all of the air down to residual volume the extra air in the lungs results in an error that underestimates body fat. True False

False

It is generally recommended that athletes decrease body fat before increasing muscle mass because reducing body fat will provide a greater performance benefit than increasing muscle mass. True False

False

It is recommended that athletes avoid caffeine-containing beverages because of the negative effect these beverages have on fluid and electrolyte balance. True False

False

It makes sense for athletes engaged in prolonged endurance exercise to consume carbohydrates to improve performance and delay fatigue, but there is little evidence to suggest that such a strategy is beneficial. True False

False

Many adults take in too little dietary calcium, but high-dose calcium supplements after the age of 50 can compensate for low peak bone mineral density. True False

False

Most adults in the U.S. consume an adequate amount of vitamins. True False

False

Most athletes want to be in energy balance. True False

False

Most people who have been diagnosed with osteoporosis should not be physically active because activity would increase the risk for fracture. True False

False

Most vitamin toxicities take about one to two weeks to develop. True False

False

Most wrestlers that use self-induced vomiting and laxatives to "make weight" also have eating disorders. True False

False

Multimineral supplements have been carefully formulated and tested to make sure that the amounts contained do not interfere with absorption. True False

False

Niacin is very rarely a cofactor in cellular reactions. True False

False

Normal eating is defined as meeting all of the body's physiological needs. True False

False

Nutrition guidelines and recommendations concerning fat intake are standardized across organizations. True False

False

Obesity for adults is defined as a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9. True False

False

Of the carotenoids, beta-carotene has the most powerful antioxidant properties. True False

False

Pantothenic acid is part of co-enzyme A and large amounts of it increase the rate of energy reactions. True False

False

Reducing sodium intake will reduce blood pressure in all people who are hypertensive. True False

False

Research studies suggest that the lack of food prior to exercise does not impact performance. True False

False

Sedentary individuals can meet the recommended daily intake of vitamins through food alone, but most endurance athletes cannot because exercise accelerates the loss of vitamins. True False

False

Subclinical vitamin deficiencies are well documented for nearly all vitamins. True False

False

Suppression of menstruation in female athletes is due to low body fat stores. True False

False

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has published very specific guidelines for the amount and timing of fluid intake during prolonged endurance exercise. True False

False

The B-complex vitamins provide energy. True False

False

The Health at Every Size movement does not support the use of weight-loss diets unless the individual is severely obese. True False

False

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is listed on supplement labels and is a good guide for determining if the supplement contains a potentially toxic amount. True False

False

The addition of water to the body is primarily accomplished through metabolism. True False

False

The amount of vitamin storage in the body can accurately be measured with blood samples. True False

False

The best way for athletes to offset any small to moderate losses of mineral through sweat or urine is to take a multimineral supplement. True False

False

The condition of euhydration is when there is an insufficient amount of water in the body to meet physiological demands. True False

False

The large majority of studies in adults show that vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence and duration of colds. True False

False

The main electrolyte lost in sweat during exercise is potassium. True False

False

The majority of research studies conclude that weight cycling results in a decrease in resting metabolic rate over the long term. True False

False

The majority of studies conducted in athletes suggest that vitamin B12 injections boost red blood cell production. True False

False

The majority of studies have concluded that the use of ephedrine and caffeine by athletes is effective in producing a short-term weight loss of 8 to 9 pounds. True False

False

The majority of studies have shown that DHEA supplements have an anabolic effect and can enhance the performance of strength athletes. True False

False

The term "mixed eating disorder" is also used to describe anorexia athletica and anorexia nervosa. True False

False

The term discretionary calories refers to dietary fat that may be used as energy or stored depending on the body's metabolic needs. True False

False

The terms lean body mass and muscle mass can be used interchangeably because technically they are the same. True False

False

The use of "endurance formula" sports drinks is not an effective strategy for replacing sodium lost during prolonged exercise. True False

False

The water found in the ICF and the ECF remains static. True False

False

There is evidence that vitamin loss is substantially greater in athletes than in the sedentary population. True False

False

There is significant evidence that bitter orange enhances fat metabolism. True False

False

There is strong evidence that exercise substantially increases the need for most vitamins. True False

False

Those with bulimia nervosa are usually obese. True False

False

Those with bulimia nervosa most commonly purge by using laxatives. True False

False

Today underwater weighing is considered the gold standard for measuring body composition. True False

False

Type 2 diabetes is caused by eating too much sugar. True False

False

Underweight athletes have a relatively easy time gaining weight. True False

False

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that only works in conjunction with Vitamin E. True False

False

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all water soluble. True False

False

Weight cycling is a common characteristic of both anorexia athletica and anorexia nervosa. True False

False

Weight gain is an inevitable consequence of aging. True False

False

When blood calcium concentration decreases, calcium is immediately provided by the demineralization of bone. True False

False

When the body is deficient in a mineral, it increases absorption of that mineral to 100 percent until the deficiency state is reversed. True False

False

While loss of bone calcium is prevalent in older women, older men rarely lose bone calcium. True False

False

Whole milk is more nutrient dense than skim milk. True False

False

Which period of time is associated with the most rapid loss of bone mass? Age 20 to 35 years Age 35 to 50 years First ten years after menopause After males are 65 years or older

First ten years after menopause

Which of the following contains the largest amount of "heart healthy" fats? Palm oil Fish oil Egg Red meat

Fish oil

An athlete's pre-exercise weight is 163 pounds. His post-exercise weight is 161 pounds. What does this two (2) pound weight loss represent? Fat loss Loss of muscle mass Fluid loss Lean body mass

Fluid loss

What is interstitial fluid? Fluid surrounding the cells Any fluid associated with the cardiovascular system Any fluid that does not contain cations Plasma portion of the extracellular fluid compartment

Fluid surrounding the cells

Which vitamins are associated with red blood cell formation? Folic acid and vitamin B12 Vitamins D and B12 Thiamin, folic acid, and niacin Riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin

Folic acid and vitamin B12

What two sports have the highest prevalence of athletes with low estrogen concentrations and/or amenorrhea? Gymnasts and bodybuilders Gymnasts and distance runners Sprinters and distance runners Figure skaters and speed skaters

Gymnasts and distance runners

Which form of iron is best absorbed? Heme Non-heme Iron found in milk Iron found in vegetables

Heme

Which of the following is protective and powerful enough to "offset" one of the major risk factors for heart disease? Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dl High-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 60 mg/dl Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ˜ 100 mg/dl Triglycerides < 150 mg/dl

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 60 mg/dl

An athlete's body composition was tested by underwater weighing and he was told he had 13 percent body fat. How should he interpret this information? His percentage of body fat is 16 percent (13 percent storage fat + 3 percent essential fat). His percentage of body fat is between 10.3 and 15.7 percent. His percentage of body fat is not higher than 13 percent but it may be lower. His percentage of body fat is not lower than 13 percent but it may be higher.

His percentage of body fat is between 10.3 and 15.7 percent.

Which question is best answered by using the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)? How much of a vitamin is too much? Is the amount in this vitamin supplement safe? Is the amount in this vitamin supplement effective? How much of a certain vitamin is needed each day?

How much of a certain vitamin is needed each day?

If the presence of an eating disorder is suspected, which is the most appropriate course of action for a coach to take? Give the athlete time to resolve the issue before taking any action. Ask an assistant coach or athletic trainer to talk directly to the athlete. Meet with the athlete and casually discuss his or her food intake. Immediately refer the athlete to a trained professional for further evaluation.

Immediately refer the athlete to a trained professional for further evaluation.

An endurance athlete has been experiencing abdominal cramping and diarrhea and suspects that these symptoms are related to her pre-exercise meal. Which strategy should she try? Include more semisolid or liquid foods. Increase foods known to be constipating. Eliminate food and fluid intake prior to exercise. Increase the volume of food normally consumed.

Include more semisolid or liquid foods.

What effect would glycerol loading have on an athlete's body weight? No effect on body weight Quick decrease in body weight Slow decrease in body weight Increase in body weight

Increase in body weight

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect does exercise have on an athlete's vitamin requirements? Increases the need substantially, making vitamin supplementation necessary Increases the need substantially, but supplementation not necessary Increases the need slightly, but supplementation not necessary Increases the need slightly, making vitamin supplementation necessary

Increases the need slightly, but supplementation not necessary

What is the potential problem with consuming excess supplemental zinc? Anorexic (appetite suppressing) effect Increase in urinary tract infections Interference with iron absorption Excessive bruising

Interference with iron absorption

In which compartment is the largest amount of body fluid stored? Blood plasma Interstitial fluid Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid

Menstruation in female athletes can cause a deficiency.

Iron

Which of the following is classified as a trace mineral? Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur Iron

Iron

What is myoglobin? Storage form of hemoglobin Transport form of hemoglobin Iron-containing protein found in the liver Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Why do some athletes ingest glycerol prior to exercise? It repels water and acts as a mild diuretic. It attracts water and results in fluid retention. It is a readily available source of glucose during exercise. It directly offsets the rise in body temperature that occurs during exercise.

It attracts water and results in fluid retention.

Why is caffeine added to ephedrine-containing compounds? It enhances the effectiveness of ephedrine as a weight-loss agent. It reduces the side effects associated with ephedrine. It helps make ephedrine a more stable compound. It helps to reduce the potential for addiction.

It enhances the effectiveness of ephedrine as a weight-loss agent.

_____ is a hormone produced by fat cells and plays an important role in long-term energy balance and weight maintenance. Leptin Adrenaline Ghrelin Serotonin

Leptin

Which of the following characteristics is least likely associated with anorexia athletica? Voluntary excessive exercise Weight cycling Losing body fat to improve performance Lifelong struggle with abnormal eating patterns

Lifelong struggle with abnormal eating patterns

What is insensible water loss? Loss of water as a result of sweating but not cooling in humid conditions Large losses of water due to excessive sweating Loss of water from the body that is not noticeable Excessive loss of water through urine

Loss of water from the body that is not noticeable

What is the likely cause of the amenorrhea in those diagnosed with the Female Athlete Triad? Extremely low body fat stores Low energy availability Increase in stress hormones due to exercise Contraceptive techniques that result in absent menstruation

Low energy availability

Which of the following is least likely to be a major risk factor for heart disease? Cigarette smoking Hypertension Low total blood cholesterol concentration Low concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Low total blood cholesterol concentration

Athletes participating in which sport need to be the most concerned about consuming fluids that contain sodium to offset the amount being lost in sweat? Sprint running Field events (e.g., shot putting, high jumping) 10 km running Marathon running

Marathon running

How does mass differ from weight? Mass is a metric term while weight is a non-metric term. Mass is a measure of lean tissues while weight is a measure of fat and lean tissues. Mass is not affected by gravity while weight is affected by gravity. There is no difference between mass and weight.

Mass is not affected by gravity while weight is affected by gravity.

Can gain muscle mass relatively easily and typically do not have excessive amounts of body fat

Mesomorphs

The procedures are not disruptive for the subject as only one site on the body is typically measured

Near-infrared interactance (NIR)

What vitamin is contained in coenzymes necessary for the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain? Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6

Niacin

Which is the best source of vitamin E? Carrots Nuts Milk Orange juice

Nuts

A 30-year-old sedentary male has a body mass index (BMI) of 31. Which category does this place him in? Low BMI Healthy range Overweight Obesity

Obesity

Promising for use in athletes with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction due to asthma

Omega-3 fatty acids

Considering the body of scientific literature to date, what effect do dietary supplements have on performance? None have been shown to improve training or performance. Only a few have been shown to improve training or performance. The majority have been shown to improve training and performance. Nearly all have been shown to have a small training and performance effect.

Only a few have been shown to improve training or performance.

Emphasis on high-fiber carbohydrate foods.

Ornish diet

Goals include prevention and reversal of heart disease.

Ornish diet

Moderate amount of protein, mostly from plant sources.

Ornish diet

Which weight-loss plan contains the lowest amount of dietary fat? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Zone diet

Ornish diet

Why is iron not well absorbed from the intestinal tract? Most people consume too much iron on a daily basis. The physiological roles involving iron are limited and are of minor importance. Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects. Most people don't have the enzymes needed to absorb iron, especially as they age.

Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects.

Which vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A? Thiamin Riboflavin Folic acid (folate) Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), lists which one of the following as a criterion for anorexia nervosa? Persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of current low body weight Feeling that one can not stop eating or control what or how much one is eating Misuse of laxatives and diuretics Recurrent self-induced vomiting to prevent weight gain

Persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of current low body weight

Which accounts for the largest amount of water loss in an athlete exercising in the heat? Feces Lungs Perspiration Urine

Perspiration

Combines with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals in bones.

Phosphorus

Concern has been raised about high dietary consumption.

Phosphorus

What is the relationship between physical activity and weight loss? Physical activity must result in weight loss to be beneficial. Physical activity must be of long duration and high intensity to be beneficial. Physical activity must be coupled with dietary restriction to be beneficial. Physical activity is beneficial even if it does not result in weight loss.

Physical activity is beneficial even if it does not result in weight loss.

Of the following, which contributes most to causes of death in the United States? Excessive alcohol intake Poor diet and lack of exercise Motor vehicle accidents Microbial agents

Poor diet and lack of exercise

_____ is the primary cation in intracellular fluid. Sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride

Potassium

An expression of the ability to produce force in a short amount of time relative to body mass

Power-to-weight ratio

Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscle dysmorphia? Excessive protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. Severe psychological distress if not able to exercise. Lack of increase in muscle mass despite appropriate eating and exercise. Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size.

Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size.

An athlete is considering making a change to his or her diet in the next two weeks. According to the Stages of Change Model, what stage is the athlete currently in? Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action

Preparation

What effect does amenorrhea in athletes have on stress fractures? Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to lower bone mineral density. Prevalence of stress fractures is lower in those with amenorrhea due to lower bone mineral density. Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to higher bone mineral density resulting from exercise. Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to higher bone mineral density common in all athletes.

Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea due to lower bone mineral density.

Promising for enhancing gastrointestinal and immune health in athletes who engage in prolonged, intense exercise

Probiotics

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)? Lack of exercise increases risk for URTI. Moderate exercise decreases risk for URTI. Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI. Any type of exercise decreases risks for URTI.

Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI.

What is weight cycling? Rotating types of weight-bearing activities Alternating between dieting and bingeing Repeated weight loss and weight gain Riding a bicycle with added weights in order to accelerate loss of body fat

Repeated weight loss and weight gain

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal, voluntary exhalation

Residual volume

Which meal is lacking in vitamin C? Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea Hot dog, cabbage, French fries, and milk Steak, broccoli, baked potato, and coffee Spaghetti with fresh tomato sauce, garlic bread, and red wine

Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea

Toxicity can result in brittle hair and nails.

Selenium

When deficient, there is less proliferation of lymphocytes, immunoglobin production is decreased, and the ability to kill pathogens is reduced.

Selenium

In general, how long does it take vitamin toxicities to develop? Several days to a few weeks Several weeks to a few months Several months to a few years Many decades

Several months to a few years

Technician training and consistency are critical; can introduce a large degree of error

Skinfold measurements

What effect does adequate calcium intake have on loss of calcium from bone in the time period between attainment of peak bone mineral density and menopause? Increases bone density Stops the loss of bone calcium Slows the loss of bone calcium No effect on bone calcium

Slows the loss of bone calcium

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid? Sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride

Sodium

Is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) considered to be effective for use as a weight-loss supplement? No, the current body of research has determined that it is ineffective. Studies in animals were promising, but results of human studies have been inconsistent. Yes, the current body of research has established its safety and effectiveness. CLA is effective for small loss of body weight.

Studies in animals were promising, but results of human studies have been inconsistent.

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect do antioxidant vitamin supplements have on exercise-induced oxidative stress in endurance athletes? Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was decreased. Most of the studies showed no effect. Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was increased. Study results are equivocal and it is difficult to make definitive conclusions.

Study results are equivocal and it is difficult to make definitive conclusions.

Why are carbohydrates important for athletes? Carbohydrates keep protein and fat intake from being too high, which can be harmful. Carbohydrates are the most appetite-suppressing nutrient. Sufficient carbohydrates are needed to resynthesize muscle glycogen. Carbohydrate intake results in a small diuretic effect.

Sufficient carbohydrates are needed to resynthesize muscle glycogen.

What is the current regulatory status in the U.S. of ephedrine-containing dietary supplements? The U.S. has banned the sale of all ephedrine-containing dietary supplements. Supplements containing less than 10 mg of ephedrine are legal in most states but higher doses cannot be sold. Supplements containing less than 30 mg of ephedrine are legal in most states but higher doses cannot be sold. There are no restrictions for ephedrine-containing dietary supplements being sold.

Supplements containing less than 10 mg of ephedrine are legal in most states but higher doses cannot be sold.

What is false anemia? Iron-deficiency anemia in athletes Anemia associated with training at high altitudes Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training Change in hematocrit due to blood doping

Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training

Which condition is much more prevalent in males than in females? Anorexia athletica. The Adonis complex. Bulimia nervosa. Binge-eating.

The Adonis complex.

If the osmolarity of intracellular fluid (ICF) is higher than that of extracellular fluid (ECF), what is the tonicity of the blood? The blood is isotonic to the ICF. The blood is hypotonic to the ICF. The blood is hypertonic to the ICF. The blood is hypertonic to the ECF.

The blood is hypotonic to the ICF.

Why are eating disorders classified as psychiatric diseases? The fundamental causes involve issues such as body image and control. Eating disorders are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Eating disorders have few physiological effects. Health insurance reimbursement is higher for psychiatric diseases.

The fundamental causes involve issues such as body image and control.

Which is the best description of insulin resistance? The pancreas fails to produce insulin due to damage to alpha cells. The pancreas produces insulin but fails to secrete a sufficient amount when blood glucose is high. The pancreas secretes insulin, it is ineffective because body cells are insensitive to it action. The pancreas secretes glucagon instead of insulin in response to high blood glucose.

The pancreas secretes insulin, it is ineffective because body cells are insensitive to it action.

During prolonged endurance exercise, why does the liver have difficulty maintaining blood glucose within the normal range? Blood insulin concentration is decreased. Conversion of fructose to glucose does not take place. The central nervous system response is delayed. The rate of gluconeogenesis is limited.

The rate of gluconeogenesis is limited.

What do the majority of studies conclude about the safety of DHEA supplements? DHEA is safe for younger but not older adults. DHEA is safe for older but not younger adults. DHEA is not safe for adults. The safety profile of DHEA is not known.

The safety profile of DHEA is not known.

Which of the following is a true statement about physical activity and aging in general? The total amount of physical activity stays the same, but there is a decrease in the intensity and duration of individual activities. The total amount of physical activity declines, but there is an increase in the intensity of individual activities. The total amount of physical activity as well as the intensity and duration of individual activities declines. After retirement there is an increase in the amount, intensity, and duration of physical activity because people have more time to exercise.

The total amount of physical activity as well as the intensity and duration of individual activities declines.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding extracellular (ECF) and intracellular (ICF) fluids under normal conditions? The total concentrations of all solutes of the ECF and the ICF are the same. The ionic composition of the ECF and the ICF are the same. The osmolarity of the ECF is greater than that of the ICF. The osmolarity of the ICF is greater than that of the ECF.

The total concentrations of all solutes of the ECF and the ICF are the same.

Which of the following statements is true about B-complex vitamins? These vitamins contain energy and are directly associated with fatigue. These vitamins are involved in the production of ATP. Studies show that sub-clinical deficiencies typically result in fatigue. Athletes generally improve performance when they take a low-dose supplement.

These vitamins are involved in the production of ATP.

What is one of the reasons why combat athletes, such as wrestlers, who restrict food and purge to "make weight" are not considered to have an eating disorder? They possess the psychological pathology that accompanies eating disorders but it is not severe. They do not base their self-esteem on weight. They do not fall within the normal range on tests of eating attitudes. They are immune to developing eating disorders.

They do not base their self-esteem on weight.

What effect do vitamin B12 injections have in healthy athletes? They increase red blood cell production. They increase oxygen delivery to cells. They delay the onset of fatigue. They have no effect.

They have no effect.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sweat in trained athletes? They typically have lower sweat rates than sedentary individuals. They typically have higher sweat rates than sedentary individuals. They typically start sweating later than sedentary individuals. They seldom differ in sweating between healthy, sedentary individuals.

They typically have higher sweat rates than sedentary individuals.

Why is half of the thiamin (vitamin B1) found in the body found in skeletal muscle? Thiamin is needed to catalyze reactions involved in ATP production. Thiamin is needed to release glucose from glycogen stores. Thiamin is needed to store glucose as glycogen. Thiamin is needed to transaminate amino acids.

Thiamin is needed to catalyze reactions involved in ATP production.

Which statement is true about an athlete's progression from a normal eating pattern to disordered eating and then to an eating disorder? This progression always occurs due to the pressures that athletes face. This progression is influenced only eating behaviors, and is independent of exercise behaviors. This progression is driven exclusively by psychological stresses. This progression is caused by many factors, including inappropriate eating and dieting, training demands, and psychological stresses.

This progression is caused by many factors, including inappropriate eating and dieting, training demands, and psychological stresses.

Would the statement, "Calcium builds strong bones" be allowed to appear on a dietary supplement label? This statement is a health claim and such claims are not allowed. This statement is a therapeutic claim and such claims are not allowed. This statement is a therapeutic claim and such claims are allowed. This statement is a health claim and such claims are allowed.

This statement is a health claim and such claims are allowed.

What is the role of myoglobin? To store excess iron when iron storage in the liver reaches full capacity To bind oxygen within skeletal muscle to facilitate rapid oxygen utilization To bind excess iron in the GI tract to help prevent overconsumption To facilitate the transfer of oxygen from the lungs into the blood

To bind oxygen within skeletal muscle to facilitate rapid oxygen utilization

Why is it important to consume carbohydrate immediately after exercise? To resynthesize muscle glycogen at its highest rate To build and repair muscle To replenish fat storage (adipose tissue) To replace lost electrolytes

To resynthesize muscle glycogen at its highest rate

"Good" cholesterol is a term used to describe cholesterol that is attached to high-density lipoproteins. True False

True

A common response to the stress of competition is gastrointestinal upset. True False

True

A decrease in plasma volume occurs within the first few minutes after exercise begins. True False

True

A diet is a pattern of eating. True False

True

A healthy diet is important in the treatment of metabolic syndrome but becoming physically active will likely have a much stronger effect. True False

True

A minimum body weight calculation takes into account the lowest percentage of body fat that an athlete could likely achieve without putting health at risk. True False

True

A moderate potassium deficiency can result in increased blood pressure and increased urinary calcium excretion. True False

True

A nutrient dense food is rich in nutrients compared to its caloric content. True False

True

A simple and practical hydration assessment tool to monitor hydration status is to evaluate daily weight loss, urine color, and thirst. True False

True

A sub-clinical deficiency progresses over a long period of time with no visible symptoms. True False

True

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may take several hours, and transport in the blood requires that they be bound to a carrier. True False

True

Adequate mineral intake for athletes is generally associated with adequate caloric intake. True False

True

Adequate vitamin intake for athletes is generally associated with adequate caloric intake and consuming a variety of foods. True False

True

All fluids can have a diuretic effect. True False

True

All methods for measuring body composition have some inherent error. True False

True

Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with low estrogen secretion that results in reduced bone mineral density. True False

True

Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with low estrogen secretion that results in the loss of calcium from bone. True False

True

Androstenedione is banned by most sports-governing bodies, which consider its use unethical and unsafe. True False

True

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimum body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. True False

True

Any female athlete can be at risk for the Female Athlete Triad. True False

True

As the time before the onset of exercise increases, the amount of carbohydrate that can be tolerated increases. True False

True

Athletes who restrict energy intake should increase protein intake to at least 1.4 g/kg of body weight to protect against large losses of lean body mass. True False

True

Athletes with and without disordered eating patterns share many features of their diet and exercise patterns but differ in their actions and perspectives. True False

True

Bone primarily consists of calcium and phosphorus. True False

True

Botanicals are compounds that have been extracted from foods and then concentrated in pills or tablets. True False

True

Caffeine is addictive. True False

True

Calcium and iron compete with each other for absorption. True False

True

Calcium metabolism is under substantial hormonal control. True False

True

Chronic diseases can begin in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. True False

True

DEXA scans are most often associated with measuring bone mineral density; however, they can also be used to assess body composition. True False

True

Distance runners often consume a low-fat diet, which is associated with a low vitamin E intake. True False

True

Each vitamin plays specific roles in the body that cannot be replaced or substituted by other vitamins. True False

True

Eating disorders and disordered eating differ in their degree of severity. True False

True

Eating disorders are classified as psychiatric diseases because control, body image, and self-esteem are underlying factors. True False

True

Excretion of minerals is usually low. True False

True

Exertional heat cramps may be the result of rapid and large losses of fluid and sodium. True False

True

For the sedentary adult or the athlete who is not accustomed to strength training, virtually any strength-training protocol will result in increases in strength and some initial increase in muscle mass. True False

True

For underweight athletes who are not struggling with disordered eating, the general recommendation is to increase caloric intake by approximately 500 kcal daily. True False

True

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are much more likely to react with vitamin E than with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane. True False

True

From a nutrition perspective, when athletes are trying to increase muscle mass, an adequate energy (kcal) intake is as important as an adequate protein intake. True False

True

Glycerol is an osmotically active, water-retaining molecule. True False

True

Glycerol loading results in a gain in body weight. True False

True

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein. True False

True

Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L. True False

True

If all conditions are controlled appropriately and subject and technical error is minimized, the estimate obtained via BIA is comparable to that of skinfold assessments. True False

True

In children and adolescents, overweight is defined as having a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles on the CDC growth chart. True False

True

In females, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is greater than the prevalence of anorexia nervosa. True False

True

In individuals with type 2 diabetes, both carbohydrate and fat metabolism are abnormal. True False

True

In sports in which explosive power is a requirement or provides a competitive advantage, having a high power-to-weight ratio is important. True False

True

In the U.S., clinical mineral deficiencies are typically limited to iron and calcium. True False

True

In those with anorexia athletica, the primary purpose of a low body weight is performance rather than appearance. True False

True

Iron-deficiency anemia negatively affects performance. True False

True

Irregular or absent menstruation results in a loss of bone mineral density and is associated with a greater incidence of lower leg stress fractures in distance runners. True False

True

It is easy for athletes who train in the heat to dehydrate because the rate of water absorption from the stomach and intestine is usually slower than the rate of loss from sweat. True False

True

It is recommended that coaches not suggest to an athlete that weight should be reduced because of the influence the coach has over an athlete's behavior. True False

True

It is unsafe to make a blanket recommendation for fluid intake during exercise for all members of the same team. True False

True

Little is known about eating disorders and disordered eating in males. True False

True

Many highly trained athletes monitor their caloric intake but one of the distinguishing features of an athlete with a disordered eating pattern is that caloric intake is inadequate. True False

True

Many minerals have similar chemical properties and compete with each other for absorption. True False

True

Minerals are usually absorbed better when food is present in the gastrointestinal tract. True False

True

Moderate alcohol intake may be beneficial for reducing risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes because of its ability to increase high-density lipoproteins and its effects on blood clotting. True False

True

Most ephedrine-containing supplements also contain caffeine, a member of a group of stimulants known as the methylxanthines. True False

True

Muscle glycogen is resynthesized at its highest rate immediately after exercise. True False

True

Normal eating in elite athletes is hard to define but is typically characterized by discipline but not obsession. True False

True

Normal eating involves moderate restraint. True False

True

Of the antioxidant vitamins, it is most crucial to consume vitamin C on a daily basis because it is water soluble. True False

True

On average, men and African American women have approximately 20% greater bone density than Caucasian women. True False

True

One of every three adults in the United States is hypertensive. True False

True

One of the results of a prolonged energy deficit is the suppression of menstruation in female athletes. True False

True

One way to decrease cholesterol and saturated fats in the diet is to reduce the intake of saturated fats. True False

True

One-third of all cancer deaths in the U.S. are associated with poor diet, inactivity, and excess body weight. True False

True

Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted by the intestines and causes a decreased drive to eat. True False

True

Physiological changes and food intake behavior are primarily controlled by the hypothalamus on both a short-term and long-term basis. True False

True

Plasma and interstitial fluid, have nearly identical composition and distribution of electrolytes. True False

True

Plasma serves as the fluid transportation medium to transport substances such as red blood cells, gases, and nutrients, throughout the body. True False

True

Postexercise protein intake, properly timed, is beneficial to muscle protein anabolism True False

True

Pre-exercise food and fluid intake recommendations are general guidelines that athletes must adjust based on trial and error. True False

True

Precursors to testosterone are known as prohormones. True False

True

Protein supplements are not more or less effective than food proteins. True False

True

Rigid adherence to attaining a given scale weight or body composition is never recommended. True False

True

Some young adult amenorrheic distance runners and ballerinas may have osteopenia and osteoporosis, conditions generally associated with older women. True False

True

Sports considered at high risk for development of disordered eating include bodybuilding, lightweight rowing, and distance running. True False

True

Storage fat is composed of subcutaneous fat and visceral fat. True False

True

Studies have found that college athletes consume more alcoholic drinks per week, binge drink, and engage in risky behaviors more often than nonathletes. True False

True

Studies show that the most important characteristic of any weight-loss diet for obese, sedentary individuals is the restriction of energy intake, not the carbohydrate, protein, or fat distribution of the diet. True False

True

Supplemental zinc can interfere with the absorption of iron and copper. True False

True

The amount of a vitamin needed each day may vary based on gender. True False

True

The extracellular fluid (ECF) is referred to as the "gateway" because water must pass through the ECF to reach cells. True False

True

The majority of women in the U.S. consume an insufficient amount of dietary calcium. True False

True

The only true measurement of the amount of fat in the body is by chemical analysis of cadavers. True False

True

The onset of anorexia nervosa is most common during late adolescence and early adulthood. True False

True

The term mass is often used interchangeably with weight, but technically, they are not the same. True False

True

The well-documented advantages of taking a vitamin supplement are typically related to reversing or preventing vitamin deficiencies that have resulted from a poor dietary intake. True False

True

The wrong precompetition meal can be far more detrimental than the right precompetition meal can be beneficial. True False

True

There is a strong inverse relationship between level of physical activity/fitness and development of obesity. True False

True

There is a strong inverse relationship between physical activity and premature mortality. True False

True

There is an association between body weight, chronic disease risk, and mortality but this association is very much influenced by cardiovascular fitness. True False

True

There is an inevitable decline in physical activity as people age. True False

True

There is no evidence that athletes consuming a diet that is adequate in energy and nutrients need vitamin or mineral supplementation or that such supplementation will improve performance. True False

True

There is some evidence that mineral loss may be greater in athletes than in the sedentary population. True False

True

Those with osteoporosis have a greater risk for spine, hip, and wrist fractures. True False

True

Through osmosis, water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. True False

True

Trabecular bone has a higher rate of metabolic activity and turnover than cortical bone. True False

True

Under normal conditions, sodium is actively pumped out of cells while potassium is simultaneously pumped into cells. True False

True

Underwater weighing and plethysmography are two methods that use body density to estimate body composition. True False

True

Upper body obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome. True False

True

Use of anabolic steroids by males may lead to a decrease in testicle size, early-onset baldness, and development of breast tissue. True False

True

Vitamin B6 is found in both plant and animal sources. True False

True

Vitamins with anti-oxidant properties can be fat-soluble or water-soluble. True False

True

Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and circulate in the blood without the need for a carrier. True False

True

When adequate calcium and iron are consumed from naturally occurring food sources, it is likely that the intake of other minerals is also adequate. True False

True

When compared to male athletes in similar sports, females usually have a higher percentage of body fat. True False

True

When conditions are more humid, sweating is a less effective means of regulating body temperature. True False

True

When hypohydration occurs in the ECF, the osmolarity of the ECF increases and water shifts from the cells to the ECF. True False

True

When iron-deficiency anemia is present, aerobic capacity declines and subsequently increases with iron supplementation. True False

True

When male athletes are trying to increase muscle tissue, it is generally recommended that they increase their caloric intake by about 400 to 500 kcal daily. True False

True

When the body wants to limit iron absorption it can leave iron in mucosal cells and wait for those cells to die and slough off. True False

True

When the extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid, there will be a net water movement out of the cell. True False

True

Assuming that it can be tolerated, which athlete may find a beverage containing a carbohydrate concentration greater than 10% to be beneficial during exercise? 800 m runner 10,000 m (10 K) runner Ultraendurance runner A team sport athlete

Ultraendurance runner

Subject error may be substantial

Underwater weighing

Which of the following is least likely a chronic disease? Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes Upper respiratory tract infection Osteoporosis

Upper respiratory tract infection

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sodium excretion? Urinary sodium excretion is precisely controlled by the kidneys. If sodium intake is high, most of the excess sodium is excreted via sweat. If sodium intake is high, most of the excess sodium is excreted via the feces. Excess sodium intake is difficult to excrete and any excess is stored in the liver.

Urinary sodium excretion is precisely controlled by the kidneys.

Which accounts for the largest amount of water loss in a sedentary individual? Feces Lungs Perspiration Urine

Urine

Which behavior would least likely to be associated with a binge-eating disorder? Eating much more rapidly than normal Eating until feeling uncomfortably full Using compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty after bingeing

Using compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain

Which statement best fits with a description of normal eating? Eating only nutritious foods and trying to consume a perfect diet Eating even when not hungry Extreme control over amount and type of food Using moderate constraint in food selection to get nutritious food, but not missing out on pleasurable food

Using moderate constraint in food selection to get nutritious food, but not missing out on pleasurable food

How does visceral fat stored in the abdominal area differ from subcutaneous fat? Subcutaneous fat is more metabolically active. Visceral fat is more metabolically active. Subcutaneous fat surrounds your organs. Visceral fat is more superficial.

Visceral fat is more metabolically active.

Overconsumption of which vitamin is most likely to result in toxicity? Vitamin A (retinol) Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) Vitamin B1 (thiamin) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Vitamin A (retinol)

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin A from food? Vitamin A is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food. Low vitamin A intake from food is rare. Vitamin A intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake. Vitamin A intake generally reflects energy intake.

Vitamin A intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.

What vitamin needs to be attached to intrinsic factor (IF) to be absorbed? Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12

What vitamin(s) is/are only found in foods of animal origin? Vitamin B1 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 All of the above

Vitamin B12

The vitamin associated with amino acid metabolism is ____. Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6

Effective for decreasing the duration of a cold but not effective for preventing colds

Vitamin C

Which antioxidant vitamin is most crucial to consume on a daily basis? Vitamin A as retinol Vitamin A as beta-carotene Vitamin C Vitamin E

Vitamin C

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin C from food? Vitamin C is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food. Low vitamin C intake from food is rare. Vitamin C intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake. Vitamin C intake generally reflects energy intake.

Vitamin C intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.

How are vitamin C and vitamin E related? Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized. Vitamin E regenerates vitamin C after it has been oxidized. Both are antioxidants involved in reactions in extracellular tissue. Both are antioxidants involved in intracellular reactions.

Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized.

The need for which vitamin increases with age? Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin C Vitamin D

Vitamin D

Majority of studies have shown no performance or health benefits with supplementation

Vitamin E

The intake of which vitamin is likely to be low in both athletic and sedentary Americans? Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin E

Vitamin E

Wheat germ is an excellent source of which vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E

Vitamin E

Which antioxidant vitamin listed depends on vitamin C for regeneration after it has been oxidized? Vitamin A as retinol Vitamin A as carotenoids Vitamin D Vitamin E

Vitamin E

If the osmolarity of intracellular fluid is higher than that of extracellular fluid, what is the effect on water movement? Water will flow out of the cell. Water will flow into the cell. More water will be absorbed from food. More sweat will be produced.

Water will flow into the cell.

Offers support system.

Weight Watchers

Reduces caloric intake indirectly through the points system.

Weight Watchers

Which weight-loss plan is known for its support system? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Zone diet

Weight Watchers diet

In which sport are athletes likely to meet the criteria for anorexia athletica but rarely for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa? Gymnastics Wrestling Ballet Long-distance running

Wrestling

Supplementation can interfere with the absorption of iron and copper.

Zinc

When lacking, could result in a higher incidence of colds due to a decreased immune system.

Zinc

Also referred to as the 40-30-30 diet.

Zone diet

Emphasizes monounsaturated fats because of their influence on the production of eicosanoids.

Zone diet

Emphasizes the glycemic effect of carbohydrates.

Zone diet

Which weight loss plan is also known as the 40-30-30 diet? Atkins diet Ornish diet Weight Watchers diet Zone diet

Zone diet

Ephedra is ____. an ephedrine alkaloid a botanical term and refers to a genus of plants contained within the stems and branches of plants the primary active ingredient in ephedrine plants

a botanical term and refers to a genus of plants

When environmental conditions are more humid, sweating is ____. a more effective means of regulating body temperature a less effective means of regulating body temperature not affected by the change dangerous to an active individual

a less effective means of regulating body temperature

Determination of body composition by skinfold measurements is based upon the assumption that ____. people with more body fat have thicker skin a measurement of the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer is directly related to the total amount of fat in the body skinfold thickness in people with more body fat will be lower because fat is compressed when pinched skinfold calipers will measure the amount of light absorbed and reflected by body tissues such as fat and muscle

a measurement of the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer is directly related to the total amount of fat in the body

If an individual has an android pattern of fat distribution, where will fat be predominantly stored? abdomen buttocks hips thighs

abdomen

Amenorrhea is defined as an ____. abnormally high concentration of estrogen-related hormones absence or suppression of menstruation excess production of testosterone in females absence of normal testosterone production in males

absence or suppression of menstruation

The term bioavailability refers to ____. absorption only utilization only retention only absorption, utilization, and retention

absorption, utilization, and retention

Before bioelectrical impedance analysis is performed, the subject should ____. avoid any activity within 12 hours of the assessment abstain from eating or drinking within 4 hours of the assessment abstain from alcohol consumption within 72 hours of the assessment ingest diuretic agents such as caffeine

abstain from eating or drinking within 4 hours of the assessment

In which cycle is an athlete's energy intake likely to be the lowest? active recovery racing season specific training general training

active recovery

In addition to beverages and food, another source of water for the body is ____. aerobic metabolism anaerobic metabolism osmosis hydrostatic pressure

aerobic metabolism

The main function of vitamin E is to act as a(n) ____. coenzyme free radical fat antioxidant

antioxidant

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an isomer of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid found in ____. legumes dark green vegetables fish beef

beef

A dietary source of chromium is ____. leafy green vegetables milk meat beer

beer

What dietary supplement may result in an increase in nitric oxide, which influences blood flow and may reduce the oxygen cost of submaximal aerobic exercise? chromium antioxidant vitamins beet juice branched chained amino acids

beet juice

The best definition of excessive exercise is ____. exercise equivalent to running more than 50 miles/week exercise equivalent to running more than 100 miles/week exercise equivalent to running more than 150 miles/week being unable to determine the amount of exercise that is excessive

being unable to determine the amount of exercise that is excessive

When an athlete is hypohydrated, ____. core temperature during exercise is lower than when euhydrated blood volume is lower than when euhydrated endurance exercise performance is higher than when euhydrated the amount of water present easily meets the amount required for physiological functions

blood volume is lower than when euhydrated

The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) body composition method uses the rationale that ____. body tissues can be distinguished based upon their relative ability to conduct electrical currents different tissues will absorb or reflect light bone density is related to body composition displacement of air will determine body volume

body tissues can be distinguished based upon their relative ability to conduct electrical currents

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa share many clinical features, although ____ is a major difference between these two conditions. body image psychological pathology body weight emphasis on diet

body weight

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was originally developed for clinical use for measuring ____. fat mass fat-free mass bone density hydration

bone density

The source of calcium during the process known as fast calcium exchange is ____. dissolution of bone blood plasma bone fluid liver calcium stores

bone fluid

Osteopenia is defined as a low ____. bone mineral density bone mineral density with changes in bone microarchitecture calcium intake in the presence of amenorrhea calcium intake over several decades

bone mineral density

The immediate feeling of "energy" produced by energy drinks is most likely due to ____. kilocalories carbohydrate caffeine electrolytes

caffeine

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control is ____. zinc iron calcium selenium

calcium

A symptom of toxicity of which mineral can result in impaired renal function? iron chloride calcium boron

calcium

Disordered eating ____. is indicated by being underweight is indicated by being a normal weight is indicated by being overweight cannot be predicted by body weight

cannot be predicted by body weight

Once an energy (kcal) goal has been established, in what order should the other nutrients be considered? carbohydrate, fat, protein carbohydrate, protein, fat protein, carbohydrate, fat fat, carbohydrate, protein

carbohydrate, protein, fat

Body fat can be directly measured by ____. bioelectrical impedance skinfold measurement underwater weighing chemical analysis of human cadavers

chemical analysis of human cadavers

The development of fatty streaks, a change associated with eventual narrowing of the arteries, typically begins in ____. childhood and adolescence early adulthood (20s and 30s) middle adulthood (40s and 50s) older adulthood (60s and beyond)

childhood and adolescence

The female athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is an athlete who ____. chronically restricts energy intake only eats three times per day is chronically dehydrated consumes a low-fiber diet

chronically restricts energy intake

A hip fracture in a 70-year-old woman most likely indicates ____. clinical deficiency of iron subclinical deficiency of iron clinical deficiency of calcium subclinical deficiency of calcium

clinical deficiency of calcium

To avoid a moderate potassium deficiency, it is recommended that individuals, including athletes, should ____. use a salt substitute (potassium chloride) daily avoid exercising in the heat consume a variety of fruits and vegetables daily consume snack foods such as popcorn

consume a variety of fruits and vegetables daily

Adequate mineral status is typically a reflection of ____. consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods, some of which are fortified a diet consisting of mostly protein-rich foods containing high amounts of minerals consumption of primarily non-meat foods use of mineral and vitamin supplements

consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods, some of which are fortified

Synthesis of hemoglobin is dependent on which of the following microminerals? iodine zinc selenium copper

copper

The micromineral that is necessary for the conversion of iron from its storage to its transport form is ____. copper magnesium sodium zinc

copper

What forms the basis for planning an athlete's diet? carbohydrate intake protein intake fat intake daily caloric intake

daily caloric intake

Caffeine most likely affects endurance performance by ____. enhancing mobilization and oxidation of free fatty acids using fatty acids and thus sparing muscle glycogen decreasing the perception of effort increasing skeletal muscle strength

decreasing the perception of effort

The amount of any nutrient absorbed from food depends on whether the body is in a state of ____. deficiency homeostasis toxicity anemia

deficiency

Specific Activity Guidelines published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services state that children and adolescents (ages 6-17) should ____. not engage in any vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise do 1 hour or more a day of mostly moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity do 2 hours or more a day of mostly moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity do 2 hours and 30 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 1 hour and 15 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or a combination of these

do 1 hour or more a day of mostly moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity

Specific Activity Guidelines published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services state that adults (ages 18-64) should ____. not engage in any vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise unless they are highly trained athletes do 1 hour or more a day of mostly moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity do 2 hours or more a day of mostly moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity do 2 hours and 30 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 1 hour and 15 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or a combination of these

do 2 hours and 30 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 1 hour and 15 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or a combination of these

Based on body shape, an individual who is stocky with a tendency to gain body fat deep in the abdomen would be classified as ____. ectomorphic endomorphic mesomorphic overweight

endomorphic

Much of the information about intake during exercise focuses on athletes in ____ sports because the risk for heat illness is high, hyponatremia can occur, and the need for fluid and carbohydrate is great. strength endurance intermittent, high intensity adolescent

endurance

The male athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is a(n) ____. strength athlete engaging in high volume resistance training wrestler who "makes weight" by dehydrating "stop and go" athlete endurance runner

endurance runner

Low energy availability is defined as a(n) ____. energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake low energy intake caused by an eating disorder hormonal disruption that results in the delayed uptake of glucose reduced metabolic rate due to self-imposed starvation

energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake

Blood cells whose primary function is the transport of oxygen are called ____. hemoglobin leukocytes platelets erythrocytes

erythrocytes

The formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) is related to ____. the amount of antioxidants circulating in the blood the amount of antioxidants consumed as supplements exercise intensity and duration lack of cardiovascular fitness

exercise intensity and duration

Which food is typically nutrient dense? sugar alcohol whole milk fish

fish

The best description of "normal" eating is ____. unplanned systematic flexible ritualistic

flexible

The cardiovascular system adjusts to the demands of exercise and oxygen delivery resulting in ____. fluid being transferred from interstitial space into the plasma fluid being transferred from the plasma to the interstitial space water leaking out of the ECF water leaking into the ECF

fluid being transferred from the plasma to the interstitial space

The nutrition guidelines outlined by various health-related organizations are ____. fundamentally the same, but recommendations vary fundamentally the same, with the same recommendations fundamentally different from each other in opposition with each other

fundamentally the same, but recommendations vary

A beverage containing a carbohydrate concentration greater than 10% may be detrimental to an athlete during exercise because ____. gastric emptying is slowed gastric emptying is accelerated volume of urine is increased concentration of urine is increased

gastric emptying is slowed

An athlete diagnosed with celiac disease will need to follow a ____ diet to prevent flare-ups of symptoms that can interfere with training and performance. lactose-free vegetarian gluten-free low-fat

gluten-free

Body composition plays a relatively minor role in the performance of athletes who are successful in ____. distance running gymnastics basketball golf

golf

Which weight-loss supplement should be used with caution due to some reports of liver toxicity? ephedrine green tea extract DHEA bitter orange

green tea extract

High bioavailability refers to a compound that ____. is metabolized quickly can be transported without attaching to a protein has a high degree of absorption and utilization is concentrated in food

has a high degree of absorption and utilization

Exercise is effective for those with type 2 diabetes because it ____. stimulates the pancreas to secrete more insulin has a strong insulin-like effect and stimulates glucose uptake into muscles helps repair the alpha cells in the pancreas improves aerobic fitness

has a strong insulin-like effect and stimulates glucose uptake into muscles

If a female athlete is having almost non-existent menstrual periods, experiencing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, and resolving to train more and eat less than usual, she may ____. have anorexia athletica and need immediate attention have disordered eating, but will not need treatment not need to be approached because her behaviors are common to athletes have anorexia athletica, a form of anorexia that does not need treatment

have anorexia athletica and need immediate attention

BMI = weight (kg) / ____ % body fat height2 (meters) muscle mass fat-free mass

height2 (meters)

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for sodium is 1,500 mg daily, however, these recommendations do NOT apply to ____. men and women under the age of 50 sedentary individuals lightly active individuals highly active individuals who sweat heavily

highly active individuals who sweat heavily

Created when there is a difference in fluid pressure between to areas.

hydrostatic pressure

Results in water moving from blood plasma to interstitial spaces.

hydrostatic pressure

Common symptoms in individuals with type 2 diabetes include ____. hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia

hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia

Females do not always exhibit the typical gynoid pattern because of genetics, menopausal status, and ____. diabetes hypertension obesity high blood cholesterol

hypertension

Of the chronic diseases listed, when an individual's BMI increases it has the greatest impact on risk for ____. diabetes heart disease hypertension high blood cholesterol

hypertension

Approximately how much sweat can an athlete lose each hour when exercising in a hot and humid environment? 1 milliliter per hour 1 liter per hour 1 gallon per hour 25 cups per hour

hypertonic

Body fluids are considered to be ____ if they have a concentration of solutes that is greater than the concentration of solutes in the cell.

hypertonic

When a person sweats heavily, there is a loss of water from the extracellular fluid and the ECF becomes ____ in relation to the intracellular fluid.

hypertonic

A condition that results from consuming excess fluids is called ____. hypohydration euhydration hyperhydration dehydration

hypohydration

Body fluids are considered to be ____ if they have a concentration of solutes that is less than the concentration of solutes in the cell.

hypotonic

When a fluid has a lower osmolarity than the reference fluid.

hypotonic

Moderate alcohol intake may be beneficial for reducing risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes because of its ability to ____ and its effects on blood clotting. decrease blood pressure decrease low-density lipoproteins increase high-density lipoproteins decrease cardiac arrhythmias

increase high-density lipoproteins

Weight cycling may cause a(n) ____. decrease in resting metabolic rate decrease in short-term, high-intensity exercise performance increase in sprinting, jump height, and anaerobic exercise performance increase in anger, tension, and fatigue

increase in anger, tension, and fatigue

Of the following, the most critical intervention because of its strong and independent effect on metabolic syndrome is the ____. reduction in dietary fat and cholesterol intake increase in physical activity reduction of stress-related factors increase in aspirin intake

increase in physical activity

The known side effects of supplements containing ephedrine include ____. insomnia hypotension decreased heart rate dizziness

insomnia

The rate and extent to which muscle glycogen is resynthesized depends on a number of factors, including the presence of ____. glucagon insulin sodium calcium

insulin

The primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes is ____. lack of insulin production insulin resistance overproduction of glucagon hypoglycemia

insulin resistance

An important physiological role for chromium is that it enhances ____. oxygen uptake and transport insulin sensitivity calcium uptake and helps to stabilize blood calcium levels the conversion of alcohol to stored body fat

insulin sensitivity

The major component of extracellular fluid is ____. blood plasma interstitial fluid lymphatic fluid transcellular fluid

interstitial fluid

The mineral predominantly found in hemoglobin is ____. calcium iron zinc selenium

iron

The most prevalent clinical mineral deficiencies in industrialized countries are ____. sodium and potassium boron and selenium iodine and zinc iron and calcium

iron and calcium

The most common type of nutritional anemia is ____. megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency pernicious anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption iron-deficiency anemia

iron-deficiency anemia

DHEA ____. supplements may be "spiked" with anabolic steroids and are included in the Anabolic Steroid Control Act supplementation is recommended for baseball players is considered a weak androgen (steroid) and is not included under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act diminishes substantially after the age of 65

is considered a weak androgen (steroid) and is not included under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act

What does the term "empty" calories mean? high in calories devoid of calories contains artificial sweeteners lack of nutrients

lack of nutrients

Heat cramps (total body cramping when exercising in the heat) in athletes who are "salty sweaters" appear to be caused by ____. dehydration sodium depletion large losses of fluid and sodium non-nutritional factors

large losses of fluid and sodium

Two factors that may be associated with hyponatremia are ____. large losses of sodium in sweat and low water intake large losses of sodium in sweat and excessive water intake intake of salt tablets and low water intake intake of salt tablets and excessive water intake

large losses of sodium in sweat and excessive water intake

Two methods used by individuals with bulimia nervosa to prevent food from being absorbed are vomiting and ____. diuretics laxatives enemas starvation

laxatives

Excretion of minerals is generally ____. zero low moderate high

low

Risk for premature mortality for a person with a BMI of 23 is ____. zero low moderate high

low

Absorption of minerals is generally ____. low and well regulated low and unpredictable high and well regulated high and unpredictable

low and well regulated

The two factors that best explain the increased risk for osteoporosis in elite female distance runners are ____. age and poor diet African-American heritage and poor diet family history and low estrogen low caloric intake and low estrogen

low caloric intake and low estrogen

Many distance runners have low bone density, which is most likely due to ____. high caloric intake low energy availability weight-bearing activities always tend to decrease bone mineral density a clinical mineral deficiency

low energy availability

Some surveys suggest that dietary vitamin E intake is low in endurance athletes because they consume a ____. low-fat diet low-protein diet high percentage of carbohydrates as whole grains diet high in nuts and seeds

low-fat diet

The main purpose of the homeostatic mechanism that regulates energy intake and expenditure in the body is to ____. keep the body at a very fixed weight prevent weight loss maintain a fairly constant body weight stimulate weight gain

maintain a fairly constant body weight

Adding small amounts of sodium to a beverage is advantageous because it ____. makes the drink more palatable decreases voluntary fluid consumption inhibits thirst decreases body water retention

makes the drink more palatable

A good source of zinc is ____. table salt mushrooms meat green leafy vegetables

meat

In adults, a deficiency of folic acid will eventually result in ____. neural tube defects renal tube defects megaloblastic anemia iron-deficiency anemia

megaloblastic anemia

The primary active ingredient in caffeine is ____. methylxanthine chondroitin sulfate ephedrine carnitine

methylxanthine

Disordered eating in athletes is particularly hard to define because an athlete's normal eating pattern may be one of ____. no restraint mild restraint normal restraint extreme restraint

mild restraint

What is essential fat? visceral fat subcutaneous and visceral fat minimum body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning the amount of fat needed to maintain menstruation

minimum body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning

Measuring weight on a daily basis can help athletes ____. lose body fat increase muscle mass change overall body composition monitor hydration status

monitor hydration status

Another name for reverse anorexia is ____. bulimia muscle dysmorphia overeating anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type

muscle dysmorphia

The total amount of skeletal muscle in the body is known as ____. body mass muscle mass fat-free mass lean body mass

muscle mass

Given the alcohol content of most alcoholic beverages in the U.S., what effect does the consumption of alcohol likely have on hydration status? no effect little effect because the percentage of alcohol contained in a beverage is low negative effect due to alcohol's diuretic effect positive effect due to an increased drive to drink fluids

negative effect due to alcohol's diuretic effect

Scientific studies of exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) have concluded that this condition is ____. almost always a result of dehydration almost always a result of electrolyte imbalance almost always a result of a combination of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance not typically a result of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance

not typically a result of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance

Nutrient density is a concept based on the relationship between ____. protein and vitamins/minerals essential and nonessential nutrients nutrients and kilocalories fat and sugar

nutrients and kilocalories

The major factors underlying the development of metabolic syndrome are ____. age and gender family history and cardiovascular fitness hypertension and cigarette smoking obesity and insulin resistance

obesity and insulin resistance

Insoluble fiber, such as wheat, decreases absorption of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc because ____. they bind with minerals blocking absorption of a decreased transit time of an increased transit time of the increased permeability of the GI tract

of a decreased transit time

Loss of a large amount of body fat takes time, and some of that time will likely be during the ____ when a moderate restriction of energy intake is feasible and will not interfere with training. racing season competition phase preparation phase off-season

off-season

One liter of water weighs approximately ____. one pound one kilogram two pounds two kilograms

one kilogram

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a clinical vitamin B12 deficiency is ____. one who is vegetarian one who is lactose intolerant one with no or low exposure to UV light one with hypervitaminosis A

one who is vegetarian

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a subclinical vitamin deficiency is ____. a body builder a wrestler one with a low percentage of body fat one with a severe eating disorder

one with a severe eating disorder

An example of a fruit that contains small amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin A as well as a substantial amount of vitamin C is a(n) ____. banana orange plum watermelon

orange

An unhealthy obsession with healthy eating describes ____. anorexia athletica anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa orthorexia nervosa

orthorexia nervosa

Concentration of solutes in a particular fluid.

osmolarity

The movement of fluid occurs as a result of controlling the amount of water in the ECF and the ____ of the ECF.

osmolarity

When the number of solutes is measured per liter of solvent.

osmolarity

Water movement from areas of low solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.

osmosis

Bone-forming cells are known as ____. osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes chondrocytes

osteoblasts

Studies conducted in amenorrheic distance runners suggest that ____. long-duration, weight-bearing exercise compensates for the loss of bone mineral density associated with amenorrhea bone mineral density declines in the first six months and then stabilizes due to long-duration, weight-bearing exercise osteopenia and osteoporosis do occur despite long-duration, weight-bearing exercise loss of bone mineral density is primarily a result of very low calcium intake, not exercise

osteopenia and osteoporosis do occur despite long-duration, weight-bearing exercise

Low bone mineral density with structural deterioration is known as ____. osteomalacia osteopenia osteoporosis osteoarthritis

osteoporosis

There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in those with ____. osteoporosis cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes metabolic syndrome

osteoporosis

Because some athletes must follow fairly strict eating guidelines to support their training, recovery, and performance goals, it is ____. particularly hard to define normal eating in athletes easy for them to follow the well-defined guidelines for normal eating nearly impossible to achieve suggested they follow a restrictive diet plan

particularly hard to define normal eating in athletes

Hematocrit is defined as the ____. percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells amount of red blood cells in total plasma volume percentage of total plasma volume composed of hemoglobin amount of hemoglobin and myoglobin in the blood plasma

percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells

The disadvantages of ____ include the high cost of the device, limited portability, the finite size of the seating area, and claustrophobia. NIR BIA underwater weighing plethysmography

plethysmography

The most appropriate use of body mass index (BMI) is to determine: potential health risks in the general population. potential health risks in the athletic population. ideal weight for adults. ideal weight for athletes.

potential health risks in the general population.

It is recommended that the pre-exercise meal generally contain a small amount of fats because fats ____. supply needed vitamins provide a feeling of satiety increase gastric emptying depress insulin secretion

provide a feeling of satiety

Studies have shown that regular endurance training ____. eliminates the risk for becoming hypertensive reduces the risk for becoming hypertensive increases the risk for becoming hypertensive has no effect on risk for becoming hypertensive

reduces the risk for becoming hypertensive

The exercise guidelines outlined by various health-related organizations all recommend ____. the same amount of physical activity daily the same intensity of physical activity daily the same type of physical activity to achieve fitness regular, lifelong physical activity

regular, lifelong physical activity

A binge is described as eating a large amount of food that is ____. greater than 2000 calories in 2 hours or less relative to the individual's usual pattern of eating, in 2 hours or less greater than 2000 calories in 30 minutes or less relative to the individual's usual pattern of eating, in 30 minutes or less

relative to the individual's usual pattern of eating, in 2 hours or less

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is found in coenzymes that are needed to ____. prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins release glucose from glycogen stores store glucose as glycogen reduce muscle soreness

release glucose from glycogen stores

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is found in coenzymes that are needed to ____. prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins release glucose from glycogen stores store glucose as glycogen reduce muscle soreness

release glucose from glycogen stores

For adults, the most common bone-related process is ____. calcification growth remodeling modeling

remodeling

Weight cycling is defined as ____. large and rapid weight loss repeated bouts of weight loss and weight gain weight fluctuations due to fluid loss or gain the inability to maintain a low body weight

repeated bouts of weight loss and weight gain

The two best strategies to aid performance and prevent hyponatremia in ultraendurance athletes are ____. replenishment of sodium and prevention of overdrinking replenishment of sodium and voluntary dehydration replenishment of sodium and intake of a large amount of potassium intake of salt tablets and excessive water intake

replenishment of sodium and prevention of overdrinking

Obtaining an adequate amount of vitamins only from foods that naturally contain them ____. is almost always accomplished in a normal American's diet typically requires only the addition of a variety of fruits to be eaten requires a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods to be eaten is nearly impossible, making supplements necessary

requires a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods to be eaten

The two subtypes of anorexia nervosa are ____. anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa anorexic nervosa and anorexia athletica restricting type and binge-eating/purging type restricting type and athletica type

restricting type and binge-eating/purging type

Wearing uniforms and protective gear while exercising in the heat typically ____. keeps the sun off the skin and prevents body temperature from rising restricts the evaporation of sweat and results in body temperature rising has little effect on body temperature reduces fluid loss through sweat

restricts the evaporation of sweat and results in body temperature rising

Studies have shown that the use of ephedrine and caffeine by obese people ____. is ineffective for weight loss results in short-term weight loss of 8 to 9 lb results in short-term weight loss of 14 to 15 lb results in greater than a 20 lb weight loss after 12 months of use

results in short-term weight loss of 8 to 9 lb

The vitamin contained in coenzymes necessary for oxidation-reduction reactions in the production of ATP is ____. thiamin riboflavin vitamin B6 vitamin B12

riboflavin

An increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is most likely to occur with a diet high in: cholesterol and monounsaturated fats. monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. cholesterol and sugar. saturated and trans fats.

saturated and trans fats.

Body mass index (BMI) is a ____. measure of how much muscle mass an athlete should have method of measuring body composition formula that predicts the best weight for performance and health screening tool for the general population that helps individuals determine a "healthy weight" range

screening tool for the general population that helps individuals determine a "healthy weight" range

It is appropriate to use BMI with ____. sedentary adults trained athletes pregnant women elite female athletes

sedentary adults

Therapy for bulimia nervosa should focus most on issues surrounding both self-esteem and ____. self-control family history a perfect diet exercise patterns

self-control

The most common method of purging by those with bulimia is ____. laxatives self-induced vomiting the use of ipecac enemas

self-induced vomiting

When compared to recommendations made for other chronic diseases, the diet and exercise recommendations made for preventing lifestyle-related cancers are ____. similar different in many respects substantially different in opposition to other recommendations

similar

A few sports are size dependent, such as sumo wrestling and ____. ice hockey soccer ski jumping basketball

ski jumping

Athletes in which sports typically have similar nutrition recommendations? football, basketball, and baseball soccer, ice hockey, and basketball gymnastics, handball, and javelin cross-country skiing, martial arts, and bodybuilding

soccer, ice hockey, and basketball

The compound present in the largest amount in sweat is ____. ammonia sodium calcium lactate

sodium

Prime examples of minerals that act as electrolytes and help to maintain body fluid balance are ____. calcium, iron, and phosphorus sodium, potassium, and chloride iodine, manganese, and selenium copper, zinc, and fluorine

sodium, potassium, and chloride

Which practitioners are trained to evaluate and plan athletes' diets? certified strength and conditioning specialists (CSCS) certified athletic trainers (ATC) sports dietitians nutritionists

sports dietitians

Ghrelin is a hormone synthesized by cells in the stomach and its primary role in the body is to ____. decrease appetite stimulate appetite induce a feeling of satiety breakdown food

stimulate appetite

A normal amount of exercise is ____. enhanced by a low body weight more achievable if athletes employ a restrictive diet supportive of training and performance impossible to determine

supportive of training and performance

The most likely reason that some severely obese individuals do not manifest any of the common obesity-related chronic diseases is due to a ____. happy personality and the absence of depression larger than normal organ size tendency to store excess fat in the lower body larger bone structure

tendency to store excess fat in the lower body

Standard error of the estimate (SEE) is ____. the degree to which the measured factor is likely to vary above or below the result obtained a type of sampling error a potential source of bias the percentage of values that are considered

the degree to which the measured factor is likely to vary above or below the result obtained

The potential problem with mineral supplements with high bioavailability is that ____. the excess absorption they bind a large percentage of the dietary fiber they result in too great an increase in transit time the potential for dehydration

the excess absorption

The period of time associated with the most rapid loss of bone mass is ____. age 20 to 35 years age 35 to 50 years the first several years after menopause after males are 65 years or older

the first several years after menopause

When comparing urine to a color chart, it is recommended that athletes use urine obtained from ____. the first void (urination) of the day the second void (urination) of the day the last void (urination) before going to bed for the night any void (urination) during the day

the first void (urination) of the day

One sign of disordered eating is _____. the tendency of eating when hungry and stopping when full the inability to eat when hungry and stop when full including small amounts of junk food in diet occasional overeating

the inability to eat when hungry and stop when full

Too large a volume of food or fluid consumed too close to exercise can result in gastrointestinal distress because ____. hormones related to nausea and vomiting are released the autonomic nervous system is negatively affected heart rate is reduced when the stomach is full the onset of exercise increases the blood flow to muscles and decreases the blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract

the onset of exercise increases the blood flow to muscles and decreases the blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract

Diagnosing anorexia nervosa takes skill because ____. it must be determined if a person is below the normal weight for any given age and height it must be determined if a person is above the normal weight for any given age and height there is not a single normal weight for any given age and height people rarely seek treatment for this condition

there is not a single normal weight for any given age and height

The current American College of Sports Medicine recommendation for fluid intake during exercise is ____. 50-150 ml every 15 to 20 minutes 5-10 ml/kg each hour to drink as frequently and as much as possible to develop a customized fluid plan that considers sweat rate

to develop a customized fluid plan that considers sweat rate

Which intervention is likely to have the greatest impact on performance? anabolic steroid use carbohydrate loading caffeine use training

training

Strong scientific evidence suggests that diets high in ____ increase heart disease risk. trans fatty acids monounsaturated fats polyunsaturated fats omega-6 and -9 fatty acids

trans fatty acids

Traditionally, the Chinese have used ma huang to ____. increase energy lower blood pressure treat asthma and nasal decongestion lower blood cholesterol

treat asthma and nasal decongestion

The term voluntary dehydration refers to athletes engaged in exercise who are ____. assigned to the control group in research studies examining fluid intake not within five pounds of their pre-exercise weight testing the precision of their thirst mechanism unable or unwilling to consume sufficient fluid to offset fluid loss

unable or unwilling to consume sufficient fluid to offset fluid loss

The term voluntary dehydration refers to athletes engaged in exercise who are ____. assigned to the control group in research studies examining fluid intake not within five pounds of their pre-exercise weight testing the precision of their thirst mechanism unable or unwilling to consume sufficient fluid to offset fluid loss

unable or unwilling to consume sufficient fluid to offset fluid loss

The two most likely sources of larger-than-normal mineral losses in athletes are ____. urine and sweat urine and feces sweat and feces sweat and gastrointestinal bleeding

urine and sweat

The least accurate but most practical method of monitoring hydration status in athletes is ____. 24-hour urine volume urine color plasma osmolarity isotope dilution

urine color

Beta-carotene is a form of ____. folic acid vitamin A vitamin C vitamin E

vitamin A

Night blindness is associated with a clinical deficiency of ____. vitamin E vitamin A thiamin folic acid

vitamin A

The vitamin(s) associated with anemia are ____. thiamin and riboflavin riboflavin and niacin pantothenic acid and biotin vitamin B12 and folic acid

vitamin B12 and folic acid

Milk and milk products are excellent sources of ____. vitamin B1 (thiamin) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin C

vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Chicken and pork provide an excellent source of ____. vitamin B1 (thiamin) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin C

vitamin B3 (niacin)

The vitamin that is part of NAD and NADP is ____. pantothenic acid vitamin B1 (thiamin) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin)

vitamin B3 (niacin)

When supplemented at high doses, the vitamin that may be toxic to nervous tissue is ____. thiamin riboflavin niacin vitamin B6

vitamin B6

Ascorbic acid is another name for ____. folic acid vitamin C vitamin K niacin

vitamin C

The nutrient that enhances iron absorption is ____. copper potassium sodium vitamin C

vitamin C

Adequate ____ helps athletes maintain optimal performance, but its status in an individual can be low due to the use of sunscreen. vitamin A vitamin B12 vitamin C vitamin D

vitamin D

The hormone that influences proper osteoclastic activity is ____. insulin epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) vitamin D (calcitrol)

vitamin D (calcitrol)

In most cases of anorexia nervosa, weight loss is achieved primarily by ____, and ____ may be a secondary method used. voluntary starvation; excessive exercise excessive exercise; overuse of laxatives self-induced vomiting; voluntary starvation overuse of laxatives; excessive exercise

voluntary starvation; excessive exercise

The Health at Every Size movement would least likely support the use of ____. behavior change models laboratory tests to determine metabolic fitness weight-loss diets therapy

weight-loss diets

The mineral most closely associated with proper immune function is ____. zinc sodium calcium selenium

zinc