Nutrition Final

Which of the following statements is true? a) An undercooked hamburger patty is the most likely source of aflatoxin. b) In the United States, people rarely suffer from food-borne illnesses. c) A food's odor or appearance is not a reliable indicator of whether it is safe to eat. d) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for inspecting local restaurants and grocery stores to ensure they meet food safety standards.

A food's odor or appearance is not a reliable indicator of whether it is safe to eat.

Pathogenic bacteria are likely to multiply rapidly when environmental temperatures are between ________. a) 40 and 140ºF b) 20 and 120ºF c) 60 and 160ºF d) 80 and 180ºF

a) 40 and 140ºF

How long do various professioal organizations suggest to exclusievly breastfeed for? a) 6 months b) 1 month c) 1 year d) 4 months

a) 6 months

Most infants begin to drink from a cup around the ages of ________ months. a) 8-10 b) 11-12 c) 7-8 d) 5-6

a) 8-10

Which of the following statements is true? a) A centenarian is a person who has lived for 100 years or more. b) In the United States, life expectancy is about 95 years. c) People living in the United States are more likely to reach 100 years of age than those living in all other parts of the world. d) The longest living (documented) person was a Russian man who lived for 114 years.

a) A centenarian is a person who has lived for 100 years or more.

_____________ is a naturally occurring compund in foods that form food is heated to high temperatures. a) Acrylamide b) Pesticides c) BPA d) Benzene

a) Acrylamide

When selecting foods for an emergency food supply, which of the following criteria is least important? a) Are lightweight b) Can be eaten without cooking c) Require no refrigeration d) Have a long storage life

a) Are lightweight

What two essential fatty acids are needed to be increased for proper fetam brain and retina development? a) EPA and DHA b) DNA and DHA c) DNA and EFA d) EPA and CDC

a) EPA and DHA

Which federal agency is responsible for publishing the Food Code every four years that assists state and local health officials in developing regulations? a) FDA b) CDC c) EPA d) USDA

a) FDA

________ often transmit pathogens to food. a) Flies b) Birds c) Spiders d) Snakes

a) Flies

During the second trimester, a normal weight mother will gain how much weight? a) 1 pound per day b) 1 pound per week c) 0.5 pounds per week d) 0.5 pounds per day

b) 1 pound per week

It is best to avoid serving cow's milk until the infant reaches the age of ________. a) 18 months b) 12 months c) 10 months d) 6 months

b) 12 months

What is the EAR for energy in older adult females? a) 25 g/day b) 1600 g/day c) 2000 g/day d) 1000 g/day

b) 1600 g/day

Before you prepare food or after you use the bathroom, wash your hands with hot soapy water for at least ________ seconds to cleanse them thoroughly. a) 60 b) 20 c) 90 d) 40

b) 20

Lisa is a healthy young woman whose energy requirement is 2250 kcal/day. Based on this information, what would be her daily energy requirement during her first trimester of pregnancy? a) 3050 kcal b) 2250 kcal c) 1800 kcal d) 2600 kcal

b) 2250 kcal

The preconception period is ________ window of time before pregnancy. a) 1-year b) 3-month c) 1-month d) 5-month

b) 3-month

Which of the following would you recommend to a friend that is having difficulties breastfeeding her baby? a) Decrease calorie intake. This will help with the production of more milk. b) Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby. c) Drink alcohol. This will have a relaxing effect. d) Consume more milk. The excess milk will be converted into breastmilk.

b) Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby.

________ is a physiological change associated with aging. a) Fewer episodes of heartburn b) Hardening of the arteries c) Increased brain weight d) Increased blood filtration rate

b) Hardening of the arteries

Which of the following statements is true? a) The composition of human milk remains consistent over time. b) Human milk naturally contains antibodies and immune cells that are not in infant formulas. c) Women who breastfeed their babies tend to gain weight at a faster rate than women who choose to formula-feed their infants. d) Breastfeeding reduces a woman's risk of type 1 diabetes in later adulthood.

b) Human milk naturally contains antibodies and immune cells that are not in infant formulas.

Which of the following statements is true? a) The life span of a human being is 100 years. b) In the United States, life expectancy is about 79 years. c) The longest living (documented) person was a man from Bulgaria who lived for 110 years. d) There is little scientific evidence to support the notion that a person's genetic makeup contributes to his or her longevity.

b) In the United States, life expectancy is about 79 years.

Which of the following minerals is often lacking in the diets of older adults? a) Vanadium b) Potassium c) Sodium d) Sulfur

b) Potassium

The milk produced first during a feeding is called _____ and is rich in ____. a) hindmilk, fat b) foremilk, lactose c) foremilk, fat d) hindmilk, lactose

b) foremilk, lactose

An increased requirement for ________ during pregnancy is due to its role in the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which is essential for fetal brain development. a) vitamin E b) iodine c) vitamin K d) calcium

b) iodine

Clint is 82 years of age. Compared to when he was 27 years of age, his ________ now. a) stomach secretes more intrinsic factor b) kidney cells don't function as well c) cells require more energy d) body synthesizes more vitamin D

b) kidney cells don't function as well

Human milk is naturally a rich source of ________. a) fluoride b) lipids c) iron d) vitamin D

b) lipids

For the average pregnancy, which tissue or component contributes most significantly to the normal weight gain experienced during pregnancy? a) placenta b) maternal fat stores c) retained fluid d) maternal blood

b) maternal fat stores

Some women crave nonfood items during pregnancy. This behavior is called ________. a) edema b) pica c) eclampsia d) SIDS

b) pica

Bernard is 83 years of age. His ________ is likely to have a negative influence on his nutritional status. a) daily exercise regimen b) social isolation c) ethnic background d) full set of natural teeth

b) social isolation

Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he ________. a) keeps the pie chilled before serving it b) wipes the knife used to cut up the raw chicken on a hand towel before using the knife to cut up the saladvegetables c) marinates the cut-up pieces of raw chicken in the refrigerator and then throws out the marinade d) thaws the frozen raw chicken in a covered tray on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator

b) wipes the knife used to cut up the raw chicken on a hand towel before using the knife to cut up the saladvegetables

The USDA recommends that fresh pork be cooked until its internal temperature is at least ________. a) 155ºF b) 140ºF c) 145ºF d) 130ºF

c) 145ºF

Forty-year old-Mateo has a family history of Alzheimer's disease. What recommendations do you have for Mateo to reduce his risk for Alzheimer's disease? a) Continue learning and reading b) Consume foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids c) All of these choices are correct. d) Engage in regular physical activity

c) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following substances is in breast milk, but not in infant formulas? a) Lipids b) Lactose c) Antibodies d) Iron

c) Antibodies

Which of the following practices is the most reliable way of sanitizing impure water? a) Adding salt to the water b) Freezing and thawing the water c) Boiling the water d) Shaking the water vigorously for 1 minute

c) Boiling the water

This is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases in cattle. a) Aflatoxins b) Norovirus c) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) d) Scombrotoxin

c) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to include in an emergency food supply? a) Concentrated tomato soup b) Eggs c) Canned tuna d) Fresh sweet potatoes

c) Canned tuna

Which of the following statements is true? a) By 2 to 4 months of age, most infants can use their fingers to pick up and chew "finger foods." b) It is safe to use honey to sweeten infant foods. c) Caregivers should not give popcorn, grapes, and cut-up raw vegetables to infants. d) Goat's milk mixed with gelatin water is a suitable substitute for breast milk.

c) Caregivers should not give popcorn, grapes, and cut-up raw vegetables to infants.

Which federal agency establishes standards for safe food manufacturing practices, such as HACCP programs? a) EPA b) USDA c) FDA d) FTC

c) FDA

________ stimulates milk production by certain cells in the breast. a) Estrogen b) Oxytocin c) Prolactin d) Progesterone

c) Prolactin

Compared to infant formulas, human milk is a rich source of ________. a) vitamin D b) fluoride c) cholesterol d) iron

c) cholesterol

According to the damage or error theory of aging, ________. a) aging is inevitable and diet or exercise does not impact that process b) over time, the activity of certain genes results in aging c) organs simply wear out with use and abuse d) All of the choices are correct.

c) organs simply wear out with use and abuse

The ________ is the organ of pregnancy that transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus. a) uterus b) endometrium c) placenta d) ovary

c) placenta

During pregnancy, edema can be a sign of a serious health problem if ________. a) weight loss and morning sickness also occur b) morning sickness, heartburn, and fatigue also occur c) the swelling is accompanied by hypertension and protein in the urine d) the swelling is limited to the hands and feet

c) the swelling is accompanied by hypertension and protein in the urine

Reduced ________ is a normal physiological change associated with aging. a) heartburn b) bruising c) thirst sensation d) vulnerability to cancer

c) thirst sensation

Which of the following nutrients can cause birth defects in the fetus when taken in large amounts during the first trimester? a) calcium b) folic acid c) vitamin A d) iron

c) vitamin A

On average, a full-term infant at birth ________. a) weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long b) weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long c) weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long d) weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long

c) weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long

To minimize risk for food-borne illness, ground beef should be used within _______ days of storage in the refrigerator. a) 10-14 b) 5-7 c) 3-4 d) 1-2

d) 1-2

What is the EAR for energy in older adult maless? a) 1600 g/day b) 1000 g/day c) 25 g/day d) 2000 g/day

d) 2000 g/day

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________. a) fasting b) smoking c) a low-carbohydrate diet d) All of these choices are accurate.

d) All of these choices are accurate.

Which of the following statements is true regarding shool-age children and breakfast? a) All of these are associated with eating a complete breakfast b) Those that ate a complete breakfast showed imporoved comprehension c) Those that ate a complete breakfast showed imporoved concentration and alertness d) Those that ate a complete breakfast showed imporoved memory and learning

a) All of these are associated with eating a complete breakfast

Which of the following is not a typical sign or symptom of food-borne illness? a) Chest pain b) Diarrhea c) Vomiting d) Nausea

a) Chest pain

________ is a common nutrition-related sign of pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women. a) Heartburn b) Gestational diabetes c) Pre-eclampsia d) Pernicious anemia

a) Heartburn

The name of the condition when urine leaks out of the bladder is called what _____________. a) Urinary incontinence b) Urinary cast c) Bowel movement d) Hypothyroidism

a) Urinary incontinence

Which of the following factors has a negative effect on a school-age child's diet? a) Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks b) Parents serving fresh fruit with meals and snacks c) Eating meals at home d) Caregivers setting limits on consumption of chips and soft drinks

a) Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks

________ is a federal program that provides funds to state governments to help specific populations obtain certain supplemental foods and nutrition education. a) WIC b) USDA c) FDA d) WHO

a) WIC

Maternal anemia occurs when a pregnant woman has a hematocrit ________. a) below 33% b) below 45% c) below 60% d) below 50%

a) below 33%

The point at which a woman's egg is fertilized by a sperm and pregnancy begins is known as _______. a) conception b) pre-fertilization c) ovulation d) placenta

a) conception

Heartburn incidence increases during pregnancy because of ________. a) due to the growth of the fetus b) eating larger meals in the morning c) an increase in activity right after meals d) All of these choices are correct.

a) due to the growth of the fetus

Which food on this list is NOT appropriate for an infant less than one year old? a) honey b) orange juice c) cooked and strained vegetables d) egg yolk

a) honey

The primary carbohydrate in the diet of most infants is ________. a) lactose b) sucrose c) maltose d) glucose

a) lactose

Bernice is 91 years of age. Her ________ is likely to have a negative influence on her nutritional status. a) low annual income b) frequent socializing with friends and family c) participation in the "Meals on Wheels" program d) daily exercise regimen

a) low annual income

Which hormone increases in secretion during pregnancy? a) more than one is correct b) androgens c) progesterone d) prolactin

a) more than one is correct

Pregnant women are advised to drink ________. a) no more than 2 cups of coffee per day b) no more than 1 cups of coffee per day c) no coffee d) no more than 3 cups of coffee per day

a) no more than 2 cups of coffee per day

In the United States, milk and juice often go through a process called ________. In this process, heat is used to kill pathogens and spoilage organisms in liquid food items. a) pasteurization b) pathogenesis c) cross-contamination d) irridation

a) pasteurization

According to scientific research involving animals, ________ may extend one's life. a) restricting energy intake b) taking DHEA supplements c) following a high-fiber, high-protein diet d) consuming megadoses of vitamin

a) restricting energy intake

Margaret is 87 years of age. Compared to when she was 27 years of age, her ________ now. a) stomach secretes less intrinsic factor b) cells require more energy c) bones are more dense d) body requires less vitamin B-12

a) stomach secretes less intrinsic factor

________ is a normal physiological change associated with aging. a) Less heartburn b) Reduced estrogen production c) Increased skin elasticity d) Increased secretion of saliva

b) Reduced estrogen production

Which of the following statements about infertility is FALSE? a) Infertility is the failure to conceive after 12 months of trying to become pregnant. b) While nutrition is important following conception, there is little evidence that diet impacts infertility. c) Hormonal imbalances and genetic factors both contribute to infertility. d) In the United States, approximately 15% of couples experiences infertility.

b) While nutrition is important following conception, there is little evidence that diet impacts infertility.

Except for pregnancy and lactation, the total quantities of nutrients and calories needed during ________ are greater than any other stage of the life cycle. a) infancy b) adolescence c) childhood d) All of these responses are correct.

b) adolescence

When planning for a pregnancy, which of the following lifestyle choices can increase the chances of a healthy pregnancy? a) having a healthy body composition b) all of these choices are correct c) exercising regularly d) consuming a nutritionally adequate diet

b) all of these choices are correct

This is a nutrient of importance, but the RDA does not go up, as the body increases the absoprtion of this nutrient. a) iodine b) calcium c) vitamin E d) vitamin K

b) calcium

Most infants are physically ready to start eating solid foods when they ________. a) develop the swallowing reflux b) can sit up with some back support c) have most of their primary teeth d) lose the let-down reflex

b) can sit up with some back support

Shakena is a 7-year-old girl whose BMI-for-age is in the 86th percentile. According to this information, Shakena's weight is ________. a) too low for her age b) classified as overweight c) in the obese range d) healthy for her age

b) classified as overweight

During which trimester is the most critical time for development? a) second b) first c) third d) fifth

b) first

During the first year of life, the infant increases in length by ________% over what it was at birth. a) 33 b) 20 c) 50 d) 100

c) 50

Nyala is 20 weeks pregnant and has read online about the potential benefits of taking a particular over-the-counter medication to help with management of some of the symptoms she has been experiencing during her pregnancy. Which of the following statements about medication use during pregnancy is FALSE? a) Certain medications can contribute to low birth weight or preterm birth. b) Women should consult their healthcare provider before taking any medication. c) Most medications have been tested in pregnant women and have been deemed safe by the FDA. d) Certain medications may result in neurodevelopmental delay

c) Most medications have been tested in pregnant women and have been deemed safe by the FDA.

What is wrong with giving juice in a bottle or propping up a bottle of formula for the child to drink at bedtime? a) Often, the contents of the bottle spoil, which can lead to gastrointestinal upsets. b) It is best for an infant to be held when drinking from a bottle for the sense of security that it provides. c) Sugar bathes the teeth, bacteria grow, acids are produced from sugar, and acids dissolve tooth enamel. d) There is nothing wrong with this practice. It helps the child grow developmentally.

c) Sugar bathes the teeth, bacteria grow, acids are produced from sugar, and acids dissolve tooth enamel.

Exposure to a bacterial infection during fetal life may result in ________. a) a miscarriage b) a preterm delivery c) all of these are correct d) stillbirth

c) all of these are correct

Elizabeth is 90 years of age. Compared to when she was 30 years of age, her ________ now. a) stomach secretes more intrinsic factor b) cells require more energy c) arteries are less flexible d) skin is more elastic

c) arteries are less flexible

Growth plates at the end of long bones are called ________. a) calcification b) osteoporosis c) epiphyses d) rickets

c) epiphyses

Aliyah received a 15 pound frozen turkey as a gift from her workplace. She has kept the turkey in her freezer for a few weeks, but is now ready to thaw and prepare the turkey for a large family meal. You might recommend all of the following methods of thawing the frozen turkey except ________. a) placing the turkey in the sink under cold running water b) thawing the turkey in the microwave oven c) leaving the turkey out on the countertop overnight d) putting the turkey in the refrigerator

c) leaving the turkey out on the countertop overnight

To help children develop good nutritional habits, ________. a) serve new foods at the end of the meal when the child is not hungry b) be certain children finish all the food they are served c) let children make some choices about the food they eat d) limit the number of new foods they are offered

c) let children make some choices about the food they eat

A major nutrition-related concern of adolescent females is ________ intake. a) high calcium b) low niacin c) low iron d) high protein

c) low iron

Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat ________. a) fewer foods away from home b) fewer fried foods c) lower in whole grains d) smaller amounts of sodium

c) lower in whole grains

Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat ________. a) smaller amounts of added sugars b) fewer fried foods c) more foods away from home d) smaller portions of sugar-sweetened beverages

c) more foods away from home

Forty-year old Kent has a family history of Alzheimer's disease. What recommendations do you have for Kent to reduce his risk for Alzheimer's disease? a) Consume foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids b) Engage in regular physical activity c) Continue learning and reading d) All of the choices are correct.

d) All of the choices are correct.

Which infants have special vitamin needs? a) Breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans generally need vitamin B-12 supplements. b) Infants at birth need vitamin K. c) Breastfed infants may need iron supplements. d) All of these choices are accurate.

d) All of these choices are accurate.

Why are adolescents at risk for iron deficiency anemia? a) Blood volume is expanding. b) Lean body mass increases in males. c) Menstruation begins in females. d) All of these choices are accurate.

d) All of these choices are accurate.

Which of the following factors contribute to reduced food intake among older adults? a) Depression b) Loss of teeth c) Reduced mobility and flexibility d) All of these choices are correct

d) All of these choices are correct

This chemical is used in food packaging but their are concerns that it can have an effect on the brains and behavior of children, infants. a) Acrylamide b) Pesticides c) Benzene d) BPA

d) BPA

Which of the following minerals is often lacking in the diets of older adults? a) Sodium b) Vanadium c) Molybdenum d) Calcium

d) Calcium

________ is a common sign or symptom of early pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women. a) Pernicious anemia b) Gestational diabetes c) Hypertension d) Fatigue

d) Fatigue

Which form of arthritis invovles the build up of uric acid crystals? a) Rheumatoid b) Osteoarthritis c) Juvenile d) Gout e) All of the choices are correct.

d) Gout

Why is cow's milk not recommended for infants? a) Its vitamin C content is too high. b) Its calcium content is too low. c) Its vitamin E content is too high. d) Its protein content is too high. e) All of these responses are accurate.

d) Its protein content is too high.

As a person ages their risk of ________ increases. This condition results in loss of muscle function, shaking, stiffness, and poor balance. a) diabetic retinopathy b) Alzheimer's disease c) gout d) Parkinson's disease

d) Parkinson's disease

Adolescence is considered what? a) Is always from the age of 13-18 b) When a child is physically and sexually considered an adult c) Is the age group of 6-11 d) Period of time that begins at puberty and ends at adulthood

d) Period of time that begins at puberty and ends at adulthood

Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for preeclampsia? a) Obesity b) First pregnancy c) Carrying twins d) Woman age 28 years at time of conception e) African-American ancestry

d) Woman age 28 years at time of conception

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by severe birth defects that occur in infants whose mothers ________. a) were exposed to arsenic as teenagers b) drank excessive amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy c) were exposed to lead as teenagers d) drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy

d) drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy

During her 6th month of pregnancy, Miranda was diagnosed with preeclampsia. As a result of this condition, Miranda has a higher risk of giving birth to a ________ infant than a pregnant woman who does not experience hypertension. a) term b) post term c) high birth weight d) low birth weight

d) low birth weight

Which cereal is least likely to cause allergies in infants? a) barley b) oats c) wheat d) rice

d) rice

The placenta ________. a) transfers sperm to the egg so fertilization can occur b) filters viruses and toxins from the mother's bloodstream, preventing them from reaching the embryo/fetus c) synthesizes the essential micronutrients that the embryo/fetus requires for growth and development d) transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus

d) transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus