Nutrition in Health: Chapter 11: Water and Major Minerals.

Functions for chloride in the body include

-Hydrochloric acid production in the stomach -Regulation of acid base balance -Transmission of nerve impulses

Most of the sodium in the American diet comes from salt

-added during to food during processing -added to cooked meals at the table -added during food preparation

Sodium is often added to foods during processing in order to

-enhance flavor -retard food spoilage

Roles for phosphorus in the body include

-generating ATP -regulating acid-base balance -synthesizing DNA

Potassium is needed by the body for

-nerve transmission -muscle contraction

Function for chloride in the body include

-regulation of acid base balance -hydrochloric acid production in the stomach -transmission of nerve inmpulses

Choose the statements about water that are true.

-total water intake requirements vary widely. -water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions. -dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements.

The AI for sodium in adults is

1500 mg/day

The adequate intake (AI) for chloride is

2300 mg/day

The absorption of magnesium usually ranges form between

40-60%

The adult RDA for magnesium is ______ milligrams per day for adult men (>30 years of age) and about _____ milligrams per day for adult women (>30 years of age).

420; 310

Depending on a person's unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?

50-75%

Which of the following is NOT a good source of phosphorus in the typical American diet?

Apples

Which bones are most often subject to osteoporosis-related fractures?

Hip bones Vertebrae Wrist bones Ankle bones

Which type of tissue contains more water?

Lean muscle

What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common|?

Maintaining fluid balance

Since there is no Upper Level set potassium, is it advisable for individuals to take potassium supplements?

No

Which of the following are major minerals?

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Spinach

Each of the MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet.

True

Most unusable substance in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.

True

The adult (19-30 years of age) RDA for magnesium is 400 milligrams per day for young men and 310 milligrams per day for young women.

True

There is no Upper Level for potassium

True

How long can a human survive without water?

a few days

Which MyPlate food group does not contribute minerals to the diet?

all MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet

Sulfur is essential to the functioning of glutathione which has ______ activity in the body.

antioxidant

Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.

baked potato

Sulfur is a component of

biotin cysteine methionine

Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?

bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body.

The process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity is called

bone mineralization

For most Americans, milk products are significant food sources for _______

calcium

The most plentiful mineral in the body is ________.

calcium

The most plentiful mineral in the body is _________

calcium

Calcium absorption in the small intestine is achieved with the help of

calcium-binding protein Vitamin D

Excellent sources of chloride include

celery seaweed tomatoes

Table salt is composed of sodium and

chloride

Magnesium is a critical component in _____, making plants good food sources for magnesium.

chlorophyll

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables

Which of the following diseases or conditions are positively affected by calcium rich diets?

chronic inflammation hypertension insulin resistance

Good dietary sources of phosphorous include

dairy meat

A person who has perspired a lot while exercising on a humid day is at risk for ________ due to fluid losses.

dehydration

The state that describe body water depletion is called

dehydration

Water moves from a region that is ______ to a region that has more material dissolved in it.

dilute

The greatest proportion of calcium absorption occurs in the

duodenum

Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called

electrolytes ions

The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when

fluid loss is great fluid intake is limited

Most of the calcium in American diets comes from _____

fluid milk yogurt cheese

Since most Americans use too much table salt, and since table salt is sodium and chloride, most Americans get _____ than the AI for chloride.

greater than

Iron is an important component of

hemoglobin in blood cells

The AI for sodium is _____ in people who perspire heavily.

higher

The AI for sodium is ______ in people who perspire heavily.

higher

The crystalline structure composed of calcium and phosphorus used for bone formation is called ______.

hydroxyapatite

Match the parts of the word hyperphosphatemia to the word's meaning. hyper phosphate emia

hyper- too much phosphate- mineral emia- blood

A person with persistently elevated blood pressure is diagnosed with ______.

hypertension

The condition that is characterized by elevated blood pressure is called ________.

hypertension

The body maintains fluid balance by controlling in each compartment the concentration of __________.

ions

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals.

major

Minerals that are required in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams are classified as ________ minerals.

major

Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulfur are minerals that are categorized as

major minerals

Roles for calcium in the body include

muscle contraction blood clot formation bone and teeth formation

Kidney-disease patients may need to monitor and regulate their ______ intake to avoid hyperphosphatemia

phosphorous

Kidney-disease patients may need to monitor and regulate their _____ intake to avoid hyperphophatemia.

phosphorus

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?

potassium calcium sodium

Most salt substitutes are comprised of

potassium chloride

Examples of foods high in sodium are

processed snacks

Which of the following are functions of water?

regulate body temperature major solvent transport nutrients

Roles for phosphorous in the body include

regulating acid-base balance generating ATP synthesizing DNA

Chloride along with sodium plays an important role in

regulating fluid balance

Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the

skeleton

Table salt is chemically known as ________ _________.

sodium chloride

People with osteoporosis may break a bone by falling, or they may experience ________ fractures, in which a fragile bone gives way for no apparent reason.

spontaneous

Diffusion ____ when the concentrations of the material on either side of the plasma membrane are equal.

stops

Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on

successful weight loss

The absorption of dietary magnesium increases when

the body is deficient in magnesium

Water aids in the removal of waste products from the body.

through the production of urine

Humans are able to make some water and to obtain if from which of the following types of foods?

vegetables fruits

The simplest ways to determine hydration status are observing urine

volume color

Recommendations for total ______ intake vary widely because factors such as environment temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual requirements.

water