Nutrition Midterm

Each of the ____ vitamins has its own special dietary role to play? 23 13 8 16

13

Assuming no alcohol, if a person consumes 50% of their daily kilocalories from carbohydrates and 30% from protein, what percentage of their daily kilocalories will come from fat? 30% 10% 20% 40%

20%

The DRI suggests a diet that provides what percentage of the daily energy intake from fat? 20% to 35% 40% to 50% 10% to 20% less than 10%

20% to 35%

Of the top seven causes of death in the United States, how many are linked with diet? 2 5 4 1

4

Of the top seven causes of death in the United States, how many are linked with diet? 4 1 5 2

4

How much carbohydrates does the body need each day to prevent ketosis? 50 to 100 g 150 to 200 g 10 to 25 g 100 to 150 g

50 to 100 g

Which of the following represents a blood pH level in the normal range? 7.55 7.00 6.75 7.35

7.35

How many kcalories are contributed by 1 gram of dietary fat? 3 6 9 12

9

What does potassium do in the body? Participates in blood clotting Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte Stabilizes protein shape Helps maintain gastric acidity

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

What does potassium do in the body? Stabilizes protein shape Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte Helps maintain gastric acidity Participates in blood clotting

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Which nonnutritive substance contributes energy, but does not sustain life? Artificial sweeteners Alcohol Sugar Fats

Alcohol

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamins? Vitamins are indestructible. Vitamins are inorganic and do not provide energy. Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins.

Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins.

Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body? Beta-tocopherol Alpha-tocopherol Gamma-tocotrienol Alpha-tocotrienol

Alpha-tocopherol

Which statement is not true about how the body uses iron? Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron. Most iron entering the body is recycled.

Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.

Where is 99% of the body's calcium located? Kidneys and Intestines Bones and teeth Body fluids Thyroid glad

Bones and teeth

How is copper like iron? Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism. Both are found in ample amounts in milk. Both are better absorbed in presence of ascorbic acid. A deficiency of both causes anemia.

Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism.

Of these foods, which is the best source of niacin? Strawberries Chicken breast Broccoli Carrot

Chicken Breast

Of these foods, which is the best source of niacin? Strawberries Chicken breast Carrots Broccoli

Chicken breast

Which of the following has the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids? Coconut oil Peanut oil Walnut oil Cottonseed oil

Coconut oil

What type of chemical reaction connects amino acids? Oxidation Denaturation Condensation Hydrolysis

Condensation

A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the SMALLEST amount in this food? Cornstarch Sugar Salt Wheat flour

Cornstarch

In the MyPlate icon, which food group is shown separate from the plate? Micronutrients Dairy Carbohydrate Fat

Dairy

Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? They travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. The kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. They circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body.

Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.

Which federal agency regulates dietary supplements? U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Centers for Disease Control

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? Vegetables Fruits Fortified milk Legumes

Fortified milk

What does chloride do in the body? Participates in blood clotting Helps maintain gastric acidity Stabilizes protein shape Protects bone structures against degeneration

Helps maintain gastric acidity

Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen? Hydrochloric acid Enteropeptidase Pepsin Trypsin

Hydrochloric acid

Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body? Facilitating chemical reactions Inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol Maintaining volume of body fluids Providing fuel for energy needs

Inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol

Since minerals and water do not contain carbon, they are classified as Micronutrients Inorganic Organic Nonnutrients

Inorganic

Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount? Iron Calcium Potassium Sodium

Iron

Which of the following statements about whey protein is FALSE? It benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot. It is popular among athletes hoping to build muscle. It is found in many affordable protein powders. It is a waste product of cheese production.

It benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot.

Which of the following is not true of copper? It helps make collagen. It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis. It helps inactivate histamine. It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.

It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.

Which of the following is a function of vitamin C? It helps form collagen. It is involved in energy metabolism. It helps rid the body of antioxidants. It helps rid the body of excess iron.

It helps form collagen.

Which of the following is true of fluoride? It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay. A deficiency can lead to pica. Toxicity is unknown. A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis.

It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.

Which of the following is not true of vitamin B12 It converts folate to its active form. It works closely with thiamin. It helps maintain nerve cells. It is found almost exclusively in animal-derived foods.

It works closely with thiamin.

What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood urea levels? Liver dysfunction Protein intake one-tenth the RDA Rapid weight gain Kidney dysfunction

Kidney dysfunction

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral? Copper Lead Bromine Nickel

Lead

Which of these is the greatest contributor of riboflavin in most people's diet? Milk and milk products Eggs Dark green, leafy vegetables Meat, poultry and fish

Milk and milk products

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? Lowered blood pressure Muscle weakness Vomiting Edema

Muscle weakness

What is the term for the force that directs the movement of water across a cell membrane? Hypotension Hypertension Osmotic pressure Solute pressure

Osmotic pressure

Physical signs and symptoms of a nutrient deficiency are always categorized as Secondary Primary Overt Covert

Overt

Which of the following is not known to increase vitamin C needs? Burns Infections Chronic use of oral contraceptives Physical activity

Physical activity

What is the principal intracellular cation? Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sodium

Potassium

Which of the following would cause a secondary vitamin K deficiency? Insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables Presence of oxalic acid in food Excess bile production Prolonged use of antibiotics

Prolonged use of antibiotics

Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur? Protein Carbohydrates Fat-soluble vitamins Fats

Protein

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? High urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. Protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones. Long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease. Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? Long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease. High urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease. Protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones.

Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? Protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones. High urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. Long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease. Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

Which disease is caused by a sequencing error in the structure of hemoglobin, which changes its shape and characteristics? Phenylketonuria Sickle-cell anemia Diabetes Marasmus

Sickle-cell anemia

In what part of the GI tract is pepsin active? Small intestine Mouth Pancreas Stomach

Stomach

What does magnesium do in the body? Supports enzyme activity for many body processes Stabilizes protein shape Helps maintain gastric acidity Participates in blood clotting

Supports enzyme activity for many body processes

What happens when the body uses energy-yielding nutrients? The bonds between the atoms break and release energy. The amount of water in the body decreases. A person's energy stores are depleted. The body converts them into storage compounds.

The bonds between the atoms break and release energy.

What part of their chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? The acid group The central carbon atom The amino group The side group

The side group

Which of the following statements is true of essential trace minerals in general? Toxicities are rare, but may occur from over-eating. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, but especially in seafood. They are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. They always function independently in the body

They can be found in a wide variety of foods, but especially in seafood.

Which of the following is true of vitamins in general? They help enzymes participate in release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Some yield energy. They are considered macronutrients. Structurally, they are linked together.

They help enzymes participate in release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Which of the following statements is correct in context with non-vegetarians? They tend to have higher intakes of plant proteins and fiber. They tend to have higher intakes of saturated fat. They easily obtain large quantities of other nutrients including folate, vitamin C, vitamin A. They lack vitamin B12, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids.

They tend to have higher intakes of saturated fat.

Iodine plays an integral part in which hormone? Thyroid hormone Hepcidin Estrogen Insulin

Thyroid hormone

Why is folate supplementation recommended for women one month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy? To help reduce the risk of iron-deficient anemia. To reduce the risk of gestational diabetes To prevent severe morning sickness To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy.

To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy.

Which of the following foods contains all of the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that the human body requires? Broccoli Gelatin Turkey Quinoa

Turkey

What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet? Fiber intake is lower. Fat intake is higher. Vitamin B12 intake is lower. Intakes of vitamins A and C are lower.

Vitamin B12 intake is lower.

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store? Whole-grain bread Vitamin D-fortified milk Wheat germ Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice

Vitamin D-fortified milk

Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes? The color of urine is not affected by hydration status. The first sign of dehydration is an increased respiratory rate. Water intoxication is rare but can result in death. Most water is lost in breathing through the lungs.

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death.

Which of the following accurately describes minerals? Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way. The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day.

When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.

Which of the following products have all the nutrients and fiber found in the original grain? Enriched grain Pseudo-cereal grains Refined grain Whole-grain

Whole-grain

Which of the following statements is true about zinc lozenges and the common cold? There is no known relationship. Zinc taken with vitamin C may help prevent the common cold. Zinc lozenges help reduce the severity of cold symptoms. Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.

Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.

Which of the following statements is true about zinc lozenges and the common cold? Zinc taken with vitamin C may help prevent the common cold. Zinc lozenges help reduce the severity of cold symptoms. There is no known relationship. Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.

Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.

Glucose moves against a concentration gradient, which requires energy; therefore, it is absorbed by ________. facilitated transport complex diffusion simple diffusion active transport

active transport

The diet-planning principle that ensures that a diet provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called ____. kcalorie control moderation variety adequacy

adequacy

Which of the following enzymes begins carbohydrate digestion? amylase lactase maltase sucrase

amylase

Vitamin E functions primarily as ________. an antioxidant a peroxide a free radical a coenzyme

an antioxidant

What substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats? pepsinogen bile digestive enzymes mucus

bile

Which set of blood tests reveals a person's total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins? blood lipid profile complete blood count comprehensive metabolic panel full thyroid panel

blood lipid profile

Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________. calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol the synthesis of carotenoids the secretion of calciol

calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone

Which is a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules that combine to form one larger product? hydrogenation hydrolysis condensation oxidation

condensation

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency? abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body

declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs

Food lists, formerly called exchange lists, were originally developed for people with ____. cancer diabetes cardiovascular disease life-threatening obesity

diabetes

For those who do not smoke or drink alcohol excessively, the one choice that can influence chronic disease risks more than any other is ________. avoiding toxins physical activity hand washing diet

diet

Niacin was involved in a groundbreaking nutrition discovery that showed that _____. diet inadequacies could cause disease the B vitamins were involved in energy metabolism niacin was a water-soluble vitamin tryptophan was a precursor of niacin

diet inadequacies could cause disease

Which of the following unit of sugar is found in all of the three dietary disaccharides? sucrose fructose glucose galactose

glucose

Which of the following unit of sugar is found in all of the three dietary disaccharides? sucrose glucose fructose galactose

glucose

How is blood routed through the digestive system? heart to capillaries to arteries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart heart to capillaries to arteries (gallbladder) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart heart to arteries to capillaries (liver) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to heart heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart

heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart

A high-fiber diet can reduce pressure in the rectal veins and help prevent ________. peptic ulcers hiccups reflux hemorrhoids

hemorrhoids

A deficit in the concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________. hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypertension water intoxication

hyponatremia

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood sugar? insulin glycogen glucagon glucose

insulin

A high risk of heart disease correlates with high blood levels of free fatty acids. very high-density lipoproteins. high-density lipoproteins. low-density lipoproteins.

low-density lipoproteins.

Fatty acids consist of a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end and which type of group at the other end? methyl carboxyl hydroxyl amino

methyl

Which fatty acid is missing two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons? polyunsaturated fatty acid long-chain saturated fatty acid short-chain saturated fatty acid monounsaturated fatty acid

monounsaturated fatty acid

Of all the amino acids, how many must be supplied by the diet? two 13 nine five

nine

Which term describes the process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed? systematic review research validity peer review meta-analysis

peer review

Human insulin consists of 51 amino acids chemically bonded together, which classifies it a/n ________. tripeptide unipeptide dipeptide polypeptide

polypeptide

A diet history provides clues to ________ deficiencies. secondary primary subclinical covert

primary

Enzymes that digest protein are called ________. sequencers transcriptors naturalizers proteases

proteases

Which of the following is NOT a feature of high-fiber foods? provide a feeling of fullness are lower in fat and simple sugars provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods effective in weight control

provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods

Which of the following is NOT a feature of high-fiber foods? provide a feeling of fullness provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods are lower in fat and simple sugars effective in weight control

provide more energy per gram than processed and junk foods are lower in fat and simple sugars

Nutrient dense refers to foods that ____. contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein provide more nutrients relative to kcalories are higher in weight relative to volume carry the USDA nutrition labeling

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

In which organ does most absorption take place? liver gallbladder large intestine small intestine

small intestine

In which part of the GI tract do enzymes hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides? salivary glands stomach small intestine pancreas

small intestine

The pyloric sphincter opens into the ________. rectum colon small intestine large intestine

small intestine

At a party with friends, Amal drinks wine and eats hors d'oeuvres, even though she is not hungry. This is an example of a food choice based on ____. emotional turmoil social interaction established habits negative association

social interaction

The process whereby messenger RNA directs the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins is ________. expression sequencing translation transcription

translation

Which lipid is most abundant in foods and in the body? monoglycerides triglycerides sterols glycerols

triglycerides