Nutrition: Proteins

Most...proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. These proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.

incomplete, plant, and lower-quality

A...diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.

lactoovovegetarian

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino Acids

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of...

iron

A...is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the...

limiting amino acid

In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a variety of...proteins need to be consumed.

plant

Almost all enzymes are...

proteins

Chemical digestion of protein takes place in the...

stomach and small intestine

The purpose of ...is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur.

mRNA

A...primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils. People who consume this diet are at risk of nutrient deficiencies, which is why this type of diet is not advised.

fruitarian

The selection of vegetarian food options in grocery stores and restaurants...

has increased in recent years due to the popularity of vegetarian lifestyles

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form....

proteins

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from...,which makes it a costly source of calories.

proteins

What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

proteins

Which of the following supply the body with usable energy?

proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Who have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

vegetarian

Phytic acid limits the absorption of..., a mineral that is commonly found in whole grains, legumes, and nuts.

zinc

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

1. Proteins aid in blood clotting 2. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions 3. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies...

1. lack of nutrients 2. calorie deficiency

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are...

1. metabolized as fuel 2. converted into glucose or fat

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

1. protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and cell repair 2. protein serves multiple functions in the body

Proteins supply the body with about ... kilocalories per gram.

4

The typical diet provides about...percent of protein as essential amino acids, when only 11 percent is required.

50

What is the RDA of protein for a typical man?

56 grams

A(n)...protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

Mixed diets provide high-quality protein because...proteins are being consumed.

complementary

A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n)... protein.

complete/high-quality

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

denaturation

Nonessential amino acids are also called...

dispensable amino acids

...involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

edema

During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle?

endoplasmic reticulum

A(n) ... amino acids cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or not at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Which of the following are major sources of fuel for the cells?

fats and carbohydrates

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many...such as insulin and glucagon

hormones

Protein equilibrium occurs when protein intake...

is equal to protein losses

Which type of malnutrition is characterized by edema, mild or moderate weight loss, and fatty liver?

kwashiorkor

A(n)... is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.

legumes

Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids?

leucine, isoleucine, and valine

Most plant proteins are examples of...proteins

lower-quality

Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?

marasmus

DNA is stored in the ... of the cell

nucleus

What are some health risks of plant-based diets for infants and children?

nutrient deficiency and growth retardation

Although usually used for tissue synthesis and repair, ...can be used to meet energy needs during prolonged exercise and during calorie restriction.

protein

Is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.

protein turnover

...help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

proteins

Which of the following foods are among the top eight foods that account for most food-related allergies? (7)

shellfish, tree nuts, egg, peanuts, wheat, milk, and soy

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

Which foods would supply the body with plant proteins?

soy milk, sunflower seeds, and veggie burgers

What is the best way to consume amino acids?

Whole foods

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential

amino acids

The majority of protein consumed by North Americans comes from...sources.

animal

Many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through...mechanisms.

antioxidant

A(n)...is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution.

buffer

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of...

cancer and cardiovascular disease

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less...than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol and saturated fat

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?

1. Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor. 2. A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels. 3. Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor.

Anemia, nerve damage, and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin...deficiency.

B-12

Which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of proteins is useful?

Digestion

...-protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High

Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?

Proteins

Lactoovovegetarians exlude all animal products except for...

milk and eggs

If a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins will...

slow down

Which of the following are benefits of including plant proteins in the diet?

1. Contain phytochemicals 2. Cholesterol-free 3. Less expensive than animal proteins

How does changing a protein's shape affect the protein?

1. It destroys the protein's ability to function normally. 2. The protein loses its biological activity.

Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.

1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine. 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK. 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes. 4. Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments.

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because...

1. foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol 2. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to...

1. impaired growth 2. muscle wasting 3. slow production of body proteins

There are a total of ... nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

How many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?

20

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the...code.

DNA

It is the role of ..., located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is a variation in...

DNA code

A(n)... bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. It is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion.

Peptide

Of the following,...are most likely to choose a vegetarian lifestyle.

Seventh-Day Adventists

Stomach acid and heat can...a protein, changing its shape and altering its biological activity.

denature

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be...during digestion.

denatured

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine...

essential amino acids

An illness might cause ... protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein.

negative

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

negative protein balance

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids, but not in carbohydrates?

nitrogen

A(n)...amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

Which of the following is a healthy food choice when consumed in moderation?

nuts

Amino acid needs should be met...

over the course of the day

...is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.

pepsin

A(n) ... bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein.

peptide

A...protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

positive

Due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from...can lower the production of cholesterol by the body.

soybeans