Nutrition: Proteins
Most...proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. These proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.
incomplete, plant, and lower-quality
A...diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.
lactoovovegetarian
What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Vitamin C helps with the absorption of...
iron
A...is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.
lactovegetarian
The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the...
limiting amino acid
In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a variety of...proteins need to be consumed.
plant
Almost all enzymes are...
proteins
Chemical digestion of protein takes place in the...
stomach and small intestine
The purpose of ...is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur.
mRNA
A...primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils. People who consume this diet are at risk of nutrient deficiencies, which is why this type of diet is not advised.
fruitarian
The selection of vegetarian food options in grocery stores and restaurants...
has increased in recent years due to the popularity of vegetarian lifestyles
The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form....
proteins
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from...,which makes it a costly source of calories.
proteins
What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
proteins
Which of the following supply the body with usable energy?
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Who have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?
vegetarian
Phytic acid limits the absorption of..., a mineral that is commonly found in whole grains, legumes, and nuts.
zinc
Proteins serve which of the following functions?
1. Proteins aid in blood clotting 2. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions 3. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production
Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies...
1. lack of nutrients 2. calorie deficiency
When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are...
1. metabolized as fuel 2. converted into glucose or fat
Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?
1. protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and cell repair 2. protein serves multiple functions in the body
Proteins supply the body with about ... kilocalories per gram.
4
The typical diet provides about...percent of protein as essential amino acids, when only 11 percent is required.
50
What is the RDA of protein for a typical man?
56 grams
A(n)...protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
complementary
Mixed diets provide high-quality protein because...proteins are being consumed.
complementary
A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n)... protein.
complete/high-quality
What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?
denaturation
Nonessential amino acids are also called...
dispensable amino acids
...involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.
edema
During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle?
endoplasmic reticulum
A(n) ... amino acids cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or not at all, and must be included in the diet.
essential
Which of the following are major sources of fuel for the cells?
fats and carbohydrates
Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many...such as insulin and glucagon
hormones
Protein equilibrium occurs when protein intake...
is equal to protein losses
Which type of malnutrition is characterized by edema, mild or moderate weight loss, and fatty liver?
kwashiorkor
A(n)... is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.
legumes
Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids?
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Most plant proteins are examples of...proteins
lower-quality
Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?
marasmus
DNA is stored in the ... of the cell
nucleus
What are some health risks of plant-based diets for infants and children?
nutrient deficiency and growth retardation
Although usually used for tissue synthesis and repair, ...can be used to meet energy needs during prolonged exercise and during calorie restriction.
protein
Is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.
protein turnover
...help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.
proteins
Which of the following foods are among the top eight foods that account for most food-related allergies? (7)
shellfish, tree nuts, egg, peanuts, wheat, milk, and soy
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except
sodium
Which foods would supply the body with plant proteins?
soy milk, sunflower seeds, and veggie burgers
What is the best way to consume amino acids?
Whole foods
Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential
amino acids
The majority of protein consumed by North Americans comes from...sources.
animal
Many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through...mechanisms.
antioxidant
A(n)...is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution.
buffer
Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of...
cancer and cardiovascular disease
Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less...than animal sources of protein.
cholesterol and saturated fat
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?
1. Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor. 2. A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels. 3. Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor.
Anemia, nerve damage, and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin...deficiency.
B-12
Which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of proteins is useful?
Digestion
...-protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.
High
Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?
Proteins
Lactoovovegetarians exlude all animal products except for...
milk and eggs
If a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins will...
slow down
Which of the following are benefits of including plant proteins in the diet?
1. Contain phytochemicals 2. Cholesterol-free 3. Less expensive than animal proteins
How does changing a protein's shape affect the protein?
1. It destroys the protein's ability to function normally. 2. The protein loses its biological activity.
Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.
1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine. 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK. 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes. 4. Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments.
A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because...
1. foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol 2. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat
Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to...
1. impaired growth 2. muscle wasting 3. slow production of body proteins
There are a total of ... nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.
11
How many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?
20
Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the...code.
DNA
It is the role of ..., located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.
DNA
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is a variation in...
DNA code
A(n)... bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. It is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion.
Peptide
Of the following,...are most likely to choose a vegetarian lifestyle.
Seventh-Day Adventists
Stomach acid and heat can...a protein, changing its shape and altering its biological activity.
denature
In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be...during digestion.
denatured
Animal proteins are a good source of all nine...
essential amino acids
An illness might cause ... protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein.
negative
Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?
negative protein balance
Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids, but not in carbohydrates?
nitrogen
A(n)...amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
nonessential
Which of the following is a healthy food choice when consumed in moderation?
nuts
Amino acid needs should be met...
over the course of the day
...is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.
pepsin
A(n) ... bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein.
peptide
A...protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.
positive
Due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from...can lower the production of cholesterol by the body.
soybeans