Nutrition test 2
What is the "anti-infection" vitamin?
Vitamin A
Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include:
Wheat germ, plant oils, and nuts
What part of the body closely monitors and regulates fat?
Hypothalamus
Match Insulin and glucagon with their effect on blood glucose.
Insulin: decreases blood glucose Glucagon: increases blood glucose
What are some examples of branched chain amino acids?
Isoleucine, valine, and leucine
What is the chemical structure of an omega 3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
Which of the following foods contain the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates? -peas, jelly, fat free milk, oatmeal, and beef
Jelly
High protein dies can lead to what?
Kidney disease
Which of the following are types of lipoproteins? -LDL, HDL, CVD, VLDL
LDL, HDL, and VLDL
What 3 organs or glands produce lipase?
Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas
Plant oils are always _________ free.
cholesterol
__________ is the dietary factor the has the biggest impact on cancer risk
excess calorie intake
Which of the following are examples of adaptive thermogenesis?
fidgeting, shivering, and maintenance of posture
Excessive consumption of _____ can mask the megaloblastic anemia characteristic of vitamin b12 deficiency
folate
Unlike most animals, humans _______ able to synthesize vitamin C
Are not
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are all examples of what?
Essential amino acids and branched chain amino acids
What can decrease vitamin A content in food?
Exposure to sunlight, exposure to oxygen, and deep fat frying
T or F: Margarine is a leading source of cholesterol in the typical American diet
False
T or F: Megadoses of vitamin A are recommended for treatment of cancer
False
Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat:
Fatty acid: Omega 6, Omega 3 Sterol: Cholesterol Phopholipid: Lecithin Tryglyceride: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Match fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterol to a correct description of it's chemical structure
Fatty acid: chain of carbons flanked by hydrogen Triglyceride: Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids Phospholipid: Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus- containing group Sterol: Multi ringed compound with a hydroxyl group
What are characteristics of kwashiorkor?
lack of growth, fatty liver, and edema
Due to their high energy density (9kcal per gram) ________ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body
lipids
Fats high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically __________ at room temperature
liquid
Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain
more vitamin E, more magnesium, and more fiber
Vitamins isolated from foods are classified as
natural
Folic acid is added to grain products with the aim of
reducing the occurrence of neural tube defects
the _____- metabolic rate is calculated instead of basal metabolic rate of individual has not fasted or rested for 12 hours prior to test
resting
_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon carbon single bonds
saturated
Viscous fiber helps to regulate blood glucose by
slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because
the germ, bran, and husk are discarded
Which of the following statements about fiber are true? -can be digested by human enzymes -is a complex carbohydrate -adds bulk to feces -A substance found in plants
-is a complex carb -adds bulk to feces -a substance found in plants
Which 3 of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates -jam, fat free milk, dried fruit, fish, table sugar, legumes
-jam, dried fruit, and table sugar
Which of the following foods is useful for managing blood glucose levels? -kidney beans, apples, oatmeal, white bread
-kidney beans -apples -oatmeal
A diet that contains less than 10% of kcal from fat may
-lead to deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins -be deficient in essential fatty acids
How are different types of fatty acids distinguished?
-number of carbon carbon double bonds along the skeleton -length of the carbon skeleton -position of carbon carbon double bonds along the skeleton
What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated trans fats?
-potato chips, stick margarine, shortening, french fries
What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega 3 fatty acids?
-reduced risk for heart disease -reduced inflammation -decreased blood triglyceride levels
Which of these sweeteners provide significant calories when consumed in amounts typically used in food products? -sugar alcohols -sugars -alternative sweeteners
-sugar alcohols -sugars
What functions do proteins serve?
-synthesis of enzymes and hormones -aid in blood clotting -building block for muscles and bone -maintenance of fluid balance
Which of the following foods are cholesterol free? -vegetable shortening, vegetable oil, reduced fat milk, margarine, peanut butter
-vegetable shortening, vegetable oil, margarine, peanut butter
Rank the following foods based on carb content. Highest to lowest: -1 medium baked potato -1 large egg -1 cup fat free milk
1 medium baked potato 1 cup fat free milk 1 large egg
Arrange the following from lowest % kcal to highest
1. Bread 2. Whole milk 3. Cheddar cheese 4. Canola Oil
A long chain fatty acid is defined as
A fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length
Upper body obesity in males is when waist exceeds______ inches
40
You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides _______Kcal from fat.
45 (9X5)
Which of the following is true about complete protein sources?
-Most food of animal origin are sources of complete protein -Supplies all 9 essential amino acids
Which of the following are functions of cholesterol -Synthesis of certain hormones -incorporation into cell structures -synthesis of certain bile acids -synthesis of certain carbs
-Synthesis of certain hormones -incorporation into cell structures -synthesis of certain bile acids
Symptoms of hypoglycemia should resolve quickly with the consumption of -carbs, non-nutritive sugar, water, and glucose
-glucose -carbs
_____-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol
High
How many nonessential amino acids are there?
11
If a person diet is low in protein, muscles and organs will decrease in size. Only the _____ resists protein breakdown
Brain
What are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
Carbohydrates and fats
The coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ____________ to compounds in metabolic reactions.
Carbon dioxide
People with diabetes nearly always develop
Cardiovascular Disease
It is the role of ____ located in the cells nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis
DNA
A ______ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and phosphorus group
Phospholipid
The liver and kidneys must get energy from _______ which makes it a costly source of calories.
Protein
Chemical digestion of protein takes place in
The small intestine and stomach
Lower body fat is named after
pear
Fiber is a type of
polyacrylamide
Antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by
reducing cell damage from free radicals
From top to bottom, what are the steps of dietary fat absorption in order?
1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
Oder the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry
1. Initial temp of layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measure 2. Body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temp of water surrounding chamber 3. difference between initial and final water temp is used to determine energy expenditure
Put the steps of protein digestion in order
1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of hormone CCK 3. k cause pancreas to release protein splitting enzymes 4. trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acids
list the macronutrients in order of energy needed for the thermic effect of food
1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates 3. Fat
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine.
1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digesting short chain fatty acids in the stomach 3. Bile emulsifies the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine
Place the steps of B12 absorption in the correct order beginning with what happens in the stomach
1. free vitamin b12 binds with r protein 2. vitamin b12 links with intrinsic factor 3. vitamin b 12/ intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into the blood 4. vitamin b 12 is stored in the liver
The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the goal _______ steps
10,000
A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides _____ grams of carbohydrates.
15
How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?
15-35%
What is BMI of someone thats 61kg and 1.6 meters tall
24
One pound of excess body weight represents about _____ kilocalories
3300
A serving from MyPlate vegetable group provides ____ grams of carbohydrates
5
How many kilograms is 154 pounds?
70 (154/2.2)
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
Lipoprotein lipase
Patients who experience hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
Meals on a regular basis, and meals with a mixture of macronutrients
What is an ideal weight loss program?
Moderate restriction of food intake by about 250 kcals per dat combined with daily exercise and mindful eating
Pair fatty acid with it's correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation
Omega 3: decrease blood clotting and inflammation Omega 6: Increase blood clotting and inflammation
Match each form of vitamin K with its source
Phylloquinone: green plants Menaquinone: gut bacteria Menadione: synthetic
________ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient
Protein
Main functions of cholesterol
Provide structure to cells, building block for bile acids, and help form hormones
Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure
Saturated fatty acid: no carbon carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid: One carbon carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more carbon carbon double bonds
To protect cardiovascular health, major health authorities recommend limiting intakes of _____ and _____
Saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids
Why are triglycerides idea for fat storage?
They are chemically stable, and energy dense
______ Unsaturated fatty acids are similar saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and function
Trans
T or F: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients
True
T or F: Adults need only about 11% of their total protein requirement to be supplied by essential amino acids
True
T or F: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides
True
T or F: Both sugars and sugar alcohols provide calories and sweetness
True
T or F: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body
True
T or F: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat
True
T or F: Infants intestines lack enough bacteria to produce vitamin K
True
T or F: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.
True
Match each population group with an appropriate supplement
Women of childbearing age: folic acid Newborn babies: Vitamin K Adults with lactose intolerance: calcium and vitamin D Women with heavy menstrual periods: iron
Saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, stevia, luo han guo, and advantame are examples of ______ that are available in the US.
alternative sweeteners
The amount of a nutrient that is absorbed and available to the body is called______
bioavailability
Direct calometry measures the amount of
body heat released by a person
Why do fibers differ from starches?
they cant be digested by human enzymes
Growth retardation in infants and children is associated with consuming a ______ diet.
vegetarian
One function of the urinary system is to remove excess _________-soluble vitamins.
water
Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of
water loss and lean muscle mass depletion