Nutrition test 2

What is the "anti-infection" vitamin?

Vitamin A

Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include:

Wheat germ, plant oils, and nuts

What part of the body closely monitors and regulates fat?

Hypothalamus

Match Insulin and glucagon with their effect on blood glucose.

Insulin: decreases blood glucose Glucagon: increases blood glucose

What are some examples of branched chain amino acids?

Isoleucine, valine, and leucine

What is the chemical structure of an omega 3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

Which of the following foods contain the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates? -peas, jelly, fat free milk, oatmeal, and beef

Jelly

High protein dies can lead to what?

Kidney disease

Which of the following are types of lipoproteins? -LDL, HDL, CVD, VLDL

LDL, HDL, and VLDL

What 3 organs or glands produce lipase?

Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas

Plant oils are always _________ free.

cholesterol

__________ is the dietary factor the has the biggest impact on cancer risk

excess calorie intake

Which of the following are examples of adaptive thermogenesis?

fidgeting, shivering, and maintenance of posture

Excessive consumption of _____ can mask the megaloblastic anemia characteristic of vitamin b12 deficiency

folate

Unlike most animals, humans _______ able to synthesize vitamin C

Are not

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are all examples of what?

Essential amino acids and branched chain amino acids

What can decrease vitamin A content in food?

Exposure to sunlight, exposure to oxygen, and deep fat frying

T or F: Margarine is a leading source of cholesterol in the typical American diet

False

T or F: Megadoses of vitamin A are recommended for treatment of cancer

False

Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat:

Fatty acid: Omega 6, Omega 3 Sterol: Cholesterol Phopholipid: Lecithin Tryglyceride: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Match fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterol to a correct description of it's chemical structure

Fatty acid: chain of carbons flanked by hydrogen Triglyceride: Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids Phospholipid: Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus- containing group Sterol: Multi ringed compound with a hydroxyl group

What are characteristics of kwashiorkor?

lack of growth, fatty liver, and edema

Due to their high energy density (9kcal per gram) ________ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body

lipids

Fats high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically __________ at room temperature

liquid

Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

more vitamin E, more magnesium, and more fiber

Vitamins isolated from foods are classified as

natural

Folic acid is added to grain products with the aim of

reducing the occurrence of neural tube defects

the _____- metabolic rate is calculated instead of basal metabolic rate of individual has not fasted or rested for 12 hours prior to test

resting

_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon carbon single bonds

saturated

Viscous fiber helps to regulate blood glucose by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because

the germ, bran, and husk are discarded

Which of the following statements about fiber are true? -can be digested by human enzymes -is a complex carbohydrate -adds bulk to feces -A substance found in plants

-is a complex carb -adds bulk to feces -a substance found in plants

Which 3 of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates -jam, fat free milk, dried fruit, fish, table sugar, legumes

-jam, dried fruit, and table sugar

Which of the following foods is useful for managing blood glucose levels? -kidney beans, apples, oatmeal, white bread

-kidney beans -apples -oatmeal

A diet that contains less than 10% of kcal from fat may

-lead to deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins -be deficient in essential fatty acids

How are different types of fatty acids distinguished?

-number of carbon carbon double bonds along the skeleton -length of the carbon skeleton -position of carbon carbon double bonds along the skeleton

What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated trans fats?

-potato chips, stick margarine, shortening, french fries

What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega 3 fatty acids?

-reduced risk for heart disease -reduced inflammation -decreased blood triglyceride levels

Which of these sweeteners provide significant calories when consumed in amounts typically used in food products? -sugar alcohols -sugars -alternative sweeteners

-sugar alcohols -sugars

What functions do proteins serve?

-synthesis of enzymes and hormones -aid in blood clotting -building block for muscles and bone -maintenance of fluid balance

Which of the following foods are cholesterol free? -vegetable shortening, vegetable oil, reduced fat milk, margarine, peanut butter

-vegetable shortening, vegetable oil, margarine, peanut butter

Rank the following foods based on carb content. Highest to lowest: -1 medium baked potato -1 large egg -1 cup fat free milk

1 medium baked potato 1 cup fat free milk 1 large egg

Arrange the following from lowest % kcal to highest

1. Bread 2. Whole milk 3. Cheddar cheese 4. Canola Oil

A long chain fatty acid is defined as

A fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length

Upper body obesity in males is when waist exceeds______ inches

40

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides _______Kcal from fat.

45 (9X5)

Which of the following is true about complete protein sources?

-Most food of animal origin are sources of complete protein -Supplies all 9 essential amino acids

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol -Synthesis of certain hormones -incorporation into cell structures -synthesis of certain bile acids -synthesis of certain carbs

-Synthesis of certain hormones -incorporation into cell structures -synthesis of certain bile acids

Symptoms of hypoglycemia should resolve quickly with the consumption of -carbs, non-nutritive sugar, water, and glucose

-glucose -carbs

_____-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol

High

How many nonessential amino acids are there?

11

If a person diet is low in protein, muscles and organs will decrease in size. Only the _____ resists protein breakdown

Brain

What are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

Carbohydrates and fats

The coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ____________ to compounds in metabolic reactions.

Carbon dioxide

People with diabetes nearly always develop

Cardiovascular Disease

It is the role of ____ located in the cells nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis

DNA

A ______ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and phosphorus group

Phospholipid

The liver and kidneys must get energy from _______ which makes it a costly source of calories.

Protein

Chemical digestion of protein takes place in

The small intestine and stomach

Lower body fat is named after

pear

Fiber is a type of

polyacrylamide

Antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by

reducing cell damage from free radicals

From top to bottom, what are the steps of dietary fat absorption in order?

1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Oder the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry

1. Initial temp of layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measure 2. Body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temp of water surrounding chamber 3. difference between initial and final water temp is used to determine energy expenditure

Put the steps of protein digestion in order

1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of hormone CCK 3. k cause pancreas to release protein splitting enzymes 4. trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acids

list the macronutrients in order of energy needed for the thermic effect of food

1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates 3. Fat

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine.

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digesting short chain fatty acids in the stomach 3. Bile emulsifies the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

Place the steps of B12 absorption in the correct order beginning with what happens in the stomach

1. free vitamin b12 binds with r protein 2. vitamin b12 links with intrinsic factor 3. vitamin b 12/ intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into the blood 4. vitamin b 12 is stored in the liver

The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the goal _______ steps

10,000

A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides _____ grams of carbohydrates.

15

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?

15-35%

What is BMI of someone thats 61kg and 1.6 meters tall

24

One pound of excess body weight represents about _____ kilocalories

3300

A serving from MyPlate vegetable group provides ____ grams of carbohydrates

5

How many kilograms is 154 pounds?

70 (154/2.2)

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

Patients who experience hypoglycemia may benefit from eating

Meals on a regular basis, and meals with a mixture of macronutrients

What is an ideal weight loss program?

Moderate restriction of food intake by about 250 kcals per dat combined with daily exercise and mindful eating

Pair fatty acid with it's correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation

Omega 3: decrease blood clotting and inflammation Omega 6: Increase blood clotting and inflammation

Match each form of vitamin K with its source

Phylloquinone: green plants Menaquinone: gut bacteria Menadione: synthetic

________ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient

Protein

Main functions of cholesterol

Provide structure to cells, building block for bile acids, and help form hormones

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure

Saturated fatty acid: no carbon carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid: One carbon carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more carbon carbon double bonds

To protect cardiovascular health, major health authorities recommend limiting intakes of _____ and _____

Saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids

Why are triglycerides idea for fat storage?

They are chemically stable, and energy dense

______ Unsaturated fatty acids are similar saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and function

Trans

T or F: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients

True

T or F: Adults need only about 11% of their total protein requirement to be supplied by essential amino acids

True

T or F: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides

True

T or F: Both sugars and sugar alcohols provide calories and sweetness

True

T or F: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body

True

T or F: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat

True

T or F: Infants intestines lack enough bacteria to produce vitamin K

True

T or F: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

Match each population group with an appropriate supplement

Women of childbearing age: folic acid Newborn babies: Vitamin K Adults with lactose intolerance: calcium and vitamin D Women with heavy menstrual periods: iron

Saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, stevia, luo han guo, and advantame are examples of ______ that are available in the US.

alternative sweeteners

The amount of a nutrient that is absorbed and available to the body is called______

bioavailability

Direct calometry measures the amount of

body heat released by a person

Why do fibers differ from starches?

they cant be digested by human enzymes

Growth retardation in infants and children is associated with consuming a ______ diet.

vegetarian

One function of the urinary system is to remove excess _________-soluble vitamins.

water

Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of

water loss and lean muscle mass depletion