OCE 1001 Test 4, Chapter 13

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5? phytoplankton humans tuna salmon orca whales

Humans Orca Whales

Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply. coastal upwelling coral reefs anywhere there is a strong thermocline in the deep ocean, far from land equatorial upwelling

coastal upwelling coral reefs equatorial upwelling

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Ripstick looking thing Diatom Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis

Diatom

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and white 10 microns photo Diatom Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis

Dinoflagellate

When does eutrophication occur? when upwelling creates high productivity when there are not enough nutrients in the water when there is not enough primary productivity when there are excess nutrients in the water when there is excess oxygen in the water

when there are excess nutrients in the water

When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere? when winds blow from the south, parallel to shore when a strong high pressure system is in place when a sea breeze blows onto land when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore when it is raining and river discharge is maximized

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

Where are dead zones more likely to develop? where large rivers discharge into the ocean where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean where rivers with acidic water discharge into the ocean anywhere in the Southern Hemisphere where abundant rain floods the ocean with freshwater

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers? 10 10,000 1,000 1 100

1

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. 10%. 30%. 50%. 90%.

1%.

How many tuna does it take to make one shark? the mass of the shark 100 times the mass of the shark 1000 times the mass of the shark 10 times the mass of the shark

10 times the mass of the shark

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: 5%. 30%. 75%. 50%. 10%.

10%.

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. one to two kilometers one kilometer 20 meters 100 meters two to three kilometers

100 meters

How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year? 1,000 pounds 10 million pounds 55 billion pounds 145 billion pounds 100,000 pounds

145 billion pounds

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability. 20 10 25 50 15

25

If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year? 30 grams 10 grams 3 grams 100 grams 1 gram

3 grams

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 300 500 400 100 200

500

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? 100% 98.50% 98.00% 99.90% 99.50%

99.90%

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Carnivorous feeding Suspension feeding Deposit feeding Autotrophic Filter feeding

Autotrophic

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: carbon dioxide. nitrogen. phosphorus. A and B are correct. B and C are correct.

B and C are correct.

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone? Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water. The phytoplankton use up all of the oxygen in the water. There is too much oxygen in the water because of high concentrations of phytoplankton. There is too much oxygen in the water because agricultural runoff pollutes the water. There are too many fish in the area.

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Biogeochemical cycle Herbivores Bacteriovores Carnivores Decomposers

Biogeochemical cycle

What is the chemical formula for sugar? H2O CO2 CHO C3H6O3 C6H12O6

C6H12O6

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and White 1 micron picture Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis

Coccolithophore

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada) Arctic Char (farmed)

Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)

What is bycatch? fish that die in the nets fish that are caught that are too small to sell fish that are pregnant when they are harvested fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch fish that cannot be eaten because their mercury levels are too high

Fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? Algae beds and coral reefs Estuaries Freshwater swamp and marsh Open Ocean Upwelling zone

Freshwater swamp and marsh

Which of the following are primary carnivores? Choose all that apply. herring diatoms sardines larval forms of barnacles small shrimp

Herring Sardins

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. The largest proportion of marine fish stocks are harvested from open ocean waters. The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. The marine fishing industry has developed new high-tech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species.

In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply. In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round. Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.

In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of sunlight.

In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.

Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity? It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside. It brings warm, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside. It provides a current for fish to move up in the water column to devour the phytoplankton on the surface. It provides a current for phytoplankton to move up in the water column from the deep ocean. It brings carbonate ions to the surface.

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters? Low chlorophyll concentrations Abundant sunlight Low nutrient concentrations Increased scattering of blue light Frequent upwelling

Low nutrient concentrations

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? yellow bending Leaf looking thing with pentax circle Green Surf Grass Sponge weed Red algae Sargassum Macrocystis

Macrocystis

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico? Mississippi River Missouri River Arkansas River Columbia River Amazon River

Mississippi River

The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called chemosynthesis. upwelling. visible light. biomass. photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

Which organisms contain chlorophyll? Choose all that apply. phytoplankton tuna diatoms anchovies zooplankton

Phytoplankton Diatoms

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called: chlorophyll. upwelling. primary productivity. compensation depth. biomass.

Primary productivity

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? The environmental degradation of many ecosystems Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Green Surf Grass Sponge weed Red algae Sargassum Macrocystis

Sponge weed

The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that: There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean. There are many more large organisms than small organisms in the ocean. There are many more mid-trophic-level organisms than low-trophic-level organisms in the ocean. The population of top predators is not dependent on the population of primary producers. There are the same number of small and large organisms in the ocean.

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.

Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive? They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently. They are minimally affected by human activities. They are located near warm ocean currents that provide the primary producers with nutrients. They are located in areas with high concentrations of pollinating insects that enhance primary productivity. Primary producers in these areas have few predators.

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions? They utilize the energy in carbon dioxide. They utilize respiration. They utilize the energy in sugar. They utilize photosynthesis.

They utilize the energy in sugar.

Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents? This is where wind direction forces surface water toward the shore. This is where Ekman transport moves water to the right of wind direction. This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore. More nutrients are added to the ocean along the shorelines due to human habitation. This is where Ekman transport moves water to the left of wind direction.

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

Is overfishing really a problem? No. There are plenty of fish in the sea. Yes. 10% of fish and 50% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. Yes. 50% of fish and 75% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. No. Humans are not very efficient at removing fish from the sea. Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

Which of the following are first-level consumers? Choose all that apply. zooplankton phytoplankton herbivores sardines salmon

Zooplankton Herbivores

Primary producers are also known as which of the following? cnidarians copepods heterotrophs autotrophs herbivores

autotrophs

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. autotrophs fish primary producers phytoplankton heterotrophs

autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature

available sunlight only

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. nutrient supply; nutrient supply available sunlight; nutrient supply nutrient supply; available sunlight available sunlight; available sunlight

available sunlight; nutrient supply

How might the development of dead zones be controlled? Choose all that apply. by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands through preservation of wetlands by adding more nutrients to the water by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment

by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands through preservation of wetlands by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets? Choose all that apply. tuna cod salmon shrimp flounder

cod shrimp flounder

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. less; greater less; lower deeper; greater deeper; lower

deeper; lower`

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are: dinoflagellates. coccolithophorids. cyanobacteria. diatoms. radiolarians.

diatoms

Which of the following are primary producers? Choose all that apply. copepods krill diatoms coccolithophores dinoflagellates

diatoms coccolithophores dinoflagellates

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________. coccolithophores dinoflagellates radiolarians diatoms cyanobacteria

dinoflagellates

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply. coccolithophores diatoms kelp krill dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates coccolithophores diatoms

Which of the following commonly become bycatch? Choose all that apply. small fish such as sardines and anchovies apex predator fish such as tuna and salmon dolphins, turtles, and birds crabs and lobsters sharks

dolphins, turtles, and birds sharks

What is kinetic energy? energy of movement potential energy chemical energy energy of metabolism energy of resting

energy of movement

Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________. increase in the average size of current shark populations decrease in the population of cownose rays excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs increase in the standing stock of the American lobster increase in scallop populations

excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs

Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive? continental shelves tropical rainforests algae beds freshwater swamps and marshes coral reefs

freshwater swamps and marshes

What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity? grams of oxygen per square meter grams of carbon per square meter per year grams of chlorophyll per square meter per year grams of carbon per square meter grams of carbon per year

grams of carbon per square meter per year

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. autotrophic producer siliceous decomposer heterotrophic

heterotrophic

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply. iron calcium phosphates nitrates silica carbon dioxide

iron phosphates nitrates silica

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. fisheries management agencies have become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list deep-water fishes taste better and are in higher demand governments target deep-water species when they subsidize their fishing industries deep-water fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to: krill and other shellfish. non-target species that are caught along with commercial species. species raised in aquaculture settings. species harvested for industrial purposes. species caught as part of traditional fisheries.

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. cyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and multidirectional cyclic and multidirectional

noncyclic and unidirectional

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature

nutrient supply only

Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America? on the east coast, off the shore of Brazil on the west coast, off the shore of southern Chile on the north coast, off the shore of Colombia on the east coast, off the shore of Argentina on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive? farms zones of upwelling open ocean freshwater swamps and marshes continental shelves

open ocean

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________. phosphates nitrates carbon dioxide oxygen light

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis? oxygen gas and sugar nitrogen gas and sugar water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas sugar and sunlight

oxygen gas and sugar

Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web? blue whales zooplankton photosynthetic bacteria burrowing clams marine worms large nekton

photosynthetic bacteria

Which of the following is in trophic level 1? zooplankton phytoplankton orca whales humans tuna

phytoplankton

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. heterotrophic decomposers consumers animals producers

producers

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. purse seine nets gill nets lobster traps drift nets long lines

purse seine nets

The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________. red violet yellow green blue

red

How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean? scuba diving to collect water samples in the deep ocean Secchi disks satellite images that capture nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture whale movements in the surface ocean

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

Energy flow in an ecosystem is: top down. unidirectional. semi-conservative. bi-directional. cyclic.

unidirectional.

What are the reaction products of respiration? oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas nitrogen gas and oxygen gas sugar and energy water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and sugar

water and carbon dioxide gas

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. western; away from western; toward eastern; toward eastern; away from

western; toward