OCE 1001 Test 4, Chapter 13
Which of the following are members of trophic level 5? phytoplankton humans tuna salmon orca whales
Humans Orca Whales
Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply. coastal upwelling coral reefs anywhere there is a strong thermocline in the deep ocean, far from land equatorial upwelling
coastal upwelling coral reefs equatorial upwelling
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Ripstick looking thing Diatom Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis
Diatom
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and white 10 microns photo Diatom Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis
Dinoflagellate
When does eutrophication occur? when upwelling creates high productivity when there are not enough nutrients in the water when there is not enough primary productivity when there are excess nutrients in the water when there is excess oxygen in the water
when there are excess nutrients in the water
When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere? when winds blow from the south, parallel to shore when a strong high pressure system is in place when a sea breeze blows onto land when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore when it is raining and river discharge is maximized
when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore
Where are dead zones more likely to develop? where large rivers discharge into the ocean where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean where rivers with acidic water discharge into the ocean anywhere in the Southern Hemisphere where abundant rain floods the ocean with freshwater
where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean
For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers? 10 10,000 1,000 1 100
1
The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. 10%. 30%. 50%. 90%.
1%.
How many tuna does it take to make one shark? the mass of the shark 100 times the mass of the shark 1000 times the mass of the shark 10 times the mass of the shark
10 times the mass of the shark
The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: 5%. 30%. 75%. 50%. 10%.
10%.
The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. one to two kilometers one kilometer 20 meters 100 meters two to three kilometers
100 meters
How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year? 1,000 pounds 10 million pounds 55 billion pounds 145 billion pounds 100,000 pounds
145 billion pounds
Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability. 20 10 25 50 15
25
If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year? 30 grams 10 grams 3 grams 100 grams 1 gram
3 grams
Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 300 500 400 100 200
500
What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? 100% 98.50% 98.00% 99.90% 99.50%
99.90%
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Carnivorous feeding Suspension feeding Deposit feeding Autotrophic Filter feeding
Autotrophic
The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: carbon dioxide. nitrogen. phosphorus. A and B are correct. B and C are correct.
B and C are correct.
Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone? Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water. The phytoplankton use up all of the oxygen in the water. There is too much oxygen in the water because of high concentrations of phytoplankton. There is too much oxygen in the water because agricultural runoff pollutes the water. There are too many fish in the area.
Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Biogeochemical cycle Herbivores Bacteriovores Carnivores Decomposers
Biogeochemical cycle
What is the chemical formula for sugar? H2O CO2 CHO C3H6O3 C6H12O6
C6H12O6
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and White 1 micron picture Coccolithophore Dinoflagellate Foraminifera Macrocystis
Coccolithophore
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada) Arctic Char (farmed)
Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
What is bycatch? fish that die in the nets fish that are caught that are too small to sell fish that are pregnant when they are harvested fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch fish that cannot be eaten because their mercury levels are too high
Fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch
Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? Algae beds and coral reefs Estuaries Freshwater swamp and marsh Open Ocean Upwelling zone
Freshwater swamp and marsh
Which of the following are primary carnivores? Choose all that apply. herring diatoms sardines larval forms of barnacles small shrimp
Herring Sardins
Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. The largest proportion of marine fish stocks are harvested from open ocean waters. The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. The marine fishing industry has developed new high-tech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species.
In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species.
Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply. In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round. Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.
In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.
Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of sunlight.
In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.
Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity? It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside. It brings warm, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside. It provides a current for fish to move up in the water column to devour the phytoplankton on the surface. It provides a current for phytoplankton to move up in the water column from the deep ocean. It brings carbonate ions to the surface.
It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.
What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters? Low chlorophyll concentrations Abundant sunlight Low nutrient concentrations Increased scattering of blue light Frequent upwelling
Low nutrient concentrations
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? yellow bending Leaf looking thing with pentax circle Green Surf Grass Sponge weed Red algae Sargassum Macrocystis
Macrocystis
Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico? Mississippi River Missouri River Arkansas River Columbia River Amazon River
Mississippi River
The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called chemosynthesis. upwelling. visible light. biomass. photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Which organisms contain chlorophyll? Choose all that apply. phytoplankton tuna diatoms anchovies zooplankton
Phytoplankton Diatoms
In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called: chlorophyll. upwelling. primary productivity. compensation depth. biomass.
Primary productivity
Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? The environmental degradation of many ecosystems Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Green Surf Grass Sponge weed Red algae Sargassum Macrocystis
Sponge weed
The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that: There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean. There are many more large organisms than small organisms in the ocean. There are many more mid-trophic-level organisms than low-trophic-level organisms in the ocean. The population of top predators is not dependent on the population of primary producers. There are the same number of small and large organisms in the ocean.
There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.
Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive? They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently. They are minimally affected by human activities. They are located near warm ocean currents that provide the primary producers with nutrients. They are located in areas with high concentrations of pollinating insects that enhance primary productivity. Primary producers in these areas have few predators.
They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.
How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions? They utilize the energy in carbon dioxide. They utilize respiration. They utilize the energy in sugar. They utilize photosynthesis.
They utilize the energy in sugar.
Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents? This is where wind direction forces surface water toward the shore. This is where Ekman transport moves water to the right of wind direction. This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore. More nutrients are added to the ocean along the shorelines due to human habitation. This is where Ekman transport moves water to the left of wind direction.
This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.
Is overfishing really a problem? No. There are plenty of fish in the sea. Yes. 10% of fish and 50% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. Yes. 50% of fish and 75% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. No. Humans are not very efficient at removing fish from the sea. Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.
Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.
Which of the following are first-level consumers? Choose all that apply. zooplankton phytoplankton herbivores sardines salmon
Zooplankton Herbivores
Primary producers are also known as which of the following? cnidarians copepods heterotrophs autotrophs herbivores
autotrophs
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. autotrophs fish primary producers phytoplankton heterotrophs
autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton
In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature
available sunlight only
In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. nutrient supply; nutrient supply available sunlight; nutrient supply nutrient supply; available sunlight available sunlight; available sunlight
available sunlight; nutrient supply
How might the development of dead zones be controlled? Choose all that apply. by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands through preservation of wetlands by adding more nutrients to the water by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment
by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands through preservation of wetlands by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment
Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets? Choose all that apply. tuna cod salmon shrimp flounder
cod shrimp flounder
When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. less; greater less; lower deeper; greater deeper; lower
deeper; lower`
Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are: dinoflagellates. coccolithophorids. cyanobacteria. diatoms. radiolarians.
diatoms
Which of the following are primary producers? Choose all that apply. copepods krill diatoms coccolithophores dinoflagellates
diatoms coccolithophores dinoflagellates
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________. coccolithophores dinoflagellates radiolarians diatoms cyanobacteria
dinoflagellates
Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply. coccolithophores diatoms kelp krill dinoflagellates
dinoflagellates coccolithophores diatoms
Which of the following commonly become bycatch? Choose all that apply. small fish such as sardines and anchovies apex predator fish such as tuna and salmon dolphins, turtles, and birds crabs and lobsters sharks
dolphins, turtles, and birds sharks
What is kinetic energy? energy of movement potential energy chemical energy energy of metabolism energy of resting
energy of movement
Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________. increase in the average size of current shark populations decrease in the population of cownose rays excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs increase in the standing stock of the American lobster increase in scallop populations
excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs
Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive? continental shelves tropical rainforests algae beds freshwater swamps and marshes coral reefs
freshwater swamps and marshes
What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity? grams of oxygen per square meter grams of carbon per square meter per year grams of chlorophyll per square meter per year grams of carbon per square meter grams of carbon per year
grams of carbon per square meter per year
Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. autotrophic producer siliceous decomposer heterotrophic
heterotrophic
Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply. iron calcium phosphates nitrates silica carbon dioxide
iron phosphates nitrates silica
With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. fisheries management agencies have become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list deep-water fishes taste better and are in higher demand governments target deep-water species when they subsidize their fishing industries deep-water fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate
most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate
The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to: krill and other shellfish. non-target species that are caught along with commercial species. species raised in aquaculture settings. species harvested for industrial purposes. species caught as part of traditional fisheries.
non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.
The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. cyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and multidirectional cyclic and multidirectional
noncyclic and unidirectional
In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature
nutrient supply only
Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America? on the east coast, off the shore of Brazil on the west coast, off the shore of southern Chile on the north coast, off the shore of Colombia on the east coast, off the shore of Argentina on the west coast, off the shore of Peru
on the west coast, off the shore of Peru
Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive? farms zones of upwelling open ocean freshwater swamps and marshes continental shelves
open ocean
In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________. phosphates nitrates carbon dioxide oxygen light
oxygen
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis? oxygen gas and sugar nitrogen gas and sugar water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas sugar and sunlight
oxygen gas and sugar
Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web? blue whales zooplankton photosynthetic bacteria burrowing clams marine worms large nekton
photosynthetic bacteria
Which of the following is in trophic level 1? zooplankton phytoplankton orca whales humans tuna
phytoplankton
Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. heterotrophic decomposers consumers animals producers
producers
Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. purse seine nets gill nets lobster traps drift nets long lines
purse seine nets
The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________. red violet yellow green blue
red
How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean? scuba diving to collect water samples in the deep ocean Secchi disks satellite images that capture nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture whale movements in the surface ocean
satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean
Energy flow in an ecosystem is: top down. unidirectional. semi-conservative. bi-directional. cyclic.
unidirectional.
What are the reaction products of respiration? oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas nitrogen gas and oxygen gas sugar and energy water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and sugar
water and carbon dioxide gas
Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. western; away from western; toward eastern; toward eastern; away from
western; toward