Oceans Unit 4 Prep

What percentage of water on our planet is saltwater?

97%

The figure below is a chart showing tide height for one day at Port Angeles, a city located on Admiralty Inlet. Refer to the chart to answer the following question. Which letter(s) indicate times of high tide? Select all that apply.

A E

The CDC estimates that vibriosis causes 80,000 illnesses each year in the United States. More than half of these infections is the result of:

eating contaminated food

The figure below is a chart showing tide height for one day at Port Angeles, a city located on Admiralty Inlet. Refer to the chart to answer the following question. Which letter(s) indicate times of slack tide?

not? B, D, F

What is the limiting nutrient in HNLC regions?

Iron

Phytoplankton require Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous in a particular ratio (of 106:16:1). This ratio is called:

Redfield ratio

How can satellites be used to predict cholera outbreaks?

Satellites can measure increases in sea surface temperatures and increases in chl a that are correlated with outbreaks of cholera.

Most of the bioactive compounds that have been identified as potential new drugs come from what type of marine organism?

Sponge

Tides are caused by the gravitational forces exerted on the earth by the ______ and ______. Fill in the blanks with the best word choices from the list below.

Sun Moon

Tidal range is:

The difference in height between low tide and high tide

True or false: Nearly half of the global population currently lives in areas that are potentially water scarce at least one month per year.

True

True or false: Viruses and bacteria both play very important roles in nutrient and carbon cycling in the ocean

True

True or false: Viruses are a significant source of mortality for marine plankton.

True

True or false: Viruses are considered a "life form" but are not living because they require a host to replicate.

True

True or false? Many marine-based human pathogens are sensitive to sea temperature variability.

True

True or false? Populations of sea stars along the west coast of the US are currently recovering from the 2013 die-off event and numbers are increasing.

True

True or false? The annual rate of ciguatera fish poisoning appears to be highest in surface waters with higher than average sea surface temperatures.

True

True or false? The sea star die-off of 2013 is currently the most extensive marine-disease event ever documented.

True

True or false? There is evidence that climate change has already caused increases in disease in both terrestrial and marine systems

True

True or false? Vibrio bacteria naturally live in certain coastal waters and are present in higher concentrations when water temperatures are warmer.

True

Viruses play an important role in carbon and nutrient cycling through the __________. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below.

Viral shunt

Which of the following organisms would you expect to be the most abundant in 1ml of seawater?

Viruses

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about marine viruses?

Viruses are living entities with rapid growth rates

Which of the following statements about the role viruses play in influencing the diversity and distribution of microbes in the ocean is incorrect?

Viruses can limit the depth range of microbes through shading of the water column.

What can you conclude from the data shown in the figure below?

Water demand increases as population increases

An increase in the number of cholera bacteria may be associated with which of the following? Select all that apply.

- An increase in phytoplankton abundance - An increase in sea surface temperatures - An increase in zooplankton abundance

Why might coral reefs a good place to search for organisms that could be used to develop new drugs? Select all that apply.

- Because life on coral reefs is so diverse and concentrated - Because they are relatively easy to get to compared to the deep ocean

Which of the following are reasons why global water usage is growing rapidly? Select all that apply.

- Economic development - Population growth - Changing consumption patterns

Which of the following is a result of ocean warming? Select all that apply

- Increase in the rate of reproduction and growth of some harmful microorganisms - increased rates of coral bleaching in tropical waters - the range of some species of microorganisms is expanding - the range of some species has been shifted northward or southward into cooler temperatures

What are the two main methods of seawater desalinization?

- Membrane separation - Thermal distillation

Which of the following are advantages of ocean energy over solar or wind energy generation? Select all that apply.

- Ocean energy technologies are more predictable. - Ocean energy technologies are more reliable.

Which of the following are reasons why scientists should look for new pharmaceuticals in the ocean? Select all that apply.

- The ocean is the largest habitat on earth - It's predicted that there are many unique organisms in the ocean - Ocean habitats are relatively unexplored

Which of the following is true about Vibrio infections in a future warmer world? Select all that apply

- Vibrio infections will become more common. - The geographical range of Vibrio is likely to expand into higher latitudes

In which of the following ways does the activity of marine viruses impact marine bacteria. Select all that apply.

- Viral lysis creates free floating DNA that can be taken up and incorporated into bacterial cells - Viral lysis results in a pool of dissolved nutrients that can be taken up by bacterial - Viruses are a source of bacterial mortality

Select all that apply. Human disease risk is likely to be affected by changes in disease incidence for marine animals that are:

- in drinking water allowing for direct transmission of pathogens or toxins - part of peoples' diets allowing for direct transmission of pathogens or toxins - in swimming or bathing waters allowing for infection of skin wounds

How is the range of malaria predicted to change by the year 2050? Select all that apply.

- it is likely to expand southward in the S. hemisphere - it is likely to expand southward in the N. Hemisphere - It will disappear from some regions

Wind-driven waves are dependent on what three factors? Select three from the list below.

- wind speed - wind distance - wind duration

Which of the following conditions are associated with sea star wasting disease? Select all that apply.

-Death of sea stars -White lesions on the surface of sea stars -Decay of tissue on arms and body of sea star.

Which of the following is associated with climate change and could play a role in the spread of diseases like sea star wasting disease? Select all that apply.

-Decreasing surface ocean pH -Increasing sea surface temperatures -Increase of virulence in microorganisms at higher. temperatures -increase in range of microorganisms that thrive in warmer temperatures

In what ways can climate change affect the spread of disease in the marine environment? Select all that apply.

-Many disease-causing microorganisms are more virulent at warmer temperatures -Warmer temperatures can cause stress on organisms and compromise their ability to fight a disease -warmer temperatures are more favorable for some disease-causing microorganisms

Climate change could impact food safety and security by which of the following (select all that apply)

-Salinization of agricultural lands and increasing percentage of crops lost to plant disease and pests. -Disruption of food logistics and destruction of crops through increased number and severity of flooding events and natural disasters.

Which of the following are reasons why scientists think sessile marine organisms may contain compounds that could be used to fight human disease and illness? Select all that apply.

-Sessile organisms use chemical compounds to protect themselves from parasites - Sessile organisms use chemical compounds to protect themselves from disease

Why are sea stars important organisms in the intertidal? Select all that apply.

-They can be voracious and ecologically significant predators -Sea stars are a food source for some marine organisms and brids -Some species of sea stars are identified as keystone species; a species on which other species largely depend

What percentage of water on our planet is accessible (not frozen) and suitable for human consumption?

1%

Waves are disturbances that propagate through space and time - often resulting in a transfer of energy. Match the following definition of wave components to the proper term:

1. The measured distance from wave trough to wave crest - Wave Height (H) 2. Measured distance from wave crest to crest, or trough to trough - Wavelength (L) 3. Time interval between arrival of consecutive crests or troughs at a stationary point - Period (T)

What percentage of water on our planet is freshwater?

3%

Which of the following are potential drawbacks of ocean energy technologies? Select all that apply.

ALL

From which types of marine organisms have new drugs been discovered? Select all that apply. - Sponges - Corals - Fishes - Sea slugs

All of the above

In which of the following ways could atmosphere and ocean warming affect vector-borne diseases? select all that apply - increasing temperatures have been linked to earlier and more prolonged blooms of microorganisms that can become toxic - increasing temperatures have been shown to increase virulence of some pathogens - increasing temperatures have been linked to the expansion of host organisms - increasing temperatures have been linked to an increase in disease transmission - increasing temperatures have been shown to increase growth rates of some pathogens

All of the above

Mass mortality events of echinoderms and corals have been associated with which of the following? Select all that apply. - Changing sea surface temperatures - El Nino events - HABs - Changes in CO2 concentration and sea surface pH - Densovirus

All of the above

What types of illnesses or disease are researchers hoping to find new drugs from the sea to help treat? Select all that apply. - Bacterial infections - Asthma - Pain relievers - Cancers

All of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of bacteria? Select all that apply. 1. Bacteria have a high reproductive rate 2. Bacteria are microscopic 3. They are the most ancient forms of life 4. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission 5. Bacteria are prokaryotes (free floating DNA)

All of the above

Which of the following types of organisms are subject to viral infection. 1. Fish 2. Bacteria 3. Whales 4. Diatoms 5. Humans

All of the above

Prokaryotic organisms lack

An enclosed nucleus

How many people could be impacted directly or indirectly by changes to disease dynamics associated with marine systems?

Billions

What is the name for the process that is mediated by phytoplankton and results in the transfer of carbon out of the atmosphere and into the deep ocean.

Biological pump

This map shows the global distribution of regions affected by water scarcity. The. color scale indicating the number of months that a region experiences water scarcity. What color on map represents regions that experience water scarcity for all 12 months of a year?

Brown/Dark Red

The figure below is a chart showing tide height for one day at Port Angeles, a city located on Admiralty Inlet. Refer to the chart to answer the following question. Which letter(s) indicate times of low tide?

C G

Climate change is disrupting weather patterns. What's the pattern?

Humid regions are becoming wetter and arid/semiarid regions are becoming drier

The _______ is the set of processes by which phytoplankton-dervied organic matter is sequestered away from the atmosphere by transport or sinking into the deep ocean. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. - microbial loop - carbon shunt? - viral shunt - biological pump - carbon pump?

Carbon Pump

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) would be best utilized in which area?

Caribbean

Why do coastal cholera outbreaks typically follow zooplankton blooms?

Cholera bacteria attach to zooplankton, especially copepods, to form a thin biofilm

What is NOT a potential unfavorable consequence of oceanic iron fertilization?

Enhancement of the Biological Pump

TRUE or FALSE: Desalinization is a cost-effective long term solution to water scarcity.

False

True or False: Desalination is the process of getting calcium carbonate and other materials out of saltwater so that it's drinkable and usable on land for human consumption and to irrigate crops.

False

True or False? Most of the drugs currently on the market come from marine environments.

False

True or false: Archaea are a type of specialized bacteria

False

True or false: Archaea are a type of specialized bacteria.

False

True or false? Most cholera cases in developing countries are a result of transmission by food, while in developing countries it is more often water.

False

True or false? Rates of poleward range shifts in terrestrial systems are happening between 5 times faster on land than in marine systems.

False

True or false? The 2013 die-off of sea stars was the first documented mass mortality event along the west coast of the U.S.

False

The distance over open water that wind has blown over is called:

Fetch

Which of the following statements about sea star wasting disease is incorrect?

It is a new disease; first identified in 2013

During which month in the northern hemisphere when you expect Vibrio bacteria to have the highest concentration?

July

If iron fertilization results in the bloom of this type of phytoplankton it's more likely that carbon will sink to the deep ocean.

Large diatoms

Why is there a need to find new antibiotic drugs?

Many types of bacteria are becoming resistant to existing antibiotics.

Which of the following could happen to the structure of the marine food web if sea stars were removed from the intertidal? Select all that apply.

Maybe all?

When do the strongest tidal currents occur?

NOt when range between high and low is small

In most of the ocean, what is the limiting macronutrient?

Nitrogen

Which of the following is NOT an HNLC region?

North Atlantic Gyre

Which type of alternative marine energy source is most likely to result in marine animal injury from moving parts like blades?

Ocean current energy

What are the two ocean carbon sequestration strategies that get the most attention? Select two.

Ocean fertilization and injection

Who is Rita Colwell?

The renowned scientist whose team was able to link cholera with sea temperatures and plankton blooms.

How would you describe the current state of knowledge about the spread of disease in marine systems as a result of ocean change?

There is a worrying lack of detailed experiments of thermal limits on survival, reproduction and growth of pathogenic organisms and their carriers.

Which of the following statements about cholera is incorrect?

There is no known treatment for cholera

Which of the following is true of both bacteria and viruses?

They both play important roles in nutrient cycling and the marine food web.

What is the primary difference between bacteria and archaea?

They have different cell wall structures and genes

Which of the following sources of ocean energy is most predictable in time, space, and energy output?

Tides

TRUE or FALSE: Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing carbon dioxide from the source where it is produced or directly out of the atmosphere and storing it in reservoir where it is out of contact with the atmosphere.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Climate change is contributing to water scarcity.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Compounds from marine sources are now being tested as treatments for chronic pain, asthma and cancer.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Geo-engineering is the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth's natural systems to counteract climate change.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Iron fertilization of phytoplankton blooms is an example of geo-engineering.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Surface waves are most commonly caused by winds.

True

TRUE or FALSE: The goal of carbon capture and sequestration is to reduce the impacts of global climate change.

True

True or False? It's likely that there are a number of undiscovered marine microorganisms and invertebrates that could produce chemical compounds that could be used to fight human disease.

True

True or false: Archaea are one of three (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota) domains of life.

True

True or false: Desalination is the process of getting salt and other minerals out of saltwater so that it's drinkable and usable on land for human consumption and to irrigate crops.

True

True or false: Dissolved organic carbon is incorporated into the marine food chain through the microbial loop.

True