Openstax Sociology Chapter 11-12, 14-15, 17-18, 20-21
De Facto Segregation
A race based wealth gap
Institutional discrimination
Occurs when a societal system has developed with embedded disenfranchisement of a group
Federal Bracero Program
Offered protection to Mexican guest workers in the 1940's and 1950's
Expulsion but not Genocide
President FDR issued the Executive order authorizing the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as 1/8th japanese ancestry, interning over 120,000 legal Japanese residents and Japanese U.S. Citizens. This is an example of
racial profiling
The use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone
Social construction of Race
A more sociological way of understanding racial categories
Hispanic/Latino
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American descent
Racism
A stronger type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others; A set of practices used by a racial majority to disadvantage a racial minority
Expulsion
A subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a certain area or country
Ethnicity
A term that describes shared culture--the practices, values, and beliefs of a group
dysfunctions
According to Rose (1951), some _______ associated with racism include Failure to take advantage of in the subjected group and Society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries
The Scapegoat Theory
Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of:
Colorism
Another kind of prejudice in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group
Minority Group
Any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore reguard themselves as objects of discrimination.
Functionalist Perspective
Argues that racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members
Émile Durkheim
Calls racism a social fact meaning it does not require the action of individuals to continue
Subordinate groups
Can be used interchangeably with minority group, Those who lack power compared to the dominant group
Functionalism1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of Amalgamation
Cedric's uncle believes that racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society - but only in the lives of those who are members of the dominant group. Which sociological perspective is Cedric's uncle coming from?
Civil Rights Movement
Characterized by boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and freedom rides: demonstrations by subordinate group that would no longer willingly submit to domination
Discrimination
Consists of actions against a group of people; Can be based on age, religion, health, and other indicators
Operation Wetback
Deported thousands of illegal Mexican workers in 1945
Minority Group
Describes groups that are subordinate or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin
Symbolic Interactionist
For which school of thought do race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity?
Indian Boarding Schools
Further eroding the Native American Culture _________ were schools run by both christian missionaries and the United States government with the express purpose of civilizing native american children and assimilating them into white society.
Creoles of Color
Had greater social, Economic, and educational opportunities than most Aferican Americans
Genocide
Historically, this intergroup relationship has included both the intent to exterminate a group and the function of a group, intentional or not
Race-Conflict Theory
How social inequality develops as the result of power and conflicts between different racial and ethnic groups
De Facto
In America today, racial and ethnic groups are still often segregated by neighborhood, borough, or parish. This is an example of ______ Segregation.
prejudiced discriminators
Include those who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes
Sedimentation of Racial inequality
Intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth
Islamophobia
Irrational fear of or hatred against Muslims
Overt Discrimination
Jim crow laws, Irish imigrant discrimination, and Whites only signs are all examples of the US's History of________
Mexican Americans
Largest hispanic subgroup in US
Interactionist Perspective
Looks at how people define their races and the race of others
Exogamy
Marriage outside a person's core social unit
Symbolic Interactionist
Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is:
Functionalism
Might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality to determine how racial and ethnic inequalities have served an important function
Pre-Columbian
Native American Culture prior to European settlement
Dominant group
Often substituted for the group that's in the majority, The group which holds the most power in a given society
slave codes
Passed in 1705 in Virginia, declaring that any foreign-born, non-Christian could be a slave, and that slaves were considered property
The Indian Civil Rights Act
Passed in 1968, Guaranteed Indian tribes most of the rights of the United States Bill of Rights
Indian Self-determination act and Education assistance Act
Passed in 1975, Recognized tribal governments and gave them more power
Miscegenation
Racial Intermarriage
Prejudice
Refers to the beliefs, thoughts, and attitudes someone holds about a group; Not based on experience, instead is a prejudgement, originating outside actual experience
Institutional racism
Refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society
Intergroup relations
Relationships between different groups of people
Discrimination
Rooted in any form of prejudice can be overt or subtle
Cuban Americans
Second-largest Hispanic subgroup in the US
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Sees prejudice as the outgrowth of a certain personality profile--one that is associated with authoritarianism.
De Jure Segregation
Segregation that is enforced by law
De Facto Segregation
Segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors
Conflict
Slavery poses an excellent example of ____ theory's perspective on race relations; the dominant group needed complete control over the subordinate group in order to maintain its power.
Creole
Society developed in the port city of New Orleans where a mixed-race culture grew from French and African American Inhabitants
socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage.
Sociologists measure the degree to which immigrants have assimilated to a new culture Using what 4 benchmarks?
Culture Theory
Some prejudice can be found in everyone, because people are products of the culture they live in and we live in a prejudice culture
The Culture of Prejudice
Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character, but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of:
Model Minority
Stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment
Herbert Blumer
Suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group, without which, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views
Douglas Massey
Suggests that although average standard of living in mexico may be lower in United States, it is not so low as to make permanent migration the goal of most mexicans
Intersection Theory
Suggests that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
segregation De Jure
The South African Aparthtide and the Jim Crow laws of formerly confederate American States are both examples of ______
Middle Passage
The Trans-Atlantic journey, shipping of Black Africans, kidnapped from their own lands, and to the new world
Explicit Bias
The attitudes or beliefs we have about a group that we are consciously aware of
Social Privilege
The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group
White Privilege
The benefits people receive simply for being white/cacuasian
Genocide
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group, Usually the most toxic intergroup relationship
Authoritarianism
The desire for order, tradition, and strong leaders who will maintain the status quo
Institutional Discrimination
The don't ask don't tell policy of the US military is a historical example of _______
Pluralism
The most tolerant form of intergroup relations, in which no distinction is made between minority and majority groups, but instead there is equal standing
African Americans
The only minority whose "immigrant" ancestors did not come here by choice
Native Americans
The only nonimmigrant ethnic group in the United States, Native Americans once numbered in the millions but by 2010 made up only 0.9 percent of U.S. populace
Segregation
The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
Redlining
The practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and businesses located in predominantly minority communities
Amalgamation
The process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group, achieved through intermarriage. Also known as Miscegenation
Assimilation
The process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture
CUlture of Prejudice
The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture
Genocide and Expulsion
The trail of tears and the Holocaust are Both examples of
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act, still followed today, banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Prejudiced nondiscriminators
Those who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them, like the racist store owner who serves minority customers
unprejudiced discriminators
Those who unthinkingly practice sexism in the workplace by not considering females for certain positions that have traditionally been held by men are considered _______
True
True or false: The majority of American citizens are descendents of immigrants?
Implicit biases
Unconscious biases that we have about other groups
Minority group;Subordinate groups
Unequal treatment and less power over their lives, Distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, Involuntary membership in the group, Awareness of subordination, and a High rate of in-group marriage are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of a ______
segregation indices
Used by sociologists to measure racial segregation of different races in different areas employing a scale from 0-100, where 0 is the most integrated and 100 is the least
De jure segregation and De facto Segregation
What are the two types of segregation?
White Privilege
When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of:
Racial Steering
When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
Patricia Hill Collins
Which feminist sociologist in 1990, further developed Intersection Theory, the idea first articulated by Kimberle in 1989?
The Asian American Community
Which group within the United States has been stereotyped as the model minority?
Conflict Theorists
Which school of thought would examine numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group?
removal of miscegenation laws
_____ and a trend toward equal rights and legal protection against racism have steadily reduced social stigma attached to racial exogamy
Slave Class
colonial and later U.S. slave codes declared that the child of a slave was a slave creating the
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
forced the relocation of any native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.
Indian Appropriation Acts
funded further removals (of Native Americans) and declared that no Indian tribe could be recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with which the U.S. government would have to make treaties. This made it even easier for the U.S. government to take land it wanted.
True Pluralism
is characterized by mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate, creating a multicultural environment of acceptance.
Unprejudiced nondiscriminators
open-minded, tolerant, and accepting individuals
Pluralism
represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl": a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole.
The Dawes Act of 1887
reversed the policy of isolating Native Americans on reservations, instead forcing them onto individual properties that were intermingled with white settlers, thereby reducing their capacity for power as a group.
biological explanations of race.
the American Association of Anthropologists, the American Sociological Association, and the American Psychological Association have all taken an official position rejecting the_____
melting pot
the nation's past pluralist model of a _______posits a society where cultural differences aren't embraced as much as erased.