Organizational Behavior Chapter 4, 5 and 6
Cutting the work hours of low performing employees is an example of __________.
punishment
According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,
further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished?
generality
Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that
gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day.
In a highly collectivist culture such as Japan, performance appraisals almost always need to be focused more on
group performance and feedback.
Participation occurs when employees
have a voice in decisions about their own work.
Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that
high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.
Once we categorize someone as a high performer, we focus more on (and better remember) information related to her ___________ and disregard more of the information reflecting her _____________.
high performance, low performance
All of the following statements about the key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory are true EXCEPT
high profits for stockholders.
Telecommuting involves all of the following EXCEPT
higher pay for working under special conditions.
Intrapersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict
Medical, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress are primarily
individual consequences.
Which type of value reflects how we want to accomplish what we want to accomplish?
instrumental
All of the following statements regarding flextime are true EXCEPT
it is desirable for people who want to work part-time
The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT
it is ineffective for training purposes
Which of the following is an example of a job design technique?
job enlargement
One of the earliest alternatives to job specialization used by managers was
job rotation.
The courts and Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines have mandated that performance measurements be based on
job-related criteria.
A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to ________.
keep things the way they are
A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called
learning.
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?
magnitude
The human resource approach to motivation assumes that
meaningful employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organization.
According to Herzberg, _________ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction.
motivation
A performance bonus is an example of _____________.
positive reinforcement
According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for _______.
power
What term refers to the perceived fairness of the way the outcome was generated?
procedural fairness
What term refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people?
projection
The critical psychological states of the job characteristics theory include all of the following EXCEPT
recognition for work outcomes.
Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions except
renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers.
A(n) ____ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization.
role
When a few employees are given a small reward to show that they are appreciated, the reward carries ____ value.
symbolic
Goal specificity is defined as
the clarity and precision of a goal.
After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him as below average. This is an example of which of the following?
the contrast effect
Common dimensions of a person's life that are not tied specifically to work include all of the following EXCEPT
working hours
Which of the following is NOT a type of value?
primary
Which type of value reflects what we want to accomplish?
terminal
Who developed the Existence-Relatedness-Growth (ERG) Theory?
Clay Alderfer
Which of the following is an example of distress?
Excessive pressure to perform
Which of the following statements is NOT true about continuous reinforcement?
It is frequently used by managers in organizational settings.
Which of the following is NOT true about the general adaptation syndrome model?
Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress.
____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.
Selective perception
The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT
employees are motivated by only money.
Employees who find intrinsic value in their work are doing what is ____________.
important to them
According to the human relations approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
the illusion of self-direction
According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,
the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.
Which type of reinforcement schedule is effective at motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning?
Continuous
Which of the following is NOT part of the performance measurement process?
Rewarding the employee according to his or her performance
______________is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work
Employee engagement
Who developed scientific management?
Frederick Taylor
Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management?
Impression management
Which of the following reasons explains why 360-degree feedback is very beneficial to managers?
It gives managers a much wider range of feedback than traditional performance appraisals do.
All of the following statements are true about MBO EXCEPT
It is the same as the 360-degree feedback system.
Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?
None of these
Which of the following statements about performance measurement with a developmental orientation is true?
Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement.
Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organizations?
Physical demands
Which of the following ties a worker's earnings to the number of units produced?
Piecework program
Whose theory is the Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people wonder how to cope with stressors?
Alarm
Which one of the following statements has been cited as a weakness of the job characteristics theory?
The role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research.
All of the following statements about the use of quality circles are true EXCEPT
The use of a question/answer period is important.
Which one of the following statements most clearly embodies continuance commitment?
"I work here because I don't have a choice."
According to Herzberg, _____________ happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.
hygiene
Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off-site, usually at home is called ____.
none of these
Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals
once a year.
What are the two types of affectivity?
positive and negative
Stressors are defined as
anything that induce stress.
What psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification?
B.F. Skinner
All of the following are signs of burnout except
Strenuous exercise
____ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
Task identity
People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with
a lot of interpersonal contact.
According to David McClelland, the desire for human companionship is called a need for _______.
affiliation
Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?
all of these
Which of the following methods can be used to enhance individual performance at work?
all of these
Engagement is enhanced when employees _______________.
all of these
According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT
all of these are inputs
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that has the greatest influence on job satisfaction?
alma mater
The degree to which the job allows an individual substantial freedom and independence is called
autonomy.
What term refers to evaluating a person's characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics?
the contrast effect
Vertical job loading differs from job enlargement in that
the employee has more control over the job.
Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that
the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.
In order for social learning to take place,
the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.
Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and ______.
the environment
People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of which of the following?
the halo effect
What term refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good) characteristic?
the halo effect
The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,
the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.
In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome?
valence
Extrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
values related to the outcomes of the work
Intrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
values related to the work itself
A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.
variable-ratio
According to equity theory, people
want to be treated fairly.
According to David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things better or more efficiently is called a need for _______.
achievement
The ____ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.
affect
Individual-organization value conflict occurs when ___________________.
an employee's values conflict with the values of the organization
Which of the following statements about variable work schedules is true?
employees grow resentful and powerless
When a construction worker decides to work additional hours on a typical workday so that he can have a three-day weekend, he is likely taking advantage of a ____ program.
compressed workweek.
All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT
confronting the comparison other with any inequity.
__________ commitment is defined as staying with an organization because of perceived high costs involved with leaving.
Continuance
The research of Edwin Locke assumes that behavior is a result of
conscious goals and intentions.
In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of
consequences.
All of the following are benefits of telecommuting EXCEPT
employees miss the interaction of the workplace
Quality circles are an example of organizational attempts at
empowerment.
____________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.
Disengaged
____ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.
Motivation
__________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.
Normative
When a large-scale layoff is announced in Bill's company, all the workers including Bill begin to complain. According to attribution theory, we would evaluate Bill's behavior as exhibiting
high consensus
The ____ component of an attitude reflects how an individual expects to behave toward or in a situation.
intention
Burnout
is most frequently found among high achievers.
According to goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of
organizational support, goal-directed effort, and individual abilities.
The benefits of job sharing include all of the following EXCEPT
organizations are concerned about worker safety
The most significant shortcoming of the scientific management approach was that it
overstated the importance of money
Instrumentality refers to a person's perception of the probability that
performance will lead to certain outcomes.
According to the human resource approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
self-direction
What is the primary use of performance appraisal information?
To provide job performance feedback
A person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called ____________.
self-efficacy
Our job satisfaction tends to ___________ over time, ______ when we change jobs or employers.
stay constant, even
What term refers to forming oversimplified beliefs about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way?
stereotyping
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?
strength
____________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions.
Affectivity
What is the likely impact of perquisites on the employees who receive them?
An elevated sense of status in the organization
Why are flexible reward systems becoming an increasingly popular form of compensation systems?
Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them.
In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people give up because they can no longer cope with the stressor?
Exhaustion
____ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.
Expectancy
The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT
employees want to feel useful and important.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently upheld a decision regarding pay secrecy that states that
employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries.
Alternative work arrangements are intended to
enhance employee motivation and performance.
The degree to which the job activities give a person information about the effectiveness of performance is called
feedback.
Goal specificity has been shown to be consistently related to ____
performance.
Based on Maslow's hierarchy, ____ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess.
physiological
According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of
satisfaction and motivation.
A moderate degree of workload-related stress can
stimulate energy and motivation.
Smoking and alcohol abuse are ____ consequences of too much stress at work.
behavioral
Self-efficacy, as it relates to goals, is the extent to which an individual
believes he or she can accomplish goals even if he or she failed to do so in the past.
Alderfer's relatedness needs parallel Maslow's _________ needs.
belongingness and esteem
All of the following are true about employee benefits EXCEPT
providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries.
All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT
accident proneness.
A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs.
continuous
Organizations may benefit from allowing employee participation in all of the following areas except
corporate investment decisions.
People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they
curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships.
Perceptions are ____________ to change once they are formed.
difficult
What term refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received?
distributive fairness
A _________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a specified number of instances.
fixed-ratio
The problems with telecommuting include all of the following EXCEPT
have to be at work during core time
What term refers to employees' perceptions of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair?
organizational fairness
If a hiring manager is interviewing someone who reminds him of himself when he was just starting out, he may assume that the candidate also shares his values, work ethic, and abilities. This is an example of what phenomenon?
projection
One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that
attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.
Who developed the Two-Factor Theory?
Frederick Herzberg
Work-life relationships that are separate from work include all of the following EXCEPT
career goals
Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program?
Shift work
The first widespread model of how individual work should be designed was
job specialization.
Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment?
Job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers.
All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT
Job security
Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress?
Making a "to do" list
Which of the following is true about 360-degree feedback?
Managers are likely to hear some personal comments on sensitive topics.
Which of the following distributes a portion of the company's profits to all employees at a predetermined rate?
Profit-sharing program
An example of an intrinsic work value is _______________.
challenging work
In exchange for employee contributions, an organization provides rewards such as pay and insurance benefits. These kinds of rewards are combined to create
compensation packages.
The choice of which behaviors to reward is a function of the
compensation system.
The organization's compensation structure should be which of the following?
equitable
No longer laughing at a coworker's inappropriate jokes so that he will stop telling them is an example of ____________.
extinction
Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behavior?
extinction
Plans in which employees can earn additional compensation in return for certain types of performance are called
incentive systems.
According to equity theory, which of the following ratios do people consider when deciding whether they are being treated equitably?
inputs : outcomes
A shortage of ______ factors will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus on _______ factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing.
motivation, hygiene
The most difficult performance factor to manage is often
motivation.
Motivated behavior begins with one or more
needs.
High-need achievers tend not to make good top managers because
top managers seldom receive immediate feedback.
Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT
Accident proneness
One of the most popular methods for evaluating individual performance involves
graphic rating scales.
Which of the following is NOT a way to restore feelings of equity?
try to convince the comparison-other to reduce her inputs
Interpersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
two different people hold contradictory values
Two of the most important issues regarding how to conduct a performance appraisal are
who does the appraisal and the frequency of the appraisal.
Which of the following is the primary problem associated with the specialization of jobs?
Boredom
__________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.
Affective
Psychological consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT
headaches
Which of the following is NOT a healthy coping strategy for stress?
overeating
A $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?
Fixed interval
Task demands that are too low can cause a person to
become bored.
Usually, high work stress results in ____________ job performance.
decreased
_____________ refer(s) to manageable levels of stress for reasonable periods of time that generate positive emotions including satisfaction, excitement, and enjoyment.
Functional stress
In the job characteristics theory, which of the following is not a factor presumed to cause the emergence of psychological states?
Experienced responsibility
Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following statements is NOT true in this regard?
Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.
____ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal.
Goal commitment
Goal-setting theory has been tested in a variety of settings. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the findings of these studies?
Goals set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees.
What can supervisors do to avoid measurement problems when they have only limited knowledge of the employee's performance?
Use a multiple-rater system
Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that
job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.
Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT
negative changes in attitudes
Which of the following best describes a reward system that involves employees in its design and administration?
Participative pay system
Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called _____________.
negative reinforcement