Organizational Behavior Exam 2 - Leisl Wesson
When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?
underreward inequity
According to the expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on 3 factors- expectancy, instrumentality, and
valence
What term describes the process through which former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization?
whistle-blowing
Which of the following are necessary for true learning to occur?
-behavioral changes become permanent -behavioral changes are repeated over time
According to the concept of bounded rationality, which of the following actions are decision makers most likely to take?
-pick the first acceptable alternative -develop a few straightforward, familiar solutions to the problem
Rank the following motivating forces in order of strength on job performance
1. self-efficacy 2. specific, difficult goals 3. increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perceptions of equity
Ashley needs to hire a new employee and is contemplating where to set the salary in advertisement. To explore a topic that she learned about in her organization behavior class. Ashley decides to conduct a mini experiment. She gave the advertisement to five employees each with different salary listed, and asked them where they think the salary should be set. The result? The estimates were highly influenced by the different salaries listed
Anchoring
Laurie assumed that her sales calls were more successful on mondays because it was easier for her to remember what she did on the first day of the week. In reality, she was actually more successful on Thursdays
Availability
Kevin, who had been a star sales person, was most likely to get the promotion because of his past successes
Hot shot
______ is a facet of social pressure that determines the moral intensity of an issue
Proximity to those affected
Laura is a new physician in a busy clinic. She wants to spend enough time with her patients to fully understand their health concerns. However, she is required to see 30 patients per day, so she can spend no more than 10dash-15 minutes with each one. Laura is frustrated and is experiencing ________.
Role conflict
What is the term for the negative consequences associated with stress?
Strains
Coffee farmers run family businesses owned for generations, contributing to their specialized knowledge based on years of experiences
Tacit knowledge
T or F - Employees can have different reactions to identical stressors as the result of a number of factors, such as perception, appraisal, and the degree of social support they receive.
True
T or F - Justice provides the behavioral evidence that employees need to determine trustworthiness.
True
T or F - One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals
True
T or F Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.
True
t or f Justice provides the behavioral evidence that employees need to determine trustworthiness.
Ture
The GE Financial Management Program is designed to help potential employees develop leadership and analytical skills by cycling them through short-term, key assignments in financial plannin, operations analysis, auditing, forecasting, cash management, and commercial finance. What type of work challenge stressor does this demonstrate?
Work complexity
The three factors that influence trust levels are disposition-based trust, cognition-based trust, and ________-based trust
affect
What term describes conditions that precede a particular behavior that influence its future occurence?
antecedents
What term describes conditions that precede a particular behavior that influence its future occurences?
antecedents
Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivations?
assignment of ambiguous goals lack of confidence
What name is given to process through which we determine the cause of our behavior and that of other people?
attribution
The first step in the 4 component model of ethical decision making is moral ________
awareness
New supervisors at Quality engineering are required to attend a training program. They train them, and then participate in role play
behavior modeling training
If people are using actions to deal with stress, they are engaging in ____ coping
behavioral
What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?
behavioral modeling
When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in
cognition-based trust
According to the equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?
comparison others
the extent to which consequences of the act are focused
concentration of effect
What term describes actions that occur as a result of a behavior?
consequence
What do employees engage in when they choose actions to solve a problem?
decision making
Which branch of business ethics involves the scientific study of how people tend to act when presented with a moral problem or delimma?
descriptive
What occurs before an authority makes a moral judgement?
determining a moral situation exists
What is the first step in managing stress?
determining the amount of stress in an organization and its causes
Which dimension of justice is most accurately described by the saying "a fair's day's pay, for a fair day's work"
distributive justice
What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?
equity theory
What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?
equity theory
An individual's belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as
expectancy
Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?
expectancy theory
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?
expertise skills
When TeJay started his new new job, he found that the step-by step process for logging into the company server set forth in a laminated document by computer. What type of information is represented by this document?
explicit
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trop to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of _____ forces in Danielle's motivation
external
What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?
extrinsic
Authorities are able to improve procedural justice when they abide by rules od
fair process
t or f companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants?
false
Which of the following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?
goal
Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?
goal setting theory
Research has shown that employees who experience _________ levels of hindrance stressors tend to have _______ levels of task performance
higher; lower
People who experience higher levels of ______ stressors tend to have lower levels of organizational commitment.
hindrance
The type of stressors that most often trigger negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, are known as _____ stressors
hindrance
What is the name for the type of stressors that prevent people from achieving personal success or goals?
hindrance
With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become
increasingly difficult
An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ____ forces in motivation
internal
When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?
intrinsic
Which statement is true about unethical behavior?
it can be initiated by both the individual and the institution
Which of the following best defines valence?
it is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts
Ben and Noah are librarians at Summit Elementary School. Bev works on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and Noah works on Tuesdays and Thursdays. They divide the single librarian position, salary, and employee benefits proportionately. What is the name for this type of arrangement?
job sharing
Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are a function of
learning
What term is used to describe the permanent change that results when an employee's experience increases a knowledge or skill?
learning
What term describes the degree to which people pay attention to moral issues?
moral attentiveness
Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
motivation
What is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?
needs
Alex is careful in filling out a monthly sales report correctly because he doesn't want to be criticized for any errors he might make. What consequences influences Alex's behavior?
negative reinforcement
According to the transactional theory of stress, which of the following would be considered a work hindrance stressor?
not receiving guidelines needed to complete tasks
After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ration of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?
overreward inequity
After his company announced that it plans to cut 30% of the workforce within the next 90 days. Deon begins to experience chronic headaches and insomnia. These are _____ strains caused by stressors.
physiological
What type of consequence is experienced by a sales rep who is given an unexpected bonus check for exceeding a quarterly sales quota?
positive reinforcement
Which branch of business ethics is focused on how people OUGHT to act?
prescriptive
When stressors enter our lives, our bodies quickly judge situations and decide whether or not they are stressful. What is the name of this process?
primary appraisal
the likelihood that the act will occur or cause harm
probability of effect
The perceived fairness of the processes used in reaching decisions is known as _______ justice
procedural
Which of the following are factors by which employees judge whether an authority's decision making is fair?
procedural justice, distributive justice, and interpersonal justice
What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past
programmed
What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past?
programmed
Dester's company announced that it would be cutting 30% of the workforce by the end of the quarter. Since then, Dester has been depressed and anxious. Dester is suffering ______ strains as a result of his employment situation.
psychological
What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?
psychological empowerment
What type of consequence is docking an employee's pay because the employee came to work late?
punishment
What type of consequences occurs when someone in authority chastises an employee for taking longer breaks than allowed?
punishment
In a recent poll, 51% of consumers believed that Google is an appealing place to work and treats its employees well. Such a perception is part of Google's
reputation
Interpersonal justice is fostered when those in authority adhere to the rules of
respect and propriety
A college offers faculty members a semester's paid leave if they wish to participate in a volunteer abroad program or volunteer at a non-profit organization. What is the term for this type of leave?
sabbatical
Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?
salary increase recognition
What type of decision making are you engaged in when you are not looking for the very best alternative, but instead accept the first alternative that meets minimum requirements?
satisficing
Janet has heard several news reports about assaults near her workplace. Now, when she leaves work late and is walking to her car alone, everyone she passes seems to look dangerous. This is an example of ____
selective perception
An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?
self-efficacy
What employee motivator tends to produce the best professional results?
self-efficacy
Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?
self-efficacy
Lakeisha believes that men are poor listeners. What does her attitude demonstrate?
stereotyping
What is the perceptual process through which we make assumptions about others on the basis of their membership at a social group?
stereotyping
Psychologists use the term ____ to describe a state of mental or emotional tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
stress
For which of the following reasons can whistle-blowing be considered an especially ethical action for a person to take?
the action exposes an illegal or immoral activity in the organization the action leaves the person vulnerable to potential retalitation
What term is used to describe a person's general belief that others can be relied upon?
trust propensity
List the elements of the 4-component model of ethical decision making in order
1. moral awareness 2. moral judgement 3. moral intent 4. ethical behavior
What are major factors in determining why employees experience differing levels of stress?
1. nature of the stressors 2. the personality type of the employee 3. the amount of social support the employee receives
Which of the following are psychological strains that result from stressors?
Depression & irritability
Starbucks developed CAFE practices that require adherences to specific criteria for practicing sustainable farming
Explicit knowledge
To become a Starbucks supplier, farmers must provide evidence of payments in their supply chain to verify prices
Explicit knowledge
The moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated because
It is difficult to measure tacit knowledge, which is relevant to task performance, due to its unspoken nature
Primary appraisal answers the question "Is this stressful?" and _____ appraisal poses the question "What should be done?"
Secondary
Global sourcing gives Starbucks coffee unique combinations of climate and skilled farming practices, producing regional flavors that like fine wine, are difficult to describe
Tacit knowledge
Some partnerships with growers have been in place for over 20 years, building personal relationships that allow better knowledge sharing
Tacit knowledge
According to researchers, people which characteristics prompt people to pay the most attention to stimuli
They are significant They are recognizable They are vivid
Which factor is predicted by an employee's level of trust in authorities?
ability to foucs
Which of the following are dimensions by which we gauge an authority's track record?
ability, benevolence, and integrity
Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?
equity theory
Which of the following would be characterized as intrinsic motivation?
bob takes as many cooking classes as he can find because he loves to cook tiana is auditing a psychology course at the community college because she finds the subject fascinating
What is the best definition of satisficing?
choosing the first acceptable alternative considered
Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for 3 years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What role does Kendra's coworker fulfill, according to the equity theory?
comparison other
What is the term for the actions and beliefs people use to face stress and the emotions caused by stress?
coping
What strain has been shown to be most closely tied to the type A behavior pattern?
coronary heart disease
Thom is the marketing manager at a consumer products company. The expensive ad campaign he planned has flopped so far, but rather than scrap it and try something else, he decides to invest more money in the campaign and run ads in more publications. This is an example of
escalation of commitment
What term describes the tendency to continue with an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a falling course of action?
escalation of commitment
What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, If I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"
expectancy
What kind of belief answers the question "what are the chances that, if i work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"
expectancy
Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?
expectancy theory
What is the term for employer practices that are intended to help employees with personal problems, such as alcohol and drug dependences, financial problems, or marital diffuculties?
health and wellness programs
Which result is most likely when employees have higher levels of trust in authorities?
higher levels of task performance
Research has shown that employees who experience ______ levels of hindrance stressors tend to have ______ levels of task performance
higher; lower
People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing
instrumentality
A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?
instumentality
What factor is demonstrated when authorities recognize that a moral issue exists?
moral awareness
What term is used to describe the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency
moral intensity
What term is used to describe the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency?
moral intensity
What ability do authorities employ when determining whether a course of action is ethical or unethical?
moral judgement
Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?
organizational
Which of the following are examples of cognitive coping?
1. before meeting with an important customer, Alicia visualizers herself getting the order 2. after a terrible day at work, Bettina
Which of the following are supportive practices that help employees manage and balance their role demands?
1. compressed workweeks 2. telecommuting 3. flextime
Which of the following behavior characteristics are exhibited by individuals with the Type A behavior pattern?
1. constant sense of urgency 2. hard-driving and competitive
Which of the following are organizational practices designed to reduce strains on employees?
1. employee assistance programs 2. health and wellness programs
After his company announced that is plans to cut 30% of the workforce within the next 90 days, Deon begins to experience chronic headaches and insomnia. These are ______ strains caused by stressors
physiological
What term describes strains that result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body?
physiological
What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?
programmed
What name is given to the tendency to unconsciously assume that other people share your beliefs, attitudes, and values?
projection bias
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?
promotions pay
In order to determine whether distributive justice exists, employees consider which of the following?
promotions, pay, and assignments
Corporate ______ responsibility is an approach to business that recognizes that companies have responsibilities that extend to being a good corporate citizen in the community
social
Which theory proposes that we tend to define our self-concept at least in part by the groups to which we belong
social identity
Trina is a die-hard Green Bay Packers fan. She watches every game and knows each player's stats by heart. She refers to herself as a "cheesehead" and perceives other people favorably if she learns they are Packers fans as well. This is an example of
social identity theory
the expression "monkey see, monkey do" best describes
social learning theory
What term describes a company's acknowledgement that is accountable for its actions?
social responsibility
What is the perceptual process through which we make assumptions about others on the basis of their membership in a social group?
stereotyping
Deon just learned that his company is going to announce layoffs by the end of the month. He is completely overwhelmed by this news and doesn't know how he's going to meet his financial responsibilities if he loses his job. What is Deon experiencing?
stress
High-level executives and managers often feel physical and mental affects due to the ____ caused by their demanding jobs
stress
In a _____ _________, managers study the positions in their workplaces to determine if stress is negatively impacting employees
stress audit
Keyara does her best work when she has a tight deadline for a project because she focuses instead of being distracted. This is an example of what type of work challenge stressor?
time pressure
A group of new customer-service employees undergo a full-day orientation program in which they learn company policies, procedures, and how to operate the computer system. This is an example of
training
Hospitals may offer stress management programs for its employees to help them recognize sources of stress and teach them stress reduction skills. What is the name for this type of program?
training intervention
Solange grew up in a large city and developed a fear of strangers. She sometimes worries about her boyfriend, Paul, who always seems ready to help out people he doesn't know who ask for help. It would appear that Solange has lower ____ than Paul
trust propensity
The term ______ is defined by the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"
valence
Starbucks employs agronomists who study crop production and give scientific knowledge to growers who can improve their production
Explicit knowledge
Justin left his departments annual customer service review meeting frustrated because his boss suggested that one of his coworkers got better customer ratings than he did. The truth of the matter is that, although his coworker got better ratings this month, Justin's ratings were better for the rest of the year
Recency
In her job as an annuity specialist at a financial service firm, Raquel regularly fields calls from clients who want to make withdrawals or reallocations. Since she perceives these duties to be routine, how would she categorize these less stressful duties?
benign job demands
Which 3 of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts
the employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality the employee has feelings of psychological empowerment the employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals
What term is used to describe the characteristics or attributes of a person that inspire our trust?
trustworthiness
What tendency defines the fundamental attribution error?
believing that another person's behavior is due to internal factors
Mara has worked in her company's office for many years and over time has learned who the best people are to talk to when certain issues arise. What type of knowledge does this represent?
tacit
Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with ____ and a weak correlation with ______
task performance , organizational commitment
the interval between when the act occurs and its consequences
temporal immediacy
When people believe that they are treated with dignity and respect by parties involved in a decision-making process, they perceive ______ justice
interpersonal
When people believe that they are treated with dignity and respect by parties involved in a decision-making process, they perceive ________ justice
interpersonal
What type of motivation is involved when an employee finds internal satisfaction in doing a job well?
intrinsic
the anticipated level of impact of the outcome
magnitude of consequences
