Parasitology Final

Trichomonas vaginalis is classified as what type of pathogenic parasite? A. Luminal protozoa B. Tissue protozoa C. Roundworm D. Flatworm E. Ectoparasite

A. Luminal protozoa

Each of the following parasites has an intermediate host as part of its life cycle EXCEPT: A. Trichomonas vaginalis B. Echinococcus granulosus C. Toxoplasma gondii D. Taenia solium

A. Trichomonas vaginalis

Why do developing countries have the highest incidence of parasites? Explain why there are increasing numbers of cases occurring in developed countries.

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Where is the highest occurrence of amebiasis found? A. Tropical regions B. British Isles C. North America D. Siberia E. Desert regions

A. Tropical regions

Each of the following statements concerning Trypanosoma cruzi is correct EXCEPT: A. Trypanosoma cruzi occurs primarily in tropical Africa. B. Trypanosoma cruzi can be diagnosed by seeing amastigotes in a bone marrow aspirate. C. Trypanosoma cruzi typically affects heart muscle, leading to cardiac failure. D. Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by the reduviid bug.

A. Trypanosoma cruzi occurs primarily in tropical Africa.

All protozoan pathogens have a ______ phase. A. cyst B. trophozoite C. sexual D. blood

B. trophozoite

Which of the recognized groups of protozoans lack typical organelles for movement? A. Sarcodinians B. Ciliates C. Apicomplexans D. Amoebas E. Flagellates

C. Apicomplexans

The definitive host for Plasmodium vivax is a: A. Flea B. Human C. Mosquito D. Fish E. Dog

C. Mosquito

Choose the statement that best describes helminths: A. Worms that live, feed off living hosts and provide the host with nutrients B. Parasitic worms that live, feed off living hosts and are only found in areas with poor sanitation C. Parasitic worms that live, feed off living hosts and receive nourishment, protection from the host D. None of these choices describe helminths

C. Parasitic worms that live, feed off living hosts and receive nourishment, protection from the host

A person can acquire toxoplasmosis from A. pseudocysts in raw meat B. oocysts in air C. cleaning out the cat litter box D. all of these

D. all of these

Blood flagellates are transmitted by: A. mosquito bites B. bug feces C. sand fleas D. insect vectors E. sexual contact

D. insect vectors

Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is: A. trophozoite B. filariform larvae C. sporozoite D. quadrinucleate cyst

D. quadrinucleate cyst

Eggs of the following parasite can be found in sputum: A. Schistosoma B. Dracunculus C. Heterophyes D. Fasciola E. Paragonimus

E. Paragonimus

The condition in the photo at right (picture with enlarged leg) is caused by: A. Loa loa B. Paragonimus spp. C. Necator americanus D. Dracunculus medinensis E. Wuchereria bancrofti

E. Wuchereria bancrofti

A pseudocyst is found in ______ and an oocyst is found in ______. A. humans, cats B. cats, humans C. feces, tissue D. blood, vector E. tissue, feces

E. tissue, feces

list the best treatment and prevention for N. Fowleri

No effective treatment, but Miltefosine can be used; prevention: avoid submerging nose in bodies of warm water

Although both Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba are found in many water supplies, where they are especially abundant? A. In warm waters containing high concentrations of bacteria B. In the Great Salt Lake C. In the Arctic Ocean D. In freshwater lakes E. In hot sulfur springs

A. In warm waters containing high concentrations of bacteria

Each of the following parasites is transmitted by mosquitoes EXCEPT: A. Leishmania donovani B. Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Wuchereria bancrofti

A. Leishmania donovani

The reduviid or kissing bugs are vectors for : A. American trypanosomiasis B. African trypanosomiasis C. Visceral leishmaniasis D. Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A. American trypanosomiasis

The first line of treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria is: A. Artemisin-based combination therapies (ACTs) B. Quinine C. Albendazole D. Praziquantel E. Antihelminthic drugs

A. Artemisin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Cerebral malaria occurs: A. As a result of blocking of the blood flow in the capillaries of the brain due to adhesion of Plasmodium stages containing erythrocytes B. Due to blocking of the capillaries by special stages of Toxoplasma gondii C. Due to blocking of the capillaries by Cysticercus neuronalis D. Caused by lysis of erythrocytes, which were infected by Plasmodium gamonts E. By fusion of macrophages with helper T-cells in the brain infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or T.b. gambiense

A. As a result of blocking of the blood flow in the capillaries of the brain due to adhesion of Plasmodium stages containing erythrocytes

The Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, WI prompted water treatment plants to make what change? A. Begin filtering water supplies B. Add more chlorine to the water supplies C. Begin protecting water supplies from terrorists D. Begin boiling water supplies E. Begin subjecting water supplies to ethylene oxide

A. Begin filtering water supplies

What serves as an important reservoir of Leishmania? A. Dogs B. Humans C. Soil D. Rodents E. Mosquitoes

A. Dogs

An HIV-positive patient with a CD4+ count of 47 presents with diarrhea. Acidfast structures are found in the stool. From this finding, which of the following is true? A. Even with the best treatment, the infection may be unrelenting B. Infection will resolve only with a combination of antituberculous drugs, and then it may take weeks C. If treated with antibiotics, the infection should resolve in 3-6 days D. Infection is short lasting and self-resolving and requires no treatment E. Infection could have been prevented by avoiding cat feces and undercooked or raw meat

A. Even with the best treatment, the infection may be unrelenting

The following helminth is considered an opportunistic parasite: A. Fasciola gigantica B. Capillaria philippinensis C. Strongyloides stercoralis

A. Fasciola gigantica

Each of the following statements concerning Giardia lamblia is correct EXCEPT: A. G. lamblia causes hemolytic anemia. B. G. lamblia can be diagnosed by the string test in which a weighted string is swallowed and passes into the upper GI tract. C. G. lamblia has both a trophozoite and a cyst stage in its life cycle. D. G. lamblia is transmitted by the fecal-oral route from both human and animal sources.

A. G. lamblia causes hemolytic anemia.

Hookworms can cause iron deficiency anemia which is characterized as: A. Hypochromic, microcytic B. Hypochromic macrocytic C. Hyperchromic macrocytic D. Normochromic microcytic

A. Hypochromic, microcytic

The genus of insect that has been frequently found to be the principal vector group for many types of Leishmaniasis: A. Phlebotomus B. Anopheles C. Cimex D. Triatoma

A. Phlebotomus

The eye of man could be affected by: A. Sparganum mansoni B. Cysticercoid nana C. Brugia malayi D. Cysticercus bovis

A. Sparganum mansoni

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the development of schistosomiasis? A. Swimming in a freshwater lake that contains snails B. Treating a patient that has developed schistosomiasis C. Using the same modern sanitation facilities as an infected individual D. Drinking from a water supply containing infected snails

A. Swimming in a freshwater lake that contains snails

Giardia is a/an ______ that invades the ______. A. flagellate, small intestine B. flagellate, large intestine C. ameba, small intestine D. ciliate, large intestine

A. flagellate, small intestine

This disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei and there is currently a vaccine available to fight the infection of this disease. A. Giardiasis B. African Sleeping Sickness C. Leishmaniasis D. Toxoplasmosis E. Chagas Disease F. West Nile Virus

B. African Sleeping Sickness

Which of the following is the dormant stage of Giardia lamblia? A. Trophozoite B. Cyst C. Tachyzoite D. Oocyst E. Egg

B. Cyst

What form of Giardia lamblia plays a greater role in transmission? A. Nuclei B. Cysts C. Trophozoites D. Metacysts E. Karyosomes

B. Cysts

The largest adult nematode that is found subcutaneously in infected hosts is: A. Ascaris lumbricoides B. Dracunculus medinensis C. Onchocerca volvulus D. Trichinella spiralis

B. Dracunculus medinensis

Which of the following statements is most accurate about Entamoeba histolytica? A. Domestic animals such as dogs and cats are the main reservoir of E. histolytica B. E. histolytica causes "flask-shaped" ulcerations in the colon mucosa C. The infection is typically acquired by ingestion of the trophozoite in contaminated food and water D. In the microscope, E. histolytica is recognized by having two sets of paired flagella E. E. histolytica infections are limited to the intestinal mucosa and do not spread to other organs

B. E. histolytica causes "flask-shaped" ulcerations in the colon mucosa

After one week vacationing in Mexico, a 14- year-old girl presents with abdominal pain, nausea, bloody diarrhea, and fever. Stool specimens are collected and sent to the laboratory for bacteriologic and parasitologic examination. Bacterial cultures are negative for intestinal pathogens. The laboratory report reveals organisms with red blood cells inside them. The most likely causal agent is A. Giardia lamblia B. Entamoeba histolytica C. Cryptosporidium parvum D. Shigella dysenteriae E. Toxoplasma gondii

B. Entamoeba histolytica

This disease was first observed by Leeuwenhoek after he discovered parasitic organisms in his stool under the microscope. A. Chagas Disease B. Giardiasis C. Leishmaniasis D. Toxoplasmosis E. African Sleeping Sickness

B. Giardiasis

Each of the following statements concerning hookworm infection is correct except: A. Hookworm infection can cause pneumonia B. Hookworm infection can be diagnosed by finding the trophozoite in the stool C. Hookworm infection is acquired by humans when filariform larvae penetrate the skin D. Hookworm infection is caused by Necator americanus

B. Hookworm infection can be diagnosed by finding the trophozoite in the stool

Which one of the following protozoa primarily infects macrophages? A. Plasmodium vivax B. Leishmania donovani C. Trypanosoma cruzi D. Trichomonas vaginalis

B. Leishmania donovani

In Wuchereria bancrofti infection, manifestations are caused by: A. Living and dead microfilariae of W. bancrofti in lymphatics B. Living and dead adult W. bancrofti worms in lymphatics C. Living and dead microfilariae of W. bancrofti in blood vessels D. Living and dead adult W. bancrofti worms in blood vessels

B. Living and dead adult W. bancrofti worms in lymphatics

A trematode (fluke) acquired by eating undercooked crab meat: A. Fasciola hepatica B. Paragonimus westermani C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Strongyloides stercoralis E. Taenia solium

B. Paragonimus westermani

The following parasite causes cystic cavities in the lung with brownish purulent sputum : A. Echinococcus granulosus B. Paragonimus westermanni C. Entamoeba histolyica D. Ascaris lumbricoides

B. Paragonimus westermanni

Organ of attachment with four suckers and hooklets: A. Onchospheres B. Scolex C. Strobila D. Proglottids

B. Scolex

What portion of the tapeworm is responsible for attachment? Choose one answer. A. Coelom B. Scolex C. Proglottid D. Neck E/ Ventral sucker

B. Scolex

Each of the following statements concerning sleeping sickness is correct EXCEPT: A. Sleeping sickness is transmitted by tsetse flies. B. Sleeping sickness can be diagnosed by finding eggs in the stool. C. Sleeping sickness is caused by a trypanosome. D. Sleeping sickness occurs primarily in tropical Africa.

B. Sleeping sickness can be diagnosed by finding eggs in the stool.

Laboratory diagnosis of a patient with a suspected liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica should include: A. Stool examination and blood smear B. Stool examination and indirect hemagglutination test C. Indirect hemagglutination test and skin test D. Xenodiagnosis and string test

B. Stool examination and indirect hemagglutination test

What is the most accurate statement about Trichomonas vaginalis? A. T. vaginalis is typically acquired by contact with cysts of the organism during sexual intercourse B. The drug of choice for trichomoniasis is metronidazole C. domestic animals are the principal reservoir of the organism D. The asymptomatic male partner of a woman with T. vaginalis infection should not be treated because asymptomatic men are rarely the source of the organism E. Laboratory diagnosis typically involves the detection of a greater than fourfold lgA antibody

B. The drug of choice for trichomoniasis is metronidazole

Each of the following statements concerning Toxoplasma gondii is correct EXCEPT: A. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted by cat feces. B. Toxoplasma gondii can be diagnosed by finding trophozoites in the stool. C. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted across the placenta to the fetus. D. Toxoplasma gondii can cause encephalitis in immunocompromised patients.

B. Toxoplasma gondii can be diagnosed by finding trophozoites in the stool

Each of the following statements concerning Toxoplasma gondii is correct EXCEPT: A. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted by cat feces. B. Toxoplasma gondii can be diagnosed by finding trophozoites in the stool. C. Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted across the placenta to the fetus. D. Toxoplasma gondii can cause encephalitis in immunocompromised patients.b

B. Toxoplasma gondii can be diagnosed by finding trophozoites in the stool.

Which mastigophoran species causes a sexually transmitted disease? A. Trypanosoma cruzi B. Trichomonas vaginalis C. Leishmania donovani D. Giardia lamblia E. Trypanosoma brucei

B. Trichomonas vaginalis

Larvae pass through the lungs for all of these worms EXCEPT: A. Ascaris lumbricoides B. Trichuris trichiura C. Ancylostoma duodenale D. Necator americanus

B. Trichuris trichiura

The large intestine is the natural habitat of this adult worm: A. Ascaris lumbricoides [small intestine] B. Trichuris trichiura C. Ancylostoma duodenale [small intestine] D. Necator americanus

B. Trichuris trichiura

Which of these traits distinguishes nematodes from other Ecdysozoa? A. having a chitinous cuticle protects from dessication B. having only longitudinal muscles leads to whip-like motion C. moulting allows organism to grow D. all of these

B. having only longitudinal muscles leads to whip-like motion

list the best treatment and prevention for T. cruzi

Benzimidazole or nifurtimox; sanitation of homes, vector control, use a bed net in endemic areas

Intussusception may occur as a complication of: A. Paragonimus infection B. Schistosoma infection C. A. lumbricoides infection D. Taenia saginata infection

C. A. lumbricoides infection

Pinworm disease may be diagnosed by which procedure? A. Direct fecal smear B. Fecal concentration methods C. Cellophane tape test D. Egg-count technique

C. Cellophane tape test

What class does Taenia solium belong to? A. Taeniidae B. Taeniasis C. Cestoda D. Trematoda E. Nematoda

C. Cestoda

Clonorchis sinensis is commonly known as the: A. Beef tapeworm B. Hookworm C. Chinese liver fluke D. Bladder worm E. Chinese roundworm

C. Chinese liver fluke

The major cause of morbidity in schistosomiasis is: A. Migration of adult worms against blood stream B. Embolic lesions C. Deposition of eggs in tissues and blood vessels D. Migration of adult worms in the liver

C. Deposition of eggs in tissues and blood vessels

Which of the following parasites can infect a human host without directly ingesting the second intermediate host? A. Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm B. Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm C. Diphyllobothrium spp, the fish tapeworm D. Trichodina spp, marine tapeworms

C. Diphyllobothrium spp, the fish tapeworm

The worm that passes free larvae in patient's stool is: A. Ascaris lumbricoides B. Hymenolepis nana C. Enterobius vermicularis D. Strongyloides stercoralis

C. Enterobius vermicularis

A woman is prescribed the drug of choice for treating Trichomonas vaginalis. What side-effect would you specifically caution her about? A. Exacerbation of psoriasis B. Cinchonism C. Flushing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension with alcohol consumption. D. Hemolytic anemia in G-6-PD individuals

C. Flushing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension with alcohol consumption.

How many pairs of flagella are present in the trophozoite of Giardia lamblia? A. Two pairs B. One pair C. Four pairs D. Three pairs

C. Four pairs

Each of the following statements concerning kala-azar is correct EXCEPT: A. Kala-azar is caused by Leishmania donovani B. kala-azar is transmitted by the bite of sandflies C. Kala-azar occurs primarily in rural Latin America D. Kala-azar can be diagnosed by finding amastigotes in bone marrow

C. Kala-azar occurs primarily in rural Latin America

Each of the following statements concerning kalaazar is correct except: A. Kala-azar is caused by Leishmania donovani B. kala-azar is transmitted by the bite of sandflies C. Kala-azar occurs primarily in rural Latin America D. Kala-azar can be diagnosed by finding amastigotes in bone marrow

C. Kala-azar occurs primarily in rural Latin America

Below are several paired items referring to the heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. Which of the pairs is mismatched? A. Dog - sexual reproduction B. Dog - definitive host C. Mosquito - definitive host D. Mosquito - vector E. All of the above are correctly matched. F. All of the above are incorrectly

C. Mosquito - definitive host

The following clinical presentation may complicate Wuchereria bancrofti infection: A. Stone formation in bladder B. Nocturnal enuresis C. Release of chyle in urine D. Terminal haematuria

C. Release of chyle in urine

A child who plays in dirt contaminated with human and pet feces is susceptible to which of the following set of parasites? A. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Trichinella spiralis, Wuchereria bancrofti B. Loa loa, Capillaria philippinensis, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichinella spiralis C. Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus D. Ancylostoma braziliense, Trichuris trichiura, Trichinella spiralis, Necator americanus

C. Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus

How are trypanosomes able to evade the host immune system? A. They produce enzymes that digest antibodies. B. They have an antiphagocytic capsule. C. They continuously alter their surface antigens. D. They are obligate intracellular parasites E. They cause lysis of T cells.

C. They continuously alter their surface antigens.

The following statements are true of hookworms, EXCEPT: A. They produce respiratory symptoms in man B. They produce serpiginous lesions on human skin C. They do not develop into adult stage in man D. They are provided with definite dentition

C. They do not develop into adult stage in man

Larvae of the following parasite could be detected in patient's liver: A. Ancylostoma duodenale B. Capillaria philippinensis C. Toxocara canis D. Trichuris trichiura

C. Toxocara canis

Which of the following classes of platyhelminthes almost always uses a mollusk as its primary host? A. Cestodes B. Monogeneans C. Trematodes D. Turbellaria

C. Trematodes

Each of the following statements concerning Trichomonas vaginalis is correct EXCEPT: A. Trichomonas vaginalis can be treated effectively with metronidazole. B. Trichomonas vaginalis is transmitted sexually. C. Trichomonas vaginalis causes bloody diarrhea. D. Trichomonas vaginalis can be diagnosed by visualizing the trophozoite

C. Trichomonas vaginalis causes bloody diarrhea.

A group of 6 college students undertake to climb Mt. Rainier outside Seattle on their spring break. They pack food and camping provisions except for water, which they obtain from the many fresh water mountain streams that arise at the summit. The adventure takes a little over a week to accomplish, and all return safely in good spirits to their classes the following week. Within the first week after their return, 5 of the 6 students report to the infirmary with profuse diarrhea and tenesmus. Each affected student experiences weakness and weight loss, and stool samples submitted to the lab are yellow, greasy, and foul smelling. What attribute of this parasite imparts its pathogenicity? A. Lytic enzymes B. Toxic metabolites C. Ventral sucking disc D. Flagella E. Encystment

C. Ventral sucking disc

The infective stage of Ascaris and Trichuris is the: A. rhabditiform larva B. filariform larva C. embryonated egg D. fertilized egg

C. embryonated egg

An oocyst is found in ______ and a pseudocyst is found in ______. A. humans, cats B. cats, humans C. feces, tissue D. tissue, feces

C. feces, tissue

Entamoeba histolytica primarily invades the A. liver B. small intestine C. large intestine D. lungs E. brain

C. large intestine

Mature cyst of Entamoeba histolytica is: A. binucleate B. octanucleate C. quadrinucleate D. uninucleate

C. quadrinucleate

A reservoir host is A. Any organism that hosts the sexually mature, reproductive stage of a parasite B. Any organism that hosts an immature, nonreproductive stage of a parasite C. Any organism that lives on or inside another species D. Any organism that sustains a parasite as a source of infection for humans E. Any disease that can be transmitted from an animal to a human

D. Any organism that sustains a parasite as a source of infection for humans

Host(s) of Taenia solium include A. Pigs B. Humans C. Cow D. Both A and B E. None

D. Both A and B

Host(s) of Taenia saginata include: A. Cow B. Pig C. Human D. Both A and C E. None

D. Both A and C

Which characteristic connects the nematodes to the arthropods? A. multiple antennae B. developed excretory system C. monoecious reproduction D. Chitinous exoskeleton E. segmentation

D. Chitinous exoskeleton

Laboratory diagnosis of cysticercosis is usually performed by: A. Detection of Taenia solium eggs in stool B. Detection of Taenia saginata eggs in stool C. Detection of anti-Taenia antibodies in patient's blood D. Detection of anti-Taenia antibodies in patient's CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

D. Detection of anti-Taenia antibodies in patient's CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Your patient is a 30-year old Peace Corps volunteer who has recently returned from Central America. She now has fever and right-upper-quadrant pain. She reports that she had bloody diarrhea two months ago. A CT scan reveals a radiolucent area in the liver interpreted to be an abscess. Aspiration of material from the abscess was performed. Microscopic examination revealed motile, nonflagellated trophozoites with ameboid movement. Of the following, which one is the most likely cause of this infection? A. Giardia lamblia B. Cryptosporidium hominis C. Shigella dysenteriae D. Entamoeba histolytica E. trichomonas vaginalis

D. Entamoeba histolytica

What is the most common flagellate isolated in clinical specimens? A. Trypanosoma cruzi B. Leishmania donovani C. Trichomonas vaginalis D. Giardia lamblia E. Trypanosoma brucei

D. Giardia lamblia

What organ is targeted during an infection with Trypanosoma cruzi? A. Brain B. Nervous system C. Liver D. Heart E. Spleen

D. Heart

Man can be both definitive & intermediate host in the following parasitic infection: A. Wuchereria bancrofti infection B. Taenia saginata infection C. Onchocerca volvulus infection D. Taenia solium infection

D. Taenia solium infection

What structure or process is the distinguishing trait of the Ecdysozoa? A. The ability to grow new limbs B. Reproduction using spores and eggs C. Having multiple antennae D. The presence of a cuticle

D. The presence of a cuticle

The Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is: A. trophozoite B. sporozoite C. filariform larvae D. quadrinucleate cyst

D. quadrinucleate cyst

A 24-year-old primiparous woman in her eighth month of gestation develops a positive IgM titer to Toxoplasma gondii for the first time. She should be advised by her physician that A. future infections can be avoided by proper vaccination and worming of cats B. a newborn with a positive anti-Toxoplasma IgG response should be treated with antiparasitics C. this child and all future fetuses are likely to be infected D. retinochoroiditis can be prevented by drug treatment of an infant with a positive IgM response E. major organ damage can be reversed by prompt treatment of the newborn

D. retinochoroiditis can be prevented by drug treatment of an infant with a positive IgM response

Dogs are sources of infection for the following parasites except: A.Ascaris lumbricoides B. Echinococus granulosus C. Leishmania donovani D. Toxocara canis E. A and C

E. A and C

This disease is most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and is spread by the tsetse fly: A. Chagas Disease B. Giardiasis C. Leishmaniasis D. Toxoplasmosis E. African Sleeping Sickness F. West Nile Virus

E. African Sleeping Sickness

How are both Trypanosoma and Leishmania spread? A. Mother-to-fetus B. Sexually transmitted C. Fecal-oral route D. Person-to-person E. By bloodsucking vectors

E. By bloodsucking vectors

What is the reservoir for Balantidium coli? A. The human gastrointestinal tract B. Soil C. Rodents D. Mosquitoes E. The large intestines of pigs

E. The large intestines of pigs

Although rare, there are reported cases of transmission via fomites in this parasite: A. Leishmania donovani B. Giardia lamblia C. Entamoeba histolytica D. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense E. Trichomonas vaginalis

E. Trichomonas vaginalis

Which of the following are parasitic helminths? A. Cestodes B. Nematodes C. Apicomplexans D. Acanthocephalans E. A, C, D F. A, B, D G. All of these answers

F. A, B, D

Which of the following are possible routes of transmission for parasitic worms? A. Walking barefoot B. Using contaminated water for irrigation C. Sexual activity D. Fecal-oral transmission E. Through the bite of a mosquito F. All of the choices

F. All of the choices

list the best treatment and prevention for L. donovani

cutaneous may not need treatment; visceral: miltefosine or other antimony-based drugs; avoid outdoor activities from dusk to dawn (when sand flies are most active), bed net, and sanitation.