Patho Prep U 1,2,3

The nurse is caring for a client in the burn unit who has sustained partial and full thickness burns over 16 percent of the body. What type of etiologic factor does the nurse recognize these burns are?

Physical forces

A client is taking a synthetic thyroid hormone for the treatment of hypothyroidism. The client develops signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The nurse refers to this adverse extension of disease development as:

complications.

A client used a prescription medication prescribed by the health care provider during the first trimester of pregnancy before realizing she was pregnant which caused a facial deformity in the newborn. Which term best describes how to categorize this newborn's condition?

congenital condition

The nurse is planning care for a client. Which information is most important for the nurse to apply in developing a plan of care?

current clinical practice guidelines combined with the client's health care goals

The nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as:

primary active transport.

Which is an important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? breakdown of protein (proteolysis) lipid synthesis regulation of calcium protein synthesis

protein synthesis

Which client conditions illustrate acquired defects? Select all that apply.

rheumatoid arthritis colon cancer

A client tested positive for the tuberculosis antibody and has been told this does not mean the client will ever develop active tuberculosis. This client is considered to be in which stage of the disease process?

subclinical

The nurse is explaining the process of triaging clients in the emergency department to a new nurse by explaining which data are important in determining the diagnostic testing needed. Which data are most important for this purpose?

symptoms that caused the client to seek care

Why are some diseases termed syndromes?

They are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

Which statement accurately describes clinical practice guidelines, or evidence-based practice guidelines? Select all that apply.

They are intended to inform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances. They should review various outcomes; weigh various outcomes, both positive and negative; and make recommendations. They can take the form of algorithms, which are step-by-step methods for solving a problem; written directives for care; or a combination thereof. They help health care providers assess current practices and integrate technological advances.

Which explanation identifies correctly how the G protein-linked receptors are similar? These linked receptors are involved in rapid synaptic signaling between cardiac electrical cells. Insulin is an example of the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP), which binds to an enzyme-linked receptor. Their cytosolic domain has intrinsic enzyme activity. They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

The nurse is evaluating a client's understanding of the risk factors for heart disease. The nurse corrects the client based on which inaccurate comment?

"I will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco."

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health?

"How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

When working with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is receiving peritoneal dialysis, the concept of diffusion can be explained by which statement?

"If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower."

The nurse is educating a client who will be having a series of diagnostic tests. The clients asks the nurse, "What is the importance of me having all of these tests? I told the physician I know what is wrong with me!" What is the best response by the nurse?

"The physician wants to validate what he believes the client problem is."

The nurse educates a client with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI) about the blood test to evaluate troponin levels. Which statement by the client indicates the education has been successful?

"This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle."

A client has recently been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and is meeting with an oncologist for the first time. Which statement best describes the client's prognosis?

"Your likelihood of 5-year survival of pancreatic cancer is a very low percentage."

When attempting to reach a health diagnosis, the health care provider commonly applies four primary steps. Place the steps for reaching a diagnosis in order. Use all the options.

1 Obtain clinical history. 2 Conduct a physical examination. 3 Perform diagnostic testing. 4 Determine the most likely cause of the client's presentation.

A nurse is conducting a staff educational program on diagnostic tests. The nurse should include that the normal value of a laboratory test represents the test results that fall within which distribution level?

95%

Which membrane transport mechanism requires the greatest amount of energy?

Active transport

A nurse researcher is examining the specificity of a screening test for kidney disease. Of the 1000 people tested, 33 tested positive for kidney disease. After further testing, 28 of these clients were confirmed to have kidney disease. What is the specificity of this test? Record your answer as a percentage to one decimal place.

99.5

A physician is providing care for a number of clients on a medical unit of a large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and molecules that cause disease. Which client most clearly demonstrates the consequences of molecules that cause disease?

A 30-year-old homeless man who has pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV positive.

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? Select all that apply.

A careful history Detailed physical examination Diagnostic tests

The nurse observes that blood pressure readings taken by a new unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are very different from what other nurses obtain. What does the nurse understand is occurring with these readings?

A lack of reliability in the readings of the UAP.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client who states she fell and twisted her right ankle during a softball game. The nurse notes that the right ankle is edematous and will probably need to be x-rayed. What term does the nurse use to describe the changes that accompany this finding?

A sign

The Krebs cycle provides a common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients by the body. During the Krebs cycle, each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields another molecule of:

ATP

A nurse documenting a client's health history places hypertension under which category?

Acquired

An infant has a difficult time passing through the birth canal and the physician uses forceps to deliver the child. In the process, the facial nerve was damaged, resulting in a facial droop. Which condition does the nurse recognize this to be?

Acquired defect

A client experiences burning muscle pain at the peak of high intensity physical training for an athletic competition. What is the best explanation for the cause of this occurrence?

Anaerobic glycolysis creates pyruvate, which converts to lactic acid.

What concept will the nurse need to explain to a client with cancer about the purpose and action of chemotherapy?

Apoptosis

The community health nurse is creating a program to improve the health of a select group of clients in the community, based on Healthy People 2030 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The nurse will base the program on which determinant(s) of health? Select all that apply.

Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities. Promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan. Promote good health for all.

A client with a complete tear of the rotator cuff in the right shoulder was given the choice between surgery and stem cell transplant. The client chose to try the stem cell injection. The client asked the health care provider, "How does this work on my shoulder?" The best response would be:

Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site.

A client develops an infection with a resistant organism while hospitalized for surgery. After treatment, there are no obvious signs of infection, but a culture shows that the organism is present. Which term describes the client's status?

Carrier status

The nurse researcher has gathered the above data. The nurse will apply this data in what type of study?

Case-control study

During an assessment, a client tells the nurse that he has suffered from asthma since childhood. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which type of condition?

Chronic

Which client conditions would be considered a congenital defect? Select all that apply.

Cleft lip and palate Club foot Hypospadias

A client is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The client's disease is in which phase of its clinical course?

Clinical

A group of nurses have been tasked with developing a policy for their facility aimed at ideal care for the client with diabetes. Which resource should the group prioritize as most informative for the goal?

Clinical practice guidelines

A nurse is evaluating findings from the Nurses' Health Study, a study that has followed a group of nurses since 1976 to study the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. The nurse evaluates the findings using criteria for which type of study?

Cohort

A nurse plans to conduct a research study on a group of clients who had laparoscopic gastric bypass. Which term describes this type of study?

Cohort

Which statements describe characteristics of the plasma membrane? Select all that apply. Provides receptors for hormones Participates in the electrical events of muscle cells Has a cell coat with immunoregulatory properties Contains a bilayer of lipids with hydrophilic heads Is transected by peripheral proteins

Contains a bilayer of lipids with hydrophilic heads Provides receptors for hormones Participates in the electrical events of muscle cells Has a cell coat with immunoregulatory properties

Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy to the body by which process?

Combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water

A client delivers a child born with an extra digit. The client states that she had the same thing when she was born. What term would the nurse document in the record regarding this defect?

Congenital condition

The Framingham cohort study examined characteristics of people who would later develop which disease?

Coronary disease

The nurse is planning a community program that is focused on tertiary-level of prevention. Which programs will the nurse implement if wishing to target the tertiary level of prevention? Select all that apply.

Dietary teaching for lowering cholesterol levels in clients with hypertension Ophthalmic screening for retinopathy in clients living with diabetes mellitus

A nurse is calculating the incidence of pressure injuries on the unit. The nurse should take which action?

Divide the number of new cases by the number of clients on the unit.

When exercising outside on an extremely warm day, the client can feel his heart pounding very rapidly. Thinking in terms of the ability of the aorta to stretch to accommodate more blood circulating during exercise and the warm environment, this is an example of the function of which fibrous protein? Ligaments Elastin Reticular Collagen

Elastin

Which form of signal transduction resulting from ligand-receptor binding has the potential to produce effects in the entire body system?

Endocrine

When discussing the various functions of the cellular parts, the pathophysiology professor asks a group of students, "Where are the primary sites of protein synthesis located in a cell?" Which student response is correct?

Endoplasmic reticulum

A client diagnosed with chlamydia asks the nurse how this infection has occurred. The explanation by the nurse would involve a description of which aspect of the disease?

Etiology

The health care team is attempting to determine the cause of a client's disease. What does the nurse recognize that this will be documented as?

Etiology

What do morbidity and mortality statistics refer to?

Functional effects and death-producing characteristics of a disease

The nurse is counseling a group of clients about screening and diagnosing colon cancer. Place in order, from least to most specific for colon cancer, the diagnostic procedures involved. Use all the options.

Gathering a list of risk factors such as age and family history Performing a stool for occult blood test Performing a colonoscopy to observe for polyps Performing a tissue biopsy for cell morphology

For a physician to diagnose a client, which process must be followed? Select all that apply.

Getting a complete history Performing a careful physical examination Diagnostic testing

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis?

How the disease process evolves

The parents of a child with spina bifida ask what caused the condition. Which factor would the nurse identify as the most likely etiologic factor in the child's history?

Insufficient maternal folic acid intake

Despite using the same screening tools as previous years (which have been confirmed as highly valid, reliable, sensitive, and specific), the public health nurse notes an increase in the number of people in the population testing positive for type 2 diabetes this year. What action should the nurse take?

Investigate the population for factors that would cause an increase in the prevalence of diabetes.

The nurse is interested in conducting an epidemiologic research study. Which research question should the nurse choose as appropriate for an epidemiologic study?

Is there a relationship between smoking rates and incidence of heart disease?

The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following?

It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive.

A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. Which term best describes this aspect of disease etiology?

Multifactorial in origin

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.

A nurse is conducting a staff development program on the Healthy People 2030 determinants of health. The nurse notes that the participants need additional education based on which statement?

Nursing practice should focus solely on the management of chronic disease.

Which statement is true concerning human cell division? Gene activity is needed for the electrical and chemical signaling systems within human cells. All cells divide within a human organism daily. Parent cell divides and each daughter cell receives chromosomes identical to the parent. Within 24 hours the organism is a morula.

Parent cell divides and each daughter cell receives chromosomes identical to the parent.

A school nurse compares the number of cases of measles in one elementary classroom to the number of students in the school. Which term describes this type of comparison?

Prevalence

The nurse is providing a prenatal class for a group of women at the local women's center. The nurse informs the group about the importance of taking their folic acid supplements for the prevention of neural tube defects. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

Primary prevention

A school nurse discovers that a student has head lice. Which action describes how epidemiology will best help contain the lice?

Promote effective treatment intervention

Cell signaling systems help with communication through a process that requires a variety of first messengers. Which are examples of first messengers? Select all that apply. Neurotransmitters Protein hormones Protein kinases Steroids Growth factors

Protein hormones Growth factors Steroids Neurotransmitters

Which assessment data would a nurse identify as a complication of a disease or disorder?

Pulmonary emboli following deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?

Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism

The nurse notes that a colleague neglects to wipe away the first drop of blood from the sample during point-of-care blood glucose testing; this in contradiction of the unit policy. What action should the nurse take first?

Remind the colleague that the purpose of discarding the first drop is to improve the reliability of the results.

The nurse documents which assessment data as a symptom?

Report of Pain

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which statement accurately describes secondary prevention?

Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings.

The nurse is describing the actions of medications used to increase insulin secretion in the treatment type II diabetes. Which potential actions will the nurse describe? Select all that apply. Closing calcium channels to promote beta cells to release insulin Promoting the diffusion of calcium to stimulate exocytosis of insulin Decreasing potassium diffusion out of insulin producing cells Stimulating action potentials in the beta cells of the pancreas Mimicking the action of insulin on the surface of tissue cells

Stimulating action potentials in the beta cells of the pancreas Decreasing potassium diffusion out of insulin producing cells Promoting the diffusion of calcium to stimulate exocytosis of insulin

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

Tertiary prevention

A client has been admitted for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which aspect of the client's current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?

The client notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.

What determines the number of mitochondria in a given cell type? The amount of nutrition it is provided. The type of activity the cell performs. The number of like cells within the organism. The gender of the host organism.

The type of activity the cell performs.

Which role does adipose tissue play in the body? Balance electrolytes Thermal insulation Manufacture energy Make collagen

Thermal insulation

A client has died and the nurse is responsible for filling out the death certificate. In performing this task, the nurse is required to record the client's age, sex, and cause of death, among other factors. What is the purpose of reporting these statistics?

These statistics are useful in terms of anticipating health care needs, planning public-education programs, directing health research efforts, and allocating health care dollars.

Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by which substance?

Transmembrane proteins

A client with anemia has a regularly scheduled hemoglobin test result of 10 g/dL (100 g/L). While traveling a week later, the client went to urgent care where a hemoglobin level of 15 g/dL (150 g/L) was reported. For which reason will the nurse question the findings of the second result?

Validity

When the nurse questions the blood glucose level obtained via a glucometer, a serum blood level is ordered. This protocol is directed toward ensuring which measure of standardization?

Validity

A client with hypertension is given an IV medication and has an anaphylactic reaction. This is considered to be:

a complication.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a newly admitted client with asthma and hears wheezes in the upper lobes of the lungs. When the nurse documents this finding, the nurse recognize this to be:

a sign.

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refer the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include:

a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection.

A client comes to the clinic stating, "I feel terrible. I feel feverish and it hurts when I cough." The nurse documents this report to be:

a symptom.

Which concept(s) will be included in the study of the science of pathophysiology? Select all that apply.

body's response to disease effect disease has on human organs morphologic changes of cells altered function of tissues

A client is diagnosed with Crohn disease and is informed that there is no cure; however, the client will have periods when there are no symptoms and other times when symptoms will be quite severe. What term should the nurse teach the client applies to this disease course?

chronic

When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be:

chronic.

A nurse who has worked with ostomy clients for several years is adept at measuring and cutting the stoma wafer to the correct size for each client's stoma. This is an example of the nurse using:

clinical expertise.

Researchers have designed a study where the health of a large group of recent newborns will be followed for several years. What type of study is this?

cohort

The nurse evaluates a client for manifestations of a disease. Which assessment data are considered signs? Select all that apply.

dilated pupils tachycardia skin rash

An obese client develops coronary artery disease. Which factor(s) will the nurse include when educating the client about the etiology of the disease? Select all that apply.

hypertension genetic inheritance excess nutrition

In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease began in West Africa in which there was a sharp increase in the number of people being diagnosed with this disease. At the same time, a very high proportion of those who were diagnosed died from the disease. The epidemiologic characteristics of this disease include:

increased incidence and high mortality.

Although the majority of cellular DNA exists in the cell nucleus, the part of the cell DNA from one's mother is located where?

mitochondria

The cell membrane is also called what? plasma membrane bilayer membrane nuclear membrane receptor membrane

plasma membrane

The nurse is conducting a staff educational program on screening tests. The nurse determines that the participants understand the information when they identify the proportion of true positive test results in a given population as being:

positive predictive value.

A client has been diagnosed with a heart attack and has been placed on beta-blockers to reduce the workload on the heart, as well as a statin drug and a low-fat diet to lower cholesterol. Which level of prevention of disease would these therapies be classified?

tertiary

The nurse measures a client's blood pressure using an electronic sphygmomanometer and obtains below-normal readings. When rechecking the blood pressure reading manually, the readings are with normal limits. Which parameter will the nurse investigate regarding the electronic blood pressure result?

validity

A newly introduced diagnostic test has been found to produce unacceptably low levels of reliability. The nurse should recognize that the test:

yields inconsistent results when repeated.