patho week 5

which of the following would be considered a major cause of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia since it increases the production of VLDL and conversion to LDL

high calorie diet

In addition to direct invasion of the vascular wall by an infectious agent, this pathogenic mechanism is a common cause of vasculitis?

immune-mediated inflammation

in addition to direct invasion of the vascular wall by an infectious agent, this pathogenic mechanism is a common cause of vasculitis

immune-mediated inflammation

The endothelins are potent vasodilators that are released from the endothelial cells throughout the circulation.

false

orthostatic hypotension is an abnormal rise in blood pressure that occurs when assuming the standing position from that of the supine position

false

the heart extracts and uses 60%-80% of oxygen in blood flowing through the coronary arteries

false

in the icu setting, clients who develop shock need thorough head to tow assessments. which of the following clinical manifestations would alert the health care provider that the client may be developing ischemia associated with gastrointestinal redistribution of blood flow

gastric bleeding

A 52-year-old man who is moderately obese has recently been diagnosed with hypertension by his primary care provider. Which of the client's following statements indicates a need for further health promotion teaching?

"I'm resolving to eat organic foods from now on and to drink a lot more water."

which of the following lab results strongly suggest an immunologic response in the client with possible rheumatic heart disease

group- A (b hemolytic) streptococcal antibodies

A client with heart failure asks, "Why am I taking a 'water pill' when it's my heart that is having a problem?" While educating the client about the Frank-Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?

"Since your heart is not pumping efficiently, the kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding on to sodium and water."

A client with persistent, primary hypertension remains apathetic about his high blood pressure, stating "I don't feel sick, and it doesn't seem to be causing me any problems that I can tell." How could the nurse best respond to this client's statement?

"You may not sense any problems, but it really increases your risk of heart disease and stroke."

A client's primary care provider has added 20 mg of Lasix (furosemide) to his medication regimen to treat his primary hypertension. How does this agent achieve its therapeutic effect?

By decreasing vascular volume by increasing sodium and water excretion

clients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant

ECG changes

When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:

The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute

Stable atherosclerotic plaques tend to rupture more than unstable atherosclerotic plaques and lead to acute coronary syndromes, ranging from unstable angina to ST-segment elevation MI.

false

because of its location, the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm may first be manifested as

a pulsating mass

On the 3rd day following an acute myocardial infarction, the client is being discharged home. The nurse is explaining how the heart tissue heals following an MI. "Since today is your 3rd day after your heart attack, the tissue is:

acutely inflamed

Which elevated serum marker for systemic inflammation is now considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease?

c-reactive protein

atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease is symptomatic with at least 50% occlusion. The primary peripheral symptom, due to ischemia is

calf pain

the client is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the midcalf area. He has many of the manifestation of

deep vein thrombosis

HDL is known as the bad cholesterol

false

Pericarditis represents an inflammatory process of the myocardium.

false

Primary (essential) hypertension is characterized by chronic elevation in blood pressure that results from some other disorder, such as kidney disease.

false

An 86-year-old male client is disappointed to learn that he has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which of the following age-related changes predisposes older adults to developing heart failure?

increased vascular stiffness

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a:

large lipid core

an elderly female client who reports increasing fatigue has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis, a disease that her primary care provider believes may have been long-standing. which of the following compensatory mechanisms has most likely maintained the womans ejecting fraction until recently

left ventricular hypertrophy

One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:

myocardial hypertrophy

A client who developed a deep vein thrombosis during a prolonged period of bed rest has deteriorated as the clot has dislodged and resulted in a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following types of shock is this client at risk of experiencing?

obstructive shock

While lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which of the following physiologic processes?

peripheral vascular resistance

while lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which of the following physiologic processes

peripheral vascular resistance

A client has been experiencing increasing fatigue in recent months, a trend that has prompted an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test suggest that the client's end-diastolic volume is insufficient. Which of the following parameters of cardiac performance will directly decrease as a result of this?

preload

The plaques in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses?

stable angina

Afterload represents the force that the contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart.

true

Atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of coronary heart disease.

true

Major complications of shock include acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, gastrointestinal ulceration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

true

Venous insufficiency leads to tissue congestion and edema in the lower extremities.

true

In an ICU setting, one assessment that would lead the nurse to suspect shock has resulted in decrease blood flow to vital organs is:

urine output less than 20 mL/hour

An IV drug abuser has been diagnosed with infective endocarditis. He is in the emergency department reporting increasing shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain that worsens with breathing, and coughing up blood. The health care provider recognizes this may be caused by:

vegetative emboli traveling in the blood stream to the lungs

endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections. Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by

vegetative valve destruction

Severe shock can be followed by acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) characterized by:

ventilation-perfusion mismatch