pathophysiology pain and sensory

Visual disturbances

A client with a history of migraine headaches tells the physician that he or she usually experiences an aura before the onset of the headache. The client is most likely experiencing: 1. Visual disturbances 2. Dizziness 3. Lethargy 4. Dysphagia

"Take the medication daily as you have been directed."

A beta-adrenergic blocker has been prescribed for a client diagnosed with migraines. The most important information for the nurse to teach the client would be: 1. "Take the medication daily as you have been directed." 2. "Stop this medication immediately if you have dizziness after taking it." 3. "This medication will prevent you from having any more migraines." 4. "Take the medication only when feeling a migraine start.

I should take my medication and apply the TENS unit to the painful area as soon as I feel the pain."

A client is being taught how to use a TENS unit. The nurse determines that teaching was effective when the client states: : 1. Anytime that the setting on my TENS unit needs to be changed I will have to return it to the company and wait for them to deliver a new one." 2. I should take my medication and apply the TENS unit to the painful area as soon as I feel the pain." 3. The TENS unit is the easiest and most cost-effective way to manage my pain at home." 4. I will need to return to the doctor's office to have this TENS unit surgically implanted under my skin for the best pain relief."

severe pain behind the eye.

A client is experiencing a cluster headache. The client would most likely manifest:

referred

A client is experiencing chest pain that radiates to the left arm and neck. The nurse would interpret this pain as:

observes piloerection on the skin.

A client is said to be in the chill stage of the fever process when the nurse: 1. administers an antipyretic medication. 2. the client is sweating. 3. observes piloerection on the skin. 4. The client will benefit from a cool sponge bath.

heat exhaustion or heat stroke

A hiker presents to the emergency department with reports of flu-like symptoms—thirst, nausea, and inability to urinate. Upon assessment, it is determined that the client has a rectal temperature of 102.2°F (39°C) and is tachycardic. These symptoms support a diagnosis of:

impaired thermoregulatory mechanisms brought on by anesthesia.

A surgical client is at greatest risk for hypothermia during a surgical procedure related to: 1. impaired thermoregulatory mechanisms brought on by anesthesia. 2. negligence of the anesthesiologist in regulating the body temperature. 3. the decreased temperature of the surgical suite caused by electrical appliances. 4. the instillation of warmed intravenous fluids that lower the core temperature.

Malignant hyperthermia

An autosomal dominant metabolic disorder in which heat generated by uncontrolled skeletal muscle contraction can produce severe and potentially fatal hyperthermia.

TENS Unit

Are noninvasive and should be applied as soon as the client starts to perceive pain. It is often used in conjunction with pain-relieving medication

Decreased respirations, slurred speech and impaired coordination

Clinical manifestations of hypothermia include which signs/symptoms? Select all that apply. 1. Strong bounding pulse 2. Decreased respirations 3. Slurred speech 4. Constricted pupils 5. Impaired coordination

Hypothermia

Clinical manifestations of this condition include poor coordination, stumbling, slurred speech, irrationality, poor judgment, amnesia, hallucinations, blueness and puffiness of the skin, dilation of the pupils, decreased respiratory rate, weak and irregular pulse, stupor, and coma.

Chill stage of fever

During the second stage there is the uncomfortable sensation of being chilled and the onset of generalized shaking (rigors). Vasoconstriction and piloerection usually precede the onset of shivering. At this point, the skin is pale and covered with goose flesh

prodromal stage

During this stage of fever . The patient will have nonspecific symptoms such as mild headache, fatigue, general malaise, and fleeting aches and pains.

The client is sweating

During this stage of fever, third stage, a client is said to be in the flushing stage of the fever process when the nurse:

A high ratio of surface area to body mass

Infants are at greater risk of hypothermia than children because of which of the following? 1. A high ratio of surface area to body mass 2. The inability of infants to state that they are cold 3. An increased thickness of subcutaneous fat at birth 4. Their inability to remove clothing

Migraine aura

Is associated with visual symptoms, including flickering lights, spots, or loss of vision; sensory symptoms, including feeling of pins or needles, or numbness; and speech disturbances or other neurologic symptoms.

Cutaneous pain

Is considered pain arises from superficial structures

heat cramps

Is considered slow, painful, skeletal muscle cramps and spasms, usually occurring in the muscles that are most heavily used and lasting for 1 to 3 minutes

Conduction

Is the direct transfer of heat from one molecule to another, and evaporation involves the use of body heat to convert water on the skin to water vaporization

Electrical thermometer

Is used to monitor temperatures as low as 25°C (77°F).

Chronic pain

Loss of appetite, disturbed sleep patterns, and depression are common among people dealing with what type of pain?

Visceral pain

Originate in the visceral organs, is considered one of the most common pains produced by disease

The withdrawal reflex is activated.

The health care provider is assessing the functional integrity of all spinal nerves utilizing a pinpoint pressed against the skin. A normal response would be interpreted as: 1. No response when the pin is pressed. 2. Verifying the intensity of the pin's force of compression. 3. The withdrawal reflex is activated. 4. Saying "Ouch" when the pin is pressed.

sumatriptan intranasal spray

The health care provider will likely prescribe which medication to a client who is experiencing severe nausea and vomiting with a migraine?

sumatriptan intranasal spray

The health care provider will likely prescribe which medication to a client who is experiencing severe nausea and vomiting with a migraine? 1. caffeine injection 2. dihydroergotamine, an ergotamine derivative 3. oral ondansetron, an antiemetic 4. sumatriptan intranasal spray

convection

The loss of heat from the body through the circulation of air currents is known as:

Increased heart rate

The nurse knows that chronic pain lacks which of the characteristic pain-related reactions? 1. Depression 2. Disturbed sleep patterns 3. Loss of appetite 4. Increased heart rate

Tension

The nurse learns that different types of headaches respond to different therapies. Which headache is most responsive to nonpharmacologic therapy?

rectal

The route considered the most accurate to measure a core body temperature is:

Meissner corpuscles

The tactile receptors that are sensitive to the movement of very light objects over the surface of the skin.

Subcutaneous fat

This layer contributes to the insulation value of the outer body shell because of its thickness and because it conducts heat only about one-third as effectively as other tissues. Heat is produced by deeper core tissues such as muscles and viscera. Heat is conserved by vasoconstriction

Somatic pain

This pain originates in deep body structures.

cluster headache

This type of headache include severe, unrelenting unilateral pain located in the orbital. The pain radiates behind the eye to the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve. The client may also experience symptoms such as restlessness or agitation, conjunctival redness, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, forehead and facial sweating, miosis, ptosis, and eyelid.

Children act to avoid pain based on their memory of past painful events.

What can the nurse assume about a child's behavior when faced with the need to repeat a painful procedure? 1. A child will benefit from a matter-of-fact approach on the part of the nurse. 2. Children act to avoid pain based on their memory of past painful events. 3. A child will resist any intervention that involves contact with his or her body. 4. Pain causes similar responses in people regardless of their age.

Electrical thermometer

Which type of thermometer is the best to use in determining an accurate temperature during an episode of hypothermia?

It adds thickness to the body's outer shell. Its poor ability to conduct body heat

Why does subcutaneous fat affect the body's ability to insulate itself? Select all that apply. 1. Its ability to produce body heat 2. The tendency of its blood vessels to vasodilate 3. It adds thickness to the body's outer shell 4. Its poor ability to conduct body heat 5. It decreases the body's need to shiver to produce heat.