Pathophysiology Test Chs. 17-27
Which of the following individuals is experiencing an immunologic lung disorder affecting ventilation that has caused the formation of a granuloma on chest x-ray?
A 30-year-old African American man who has been diagnosed with sarcoidosis
Blue Bloaters is an acronym for patients with emphysema
False
Shortness of breath when lying down is apnea
False
When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:
The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute - Cardiac output, which is the major determinant of cardiac performance, reflects how often the heart beats each minute (heart rate) and how much blood it ejects with each beat (stroke volume). Preload reflects the volume of blood that stretches the ventricle at the end of diastole, just before the onset of systole.
A college student is training for a marathon in the mountains. One day, she experiences a sharp pain and suddenly becomes short of breath. At the emergency room, chest x-ray reveals a spontaneous pneumothorax. The client asks the nurse to explain why this happened. The nurse states, "For unknown reasons, you lose intrapleural negative pressure.
This means your lungs collapsed and expelled its air when you lose negative pressure."
A man sustained a puncture injury to his chest that caused a tension pneumothorax to form. This is a life-threatening condition because
Trapped, inspired air collapses the lung.
A neighbor is complaining to a friend (who happens to be a nurse) about several changes in their body. Which of the following complaints raises a "red flag" because it could be a sign of epithelial cell bladder cancer?
"I noticed my urine is pinkish red, but I'm not having any pain when I pee"
A 51-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis after a long history of recurrent coughing. Which of the man's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of his new diagnosis?
"If I had quit smoking earlier than I did, I think I could have avoided getting bronchitis."
A public health nurse is conducting a health promotion class for a group of older adults. Which of the participants following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of the risk factors for bladder cancer?
"More than ever, I guess it would be worthwile for me to quit smoking"
A client with heart failure asks, "Why am I taking a 'water pill' when it's my heart that is having a problem?" While educating the client about the Frank-Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?
"Since your heart is not pumping efficiently, the kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding on to sodium and water."
A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of 40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:
"This means your heart is not pumping as much blood out of the heart with each beat." - Ejection fraction is the percentage of diastolic volume ejected from the heart [left ventricle] during systole. Stroke volume is determined by the difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Cardiac reserve refers to the maximum percentage of increase in cardiac output that can be achieved above the normal resting level.
Upon admission assessment, the nurse hears a murmur located at the fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line. The client asks, "What does that mean?" The nurse will base her answer on which of the following physiologic principles?
"You have a heart valve that is diseased."
Which of the following clients would be at high risk for developing primary varicose veins? Select all that apply
A 47-year-old waitress who works 12-hour shifts three or four times/week A morbidly obese (>100 pounds overweight) male who works behind the counter of a convenience store 10 hours/day, 5 days/week - Prolonged standing and increased intra-abdominal pressure are important contributing factors in the development of primary varicose veins. Because there are no valves in the inferior vena cava or common iliac veins, blood in the abdominal veins must be supported by the valves located in the external iliac or femoral veins. Immobility may cause DVTs (a secondary cause of varicose veins). Peritoneal dialysis has no effect on the development of varicose veins.
Which of the following individuals likely faces the greatest risk for the development of chronic kidney disease?
A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor his blood sugars or control his diet
Which of the following clients is at risk for developing a preventable disorder related to prolonged immobility?
A postsurgical client who is refusing to get out of bed and walk and will not wear those "uncomfortable elastic stocking
The most common causes of left-sided heart failure include:
Acute myocardial infarction
A child is recovering from group A beta hemolytic Strep infection. They return to the clinic a week later complaining of decrease in urine output based on puffiness and edema noted in the face and hands. The healthcare provider suspects that the child has developed:
Acute postinfectious glomerulonpehritis
A client has been given the diagnosis of diffuse glomerulonephritis. They ask the nurse what diffuse means. The nurse responds:
All glomeruli and all parts of the glomeruli are involved.
Which of the following clients should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?
An 80-year-old elderly client who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom - Dizziness and syncope are characteristic signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, and both predispose an individual to falls; this is especially the case among older adults. Headaches, edema, diabetes, and vision changes are not associated with orthostatic hypotension.
A 2-year-old child is admitted to pediatric unit with bronchiolitis. The nurse calls the physician fearing the child is going into respiratory failure based on which of the following assessment findings? Select all that apply.
B. Increased respiratory rate to 44 breaths/minute C. Substernal retractions becoming more pronounced D. New-onset expiratory grunting
Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?
Back flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium - The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium; failure of this valve would cause backflow from the former to the latter during systole. Valve function does not directly affect cardiac contractility.
A client had excessive blood loss and prolonged hypotension during surgery. His postoperative urine output is sharply decreased, and his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is elevated. The most likely cause for the change is acute:
Tubular Necrosis
The client is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the midcalf area. He has many of the manifestations of:
Deep vein thrombosis
A client is beginning to recover from acute tubular necrosis. The nurse would likely be assessing which of the following manifestations of the recovery phase of ATN?
Diuresis
A mother rushes her toddler into the emergency department stating, "My baby can't breathe." Initial assessment reveals the child is struggling to breathe in an upright position. He has both inspiratory and expiratory stridor and is using his chest muscles to breath. The nurse suspects the child has which of the following acute respiratory infections?
Epiglottitis
A client is admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction. The nurse should assess for which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply
Extreme fatigue with activity Dyspnea Orthopnea - The most common clinical manifestations of DCM are those related to heart failure, such as dyspnea, orthopnea, and reduced exercise capacity. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by myocardial thickening and abnormal diastolic filling. They experience fainting/syncope. Restrictive cardiomyopathy, in which there is excessive rigidity of the ventricular wall, increases the work of ventricular emptying and causes cardiac hypertrophy. These clients experience excess abdominal fluid (ascites).
Which of the following lab results strongly suggest an immunologic response in the client with possible rheumatic heart disease?
Group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcal antibodies - The pathology of RF does not involve direct bacterial infection of the heart. Rather, the time frame for development of symptoms relative to the onset of pharyngitis and the presence of antibodies to the GAS organism strongly suggests an immunologic response. It is thought that antibodies directed against the M-protein of certain strains of streptococci cross-react with glycoprotein antigens in the heart, joints, and other tissues to produce an autoimmune response through a phenomenon called molecular mimicry. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity in your body. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. Elevated WBC indicates an infection
Which of the following manifestations typically accompanies an asthmatic attack?
Hyperinflation of the lungs
Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders was the player's most likely cause of death?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
The nurse is providing care for a client who has a diagnosis of kidney failure. Which of the following lab findings is consistent which the 90lb safety limit
Hypokalemia
A child with asthma is walking outside and develops a bronchospasm. The school nurse knows this bronchospasm has what effects on bronchioles with airflow? Select all that apply.
Impairs airflow Narrowing of bronchioles
A client has recently undergone successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the treatment of renal calculi. Which of the following measures should the client integrate into his lifestyle to reduce the risk of recurrence?
Increased fluid intake and dietary changes
One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:
Myocardial hypertrophy
A drug abuser was found unconscious after shooting up heroin 2 days prior. Because of the pressure placed on top of the hip and arm, he has developed rhambolysis
Obstruct the renal tubules with myoglobin and damage tubules
COPD clients live with persistently elevated PCO2 levels. Therefore, which assessment finding would likely initiate a stimulus for ventilation in this client population?
PO2 level of 50 mm Hg
A teenaged cystic fibrosis client presents to the clinic. The health care provider (HCP) knows that cystic fibrosis (CF) causes severe chronic respiratory disease in children. In addition, the HCP should also focus his or her assessment on which of the other body systems affected by CF?
Pancreatic
Following surgery, a client had a chest x-ray that reported some opacities in the lung bases likely due to atelectasis. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes will result from this condition?
Perfusion without ventilation
While lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which of the following physiologic processes?
Peripheral vascular resistance - The systolic and diastolic components of blood pressure are determined by cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance and can be expressed as the product of the two (blood pressure = cardiac output × total peripheral resistance). The body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in peripheral vascular resistance, and it changes the peripheral vascular resistance to compensate for changes in cardiac output. Electrical impulses from the SA node regulate heart rate. Release of stress hormones and rigidity of the ventricular walls do not primarily influence BP; however, they may impact this secondarily.
Which of the following is most likely to precipitate an asthmatic attack in a child with a diagnosis of extrinsic, or atopic, asthma?
Pet dander
A client with a history of emphysema from long-term cigarette smoking has loss of many alveoli. When comparing the type I alveolar cell physiologic function with the primary role of type II alveoli, the nurse would be aware that the type II alveoli are responsible for:
Production of surfactant
As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic obstructive bronchitis are prone to:
Pulmonary hypertension
If the parasympathetic neurotransmitter releases acetylcholine, the nurse should anticipate observing what changes in the ECG pattern?
Slowing of heart rate to below 60 beats/minute - Acetylcholine, the parasympathetic neurotransmitter released during vagal stimulation of the heart, slows down the heart rate by decreasing the slope of phase 4. The catecholamines, the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine, increase the heart rate by increasing the slope or rate of phase 4 depolarization. Fibrillation is the result of disorganized current flow within the ventricle (ventricular fibrillation). Fibrillation interrupts the normal contraction of the atria or ventricles. In ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles quiver but do not contract. Thus, there is no cardiac output, and there are no palpable or audible pulses (i.e., cardiac standstill).
The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:
The initiation of a cell-mediated immune response
The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart vessels is:
Thrombosis - Thrombus formations on complicated atherosclerotic lesions are the result of sluggish blood flow and turbulence in the ulcerated plaque region. Fatty streaks are preatherosclerotic plaque changes in vessels. Fibrous plaque is part of the atherosclerosis formation, not a complication of it.
Difficulty breathing is dyspnea
True
The respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be diminished when administering oxygen to them.
True
Endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections. Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by:
Vegetative valve destruction - Murmurs are sounds produced by blood flow through incompetent valves. Both infective endocarditis and carditis of rheumatic heart disease are characterized by growth of vegetation on valve leaflets, causing destruction, regurgitation, and murmur. Atrial fibrillation is a conduction disorder that impairs atrial emptying rather than valve function. Myocardial inflammation is present but does not cause murmurs. Valve dysfunctions can chronically decrease emptying and lead to left ventricular hypertrophy.
A male client with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with uncharacteristic chest pain, and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular repolarization - The T wave on electrocardiography (ECG) corresponds to ventricular repolarization. Atrial depolarization is represented by the P wave and ventricular depolarization by the QRS complex. The isoelectric or zero line between the P wave and the Q wave represents depolarization of the AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje system.
A female client asks, "why do i leak urine every time I cough or sneeze?"' the healthcare worker's response is based on which physiologic process?
When intravesical pressure exceeds maximal urethral pressure
A female teenager has experienced three uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the last 3 months. Knowing the anatomical location of the urethra, the nurse should educate this teenager
Wiping from front to back to prevent Eschericas coli contamination of the urethra
if a CKD client is developing uremic encephalopathy, the earliest manifestations might include:
diminished awareness diminished alertness
The most recent assessment of a client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes indicates a heightened risk of diabetic nephropathy. Which of the following assessments is correct?
microalbuminuria
Which of the following assessment findings would lead the nurse to suspect the client has nephrotic syndrome?
proteinuria and generalized edamema
In anatomy class the instructor asks, "explain how urine is expelled from the bladder during voiding." The student with the most accurate response would be:
the detrusor muscle contracts down on the urine and the ureteral orifices are forced shut. The external sphincter relaxes as urine moves out of the bladder"
Many factors contribute to the incontitence that is common among the elderly. A major factor is a increased
use of multiple medications
A father experienced the onset of chest pain and dies suddenly. The family asks, "What caused him to die so suddenly?" The health care provider's reply that is most appropriate would be, "There's a high probability that your loved one developed an acute heart attack and experienced:
Acute ventricular arrhythmia - Sudden death from an acute myocardial infarction in an adult is usually caused by fatal (ventricular) arrhythmias. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young, since the disorder can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Troponin is normally present in cardiac muscle; serum levels of troponin enzymes are diagnostic and will elevate within 3 hours of the acute event. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle and conduction system without evidence of myocardial infarction.
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of primary hypertension?
African American Race - Hypertension not only is more prevalent in blacks than whites, but also is more severe, tends to occur earlier, and often is not treated early enough or aggressively enough. Blacks also tend to experience greater cardiovascular and renal damage at any level of pressure. High salt intake and obesity are modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Male gender is not identified as a risk factor for hypertension.
An adult client has been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease. Which of the following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of this diagnosis?
I suppose I should be tested to see if my children might inherit this
