Penny Chapter 27 Fetal Heart and Chest
Fetal heart is fully formed by
10 weeks
endocardial cushion defect
Abnormality in the walls between all four heart chambers. Associated with down syndrome.
the combination of both ASD and VSD is called:
Atrioventricular septal defects
narrowing of the aortic arch
Coarctation of the aorta
Eventration of the diaphragm
Congenital absence or underdevelopment of diaphragmatic musculature. Localized elevation of anteromedial hemidiaphragm in older individuals.
what is the most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia
Diaphragmatic hernias
what is the most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition
Diaphragmatic hernias
EIF's are associated with what?
Down's syndrome
"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement
Ebsteins
malformation and malposition of the tricuspid valve
Ebsteins anomaly
which heart anomaly is suspected when there is a small or absent left ventricle
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
the chamber of the heart closest to the spine is the
Left atrium
a fetus with _____________ is at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios
separate mass of non functioning lung tissue with its own blood supply
Pulmonary sequestration
CCAM
Replacement of normal lung parenchyma by abnormal tissue, which often includes visible cysts.
what is the most common form of cardiac defect
VSD
How is fetal lung maturity assessed?
Via the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio). - normal ratio is > 2 and indicates low risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
potter syndrome
bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, characteristic faces, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Respiratory failure is usual cause of death just after birth.
CCAM
congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
foramen ovale
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
ductus venosus
connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
absent or hypoplastic thymus
digeorge syndrome
what is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm
foramen of Morgagni
what is the leading cause of death in the neonatal period
hypoplastic left heart
Digeorge syndrome leads to:
impairment of the immune system and susceptibility to infection
EIFs are often seen in the ___ ventricle
left
most diaphragmatic hernias occur on what side?
left
the apex of the heart is angled to the:
left
Pentalogy of Cantrell
omphalocele and ectopic heart
right ventricular OFT leads to:
pulmonary artery and branches
hypoplastic heart syndrome most often occurs from
pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia
What is the most common fetal intracardial tumor
rhabdomyoma
moderator bands are seen within the:
right ventricle
Bochdalek hernia
the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm
parallel outflow tracts
transposition of the great vessels
fetal rhabdomyomas are associated with:
tuberous sclerosis
LOFT leads to
Aorta
Tetraology of Fallot
Overriding aortic root subaortic VSD Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricular hypertrophy
what is common seen as an echogenic triangle shaped mass typically located within the left side of the fetal chest
Pulmonary sequestration
hypoplastic left heart syndrome seen in females could be assoc. with:
Turner syndrome
ductus arteriosus
a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta
ectopic cordis
a condition in which the heart is located either partially or completely outside of the fetal chest
