Penny Chapter 27 Fetal Heart and Chest

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Fetal heart is fully formed by

10 weeks

endocardial cushion defect

Abnormality in the walls between all four heart chambers. Associated with down syndrome.

the combination of both ASD and VSD is called:

Atrioventricular septal defects

narrowing of the aortic arch

Coarctation of the aorta

Eventration of the diaphragm

Congenital absence or underdevelopment of diaphragmatic musculature. Localized elevation of anteromedial hemidiaphragm in older individuals.

what is the most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia

Diaphragmatic hernias

what is the most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition

Diaphragmatic hernias

EIF's are associated with what?

Down's syndrome

"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement

Ebsteins

malformation and malposition of the tricuspid valve

Ebsteins anomaly

which heart anomaly is suspected when there is a small or absent left ventricle

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

the chamber of the heart closest to the spine is the

Left atrium

a fetus with _____________ is at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia

Oligohydramnios

separate mass of non functioning lung tissue with its own blood supply

Pulmonary sequestration

CCAM

Replacement of normal lung parenchyma by abnormal tissue, which often includes visible cysts.

what is the most common form of cardiac defect

VSD

How is fetal lung maturity assessed?

Via the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio). - normal ratio is > 2 and indicates low risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

potter syndrome

bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, characteristic faces, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Respiratory failure is usual cause of death just after birth.

CCAM

congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

foramen ovale

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

ductus venosus

connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

absent or hypoplastic thymus

digeorge syndrome

what is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm

foramen of Morgagni

what is the leading cause of death in the neonatal period

hypoplastic left heart

Digeorge syndrome leads to:

impairment of the immune system and susceptibility to infection

EIFs are often seen in the ___ ventricle

left

most diaphragmatic hernias occur on what side?

left

the apex of the heart is angled to the:

left

Pentalogy of Cantrell

omphalocele and ectopic heart

right ventricular OFT leads to:

pulmonary artery and branches

hypoplastic heart syndrome most often occurs from

pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia

What is the most common fetal intracardial tumor

rhabdomyoma

moderator bands are seen within the:

right ventricle

Bochdalek hernia

the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm

parallel outflow tracts

transposition of the great vessels

fetal rhabdomyomas are associated with:

tuberous sclerosis

LOFT leads to

Aorta

Tetraology of Fallot

Overriding aortic root subaortic VSD Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricular hypertrophy

what is common seen as an echogenic triangle shaped mass typically located within the left side of the fetal chest

Pulmonary sequestration

hypoplastic left heart syndrome seen in females could be assoc. with:

Turner syndrome

ductus arteriosus

a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta

ectopic cordis

a condition in which the heart is located either partially or completely outside of the fetal chest


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