Perspectives of Latin America Final Exam
Keen and Hayes calculated about ____ African slaves were sold to the Americas
10
In 1492, e estimated population of indigenous people in Latin America was
100 million
In South America there are a total of ____ countries. Which one is not a free country?
13, French Guiana
By disposition of the peace treaty US paid Mexico indemnification of _____ dollars. Mexico lost the territories that corresponded to the current states of
15 million, California, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas
It was August 23 the year ____. At midday it was dark like night. Thousands of _____ were flying over the dead bodies.
1521, ravens
The Incas sled to the mountains and jungles and kept the resistance alive until the year
1572
In the year ____ the last Inca ruler in the resistance is
1572, captured
The struggles between liberals and conservatives continued until _____ when _______ (a cuadillo) aided by a group of Texan capitalists with strong links to New York banks, overthrew the liberal government. He ruled with an iron fist (in a nominal democracy) offering the people of Mexico a choice: _______ or ______ . With the support of Great Britain and the US, big land owners, bankers, big businesses, and the high echelons of the church, he stayed in power until 1910, when the Mexican revolution exploded. Viva _________!
1876, Porfirio Diaz, Pan or polo, la vida
Cuba fought it's first war against Spain the result was a stalemate. The second war against Spain, known as the Cuban independence war started in
1895
There are ____ Spanish speaking countries in Latin America
19
The triumph of the Cuban revolution is January 1
1959
Liberalism was implanted in Latin America in the
19th century
How many European languages are spoken in South America?
2
How many archipelagos are there in Latin America?
2
There are ____ territories in Latin America
20
This population was reduced to ___ in about two centuries
3.5 million
From 1898 to 1931, the US intervened militarily in the Caribbean about
30 times
There are ____ states in Latin America
33
Porfirio Diaz was in power in Mexico for ____ years
34
The Organization of American States (OAS) is supposed to include the free and independent countries (states) of the Americas. The only non Latin American members of the OAS are US and Canada. How many members should the OAS have?
35
Columbus made ___ voyages to the Americas. He never found a path to Asia.
4
The US won the war swiftly and occupied Cuba for _______ years. The US armed forces evacuated Cuba in _____. Nevertheless, they imposed an amendment to the Cuban constitution _________. This amendment turned Cuba into a ________ of the US because it gave the US the right to militarily intervene whenever the US deemed is necessary.
4, 1902, Platt amendment, colony
Today, there are about ____ indigenous people in Latin America
45-50 million
The US military intervened in Cuba _____ times. Finally the _______ was derogated in ______
5, Platt Amendment, 1934
In 1519, Cortes leaves Cuba with a total of ___ soldiers in order to conquer Mexico, a region of about 25 million inhabitants.
600
The total population of Latin America is around
650 million
There are ____ countries in Continental Central America
7
The Muslim Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula in _____ and occupied it for approximately ___ centries.
711 CE, 7
Housing
80% of the population were owners
According to Terror Archives, Plan Condor is responsible for the torture, assassination, and disappearance of more than
80,000 people
Between 1519 and 1605, the indigenous population of central Mexico declined bu about
90%
The majority of soldiers in the Cuban during the War of Independence of Cuba
Afro-Cubans
In February 1836, President Antonio Lopez de Sant Anna from Mexico, Commander of chief of the Mexican troops besieged the _____ and when it surrendered (March 6, 2019), Santa Anna gave the order to shoot by firing squad the 161 soldiers taken prisoners. The shooting of these prisoners originated the following war cry ________
Alamo, remember the Alamo
All of these were reasons for US opposition to Socialist Salvador Allendes democratically elected president, except
Allende's coalition government military allied with the Soviet Union and Cuba
____ as a very important cacica (women leader of a chiefdom) who lived in the island of Hispaniola (La Espanola: present day Haiti and Dominican Republic)
Anacoana
One of the worst measures of the Catholic Sovereigns in Spain was the expulsion of the ____ who were excellent merchants, and the expulsion of the ____ who controlled the ____
Arabs, Jews, finances
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was the first women to become president 2007-2015 in
Argentina
Jorge Rafael Videla
Argentina 1976-1982
They were taken away from _____ by _____ in 1834
Argentina, the UK
The constitution of 1917 was approved. The main articles of the constitution were
Art 3- church control of education, Art 123-rights of labor Art27- property rights
Papiamento is spoken in
Aruba, Bonaire, Curazao, and Suriname
The last Inca Emperor was _____ who was strangled in 1533
Atahualpa
Of the 3 plans the only one that was truly revolutionary was ________ because ______
Ayala, land reform
The 2 civilizations more represented in the postclassic period are
Aztec and Inca
The three great macro-ethics of Latin America are the ____ from Central Mexico, the ____ who were concentrated in Guatemala, Honduras and southern Mexico, and the ___ mainly from Peru and Ecuador
Aztecs, Mayans, Incas
In what archipelago is located this tiny island?
Bahamas
The Lucayan islands refer to the
Bahamas
Which archipelago is the smallest?
Bahamas
Latin American archipelagos are
Bahamas and the Antilles
The 13 independent states of the Caribbean
Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevus, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent/Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago
AT the time, the power in Cuba was in the hands of the dictatorship of
Batista
A central American country that does not speak Spanish is
Belize
The indigenous peoples of Latin America crossed through ____ about ___ years ago
Bering Strait, 40,000
What statement about Bermuda falls in line with our definition of Latin America?
Bermuda shares a similar culture with English speaking Caribbean islands
The Conference of Guayaquil celebrated in 1826 at Guayaquil, Ecuador, was a meeting between
Bolivar and San Martin
Evo Morales was the first indigenous president, 2006-2019, of
Bolivia
What Latin American Country has no outlet to the sea?
Bolivia
The silver mine of Potosi was located in
Bolivia (upper Peru in the 1500s)
Hugo Banzer
Bolivia 1971-1978
Luiz Ignacio Lula Da Silva was the first working to become president, 2002-2010 in
Brazil
The largest country of Latin America is
Brazil
Pizarro and Atahualpa meet at ______ to have a peaceful conversation.
Cajamarca
_____ was the only caudillo of the Mexican Revolution that was not assassinated
Calles
In 1938 President ________ nationalized all foreign oil refineries
Cardenas
_________ distributed the largest amount of acres of land
Cardenas
In what region of Latin America are the largest number of territories?
Caribbean
The name of the Caribbean is in honor of the
Caribs Indigenous peoples
On July 15, 1914, Dictator Victoriano Huerta fled to Europe, and there was a vacuum of Power in Mexico. The 2 main rivals were
Carranz and Obregon and Villa and Zapata
Neoliberalism in Latin America was first introduced in
Chile
Augusto Pinochet
Chile 1973-1989
In order to prove his fidelity to this alliance, Cortes had to attack ____ a city where he staged a massacre that wiped out the nobility and hundreds of warriors of that city.
Cholula
In 1916, Villa crossed the US border and invaded the city of _____ in New Mexico
Columbus
The last Aztec Emperor _____ among his starving and ailing people, surrendered to the Spaniards. Since he would not confess where the treasure of Moctezuma was, he was tortured by burning his feet. Finally he was ______
Cuahtemoc, execute
The last Aztec emperor was
Cuauhtemoc
The only communist government in Latin America nowadays is
Cuba
The only two Spanish speaking countries that did not gain freedom during the Wars of Independence of Latin America, fought during 1810-1824 and remained under Spanish hegemony until 1898 were
Cuba and Puerto Rico
When defining Latin America and its peoples, which one of these criteria is best?
Cultural history (and geography)
The capital of the Inca empire was
Cuzco
Which of the following countries were not members of Plan Condor?
Ecuador and Panama
When Moctezuma _____ learned about Cortes and the Spaniards, he thought that Cortes was ____ a benign god who a long time ago was expelled from Mexico. He also thought that this god was coming back to fight for his throne.
Emperor, Quetzalcoatl
Liberalism is an ideology born in
Europe
The path to Asia was found by ____ who at the service of Spain rounded _____ and crossed into the ____ ocean. He invaded the archipelago of the ____. He took possession of this archipelago and renames it in honor of King Phillip II of Spain. It took him and his crew ___ years to circumnavigate the earth, this proving the earth was round.
Ferdinand Magellan, South America, Pacific, the Philippines, 3
The US had bought _______ in 1819 from Spain. In 1803 , the US bought _____ from France. President James K. Polk offered to buy _____ and _____ but Mexico refused. Polk looked for a pretext to start war with Mexico.
Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, and California
In 1862 Mexico was invaded by _____. Mexico defeated the invaders in the famous Battle of ______ celebrated every year in Mexico, the US, and all over. The name of this famous holiday in Mexico is ________. Nevertheless, the invaders recovered and stayed Mexico until _______. Two years before in 1865 the US had ended ________. Under the command of General Sherman, the US stationed 50,000 troops around the border of Mexico, and gave France and ultimatum. Napoleon III was forced to evacuate Mexico. Maximilian was captured, and together, with Mexican generals Miguel Miramon and Tomas Mejia, he was condemned to be executed by firing squad. There was huge international pressure to save the Emperor Maximilian. Nevertheless _______ the first indigenous president in Mexico (from the ethnicity of the Zapotecs, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, he was elected president in 1867-1871; and again in 1872, when he died from a heart attack), champion of the law and order, gave the execution order. The three of them were executed by firing squad in the Cerro de las Campanas (Hill of the Bells) in 1867.
France, Puebla, Cinco de Mayo, 1867, conservative, 1867, the Civil War, Benito Juarez
When Porfirio Diaz fled for Europe in 1911, new election were held and the winner was
Francisco Madero
Due to his honesty, decency, and good intentions, Allende could be compared with
Francisco Madero in Mexico
The military coup that overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973 was led by
General Augusto Pinochet
After Villa's raid, the US sent ________ to chase Villa and punish him
General John Pershing
In February 22, 1913, President Madero and VP Pino Suarez were murdered by
General Victoriano Huerta
The name of the first place where Columbus and his crew arrived in their first voyage is
Guanahani
The ________ was located mainly in the highlands. It produced wheat, maize, beans, meat, and other products. It was oriented towards the external market, but in its beginnings, it also satisfied the demands of the internal and local markets. It is a kind of self-sufficient system with it's own church, jail, store, plaza, and big house where the owners live. This economic unit, with the pass of time gives birth to latifundia, landless peasants, and mass migration to big cities. This economic unit typifies better than any other model, the mixture of feudal and capitalist elements that characterize Latin American economies for centuries.
Hacienda
The first liberated country in Latin America was
Haiti
2 of the most famous pirates and corsairs who attacked Spanish ships, ports, towns, and even a train loaded with Peruvian silver were _____ and _____ who were protected by the English crown
Hawkins and Drake
The union of Central America is represented in the flag of
Honduras
Garifuna is spoken in
Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize
The ________ was a Spanish monopoly that restricted trade to 2 parts in Spain (Cadiz and Seville) and 3 main ports in the Americas: Cartegena de Indias in Columbia, Vera Cruz in Mexico, and Nombre de Dios (Portobelo) in Panama. It also had connections with Havana, Cuba, Acapuleo, Mexico, and Lima, Peru. Aside of these ports, trade was strictly prohibited.
House of Trade (Cases de Contratacion)
The president who wanted to transform his country with the "socialism of the 21st century" was
Hugo Chavez of Venezuela
Two aboriginal people of the Iberian Peninsula are
Iberians and Celts
At that time the ____ is engaged in a civil war between two brothers, successors to the Inca throne
Inca Empire, Atahualpa and Huascar
Columbus and his crew sailed westward, looking for a path to ____. The first place they saw and visited was ____, which is located in the archipelago of _____
India, Guanahani, Bahamas
More than defending the rights of the Africans, Bartolome de las Casas was a friar who passionately defended the human rights of _____. He realized that the encomendors were exploiters who opposed the crown and the church as far as labor exploitation was concerned.
Indigenous peoples
One of the harsh measures imposed by the Catholic Monarchs was the establishment in 1478 of the ___ a church tribunal to burn heretic in the bonfire.
Inquisition
The original Spanish name for the Falkland Islands is
Islas Malvinas
Which of these talented Black and Mulatto revolutionaries declared independence of Haiti in 1804?
Jean Jacques Dessalines
Paraguay prospered during the first half of the 19th century under the leadership of
Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
The three heroes of the Wars of Independence of Cuba were _________. Of these three leaders _________ was a black mulatto, _____________ was a white creole and ______________ was from the Dominican Republic. They represented the union of all races in the Cuban Independence war.
Jose Martin, Antonio Maseo, Maximo Gomez, Maseo, Martin, Gomez
The woman (wife of Queretaro's Corregidor) who formed part of Hidalgo's Revolution committee for the independence of Mexico in 1810 was
Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez
Cortes reserved 1/5 of the gold for _______ Then he told hid soldiers not to carry anything heavy with them. Many of the soldiers disobeyed, and when fleeing they fell into the waterways (most of the street were water channels). With the heavy load of gold, many of the soldiers sank. They were captures by the ______. They were brought to the high pyramids, where they were ____ in a tribute to placate the gods.
King Charles, Aztecs, sacrificed
Liberalism was not apt for Latin America because
Latin America lacked the social and economic structures that had nurtured liberalism in Europe
Before going to Castile to ask support for his project, Columbus had gone to ____ but the King's advisors rejected his proposal
Lisbon
The following writers could be considered as precursors of liberalism
Locke and Montesquieu
Zapata broke with the new president because
Madero postponed agrarian reform
He brought with him ___ a girl who served him as an interpreter, advisor, spy, and mistress. Nowadays, in Mexico, her name is synonym of treason.
Malinche
The woman who saved Bolivars life in 1828, known as "La Libertadora" was
Manuela Saenz
Evo Morales, Bolivia's ex-president, comes from a mixed family: his mother is indigenous and his father is European descendent. The phenotype that better characterizes Morales is
Mestizo
The _______ was fought during 1846-1848. he final treaty, signed in 1848, which put an end to the state war between the two countries was _______
Mexican-American War, The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
The people threw stones and arrows to _____ who, although captive of the Spaniards, had exited to the balconies of the palace to calm them down.
Moctezuma
With thousands of indigenous allies, cortes arrived to _______. Ina very audacious and swift move, he managed to capture ____ and keep him captive as if he were his guest.
Moctezuma
The fact that Moctezuma mistook Cortes for Quetzalcoatl implies that
Moctezuma was overwhelmed by religious beliefs
Several months have passed with _____ captured as a guest-prisoner, when Cortes had news that ______ had sent from Cuba 900 troops to capture him.
Moctezuma, Governor Velazquez
What is the prevalent phenotype in the Caribbean?
Mulatto/African
5 indigenous languages of Latin America
Nahuatl- Mexico, Maya- Guatemala and Honduras, Quecha- Peru and Ecuador, Aymara- Bolivia, Guarani- Paraguay, Mapuche- Chile, Chibcha- Columbia
_____ appears when a powerful country exerts excessive control of another country through economic and financial means
Neocolonialism
The 5 viceroyalties established in the Americas were
New Spain, New Granada, Peru, Brazil, La Plata
This central American country ___________ was invaded by the US and it was occupied for a total of 20 years.
Nicaragua
In which of these organizations where the US and Canada a part of?
OAS
In April 1915 ____ won the 2 battles fought at _____
Obregon, Celaya
The independence of _____ is achieved in 1903, after US president Theodore Roosevelt sent 40,000 marines to support it's independence movement
Panama
Example of neocolonialism is
Panama and the US
In South America, Francisco Pizarro leaves ____ in the year ____ with a force of ___ men. Their purpose is the conquest of _____.
Panama, 1531, 200
The creole language of the Black, Mulatto, and Zambo community or Aruba, Bonaire, and Curazao is called
Papiamento
Alfredo Stroessner
Paraguay 1954-1989
The ______ was located mainly in the low lands and tropical valleys ( the Caribbean, the coastal plains of Columbia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, etc.). It produced sugar, cotton, cacao. and other products strictly oriented towards external markets. It relied mainly on African slaves. The cultivation of maize, beans, wheat, and other products needed for internal market consumption was very scarce or totally absent. Hunger and undernourishment became real social problems in this model, due to maximization of exports. Nevertheless, in its beginnings, it also satisfied the demands of internal and local markets. This economic unit soon concentrated huge amounts of land, thus originating latifundia, landless peasants, and mass migration to big cities
Plantation
The Atlantic slave trade was started around 1444 by
Portugal
There are two countries in the Iberian Peninsula: located at the Atlantic coast in the west band is _____ and bordering the Mediterranean in the east coast is ___
Portugal, Spain
Vasco de Gama, at the service of _____ circumnavigated ____ and arrived to India. He came back with a shipload of _____ and was honored by the court.
Portuguese Crown, Africa, spices
Which one does not belong in this set: latifundium, land reform, poverty, oligarchy, monoculture?
Poverty because the rest are structural problems
An example of colonialism is
Puerto Rico
What is the largest colony of the Caribbean?
Puerto Rico
Which is the smallest of the Greater Antilles?
Puerto Rico
Some of the countries in which the US intervened during 1898-1932 are
Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Besides Cuba, at the end of the war, the US acquired three other countries
Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam
4 important happenings that took place in Spain 1492
Queen Isabella (Castille) and King Ferdinand (Aragon) get married, Spain is united, Muslims are ejected from the Arab kingdom of Granada. so were the Jews, Columbus is funded to search for a new route to Asia
The Catholic sovereigns were: _____ from Castille and _____ from Aragon.
Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand
The indigenous name of the island where the Spaniards built the Christmas Fortress (el Fortin de la Navidad) is ____. Columbus renamed it ___. Curently the island is shared by two countries: ___ in which French is spoken and _____
Quisqueya, Hispaniola, Haiti, Dominican Republic
Which one does not belong to this set: undernutrition, mass emigration, illiteracy, corruption, raw material exports?
Raw material exports because the rest are nonstructural problems
The ______ obligated indigenous peoples on pain and war, to acknowledge Spain's sovereignty and the supremacy of the church.
Requerimiento
The ____ invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 215 BCE, and imposed their culture, institutions, laws, and values. Their language was ____ which gave birth to spanish.
Romans, Latin
Santa Anna was finally defeated by ______ in April 1836, in the Battle of San Jacinto.
Sam Houston
The other two names of this place are
San Salvador and Watling
The Rebel army came down the mountains of ________ and took power
Sierra Maestra
The laws of the Indies were made in
Spain
The ___ were forced to flee and evacuate the city when it was dark.
Spaniards
What 2 European languages are spoken in South America?
Spanish and Portuguese
The five European languages spoken in Latin America...
Spanish- Puerto Rico, English- Jamaica, French- Haiti, Portuguese- Brazil, Dutch- Suriname
The capital of the Aztec empire was
Tenochtitlan
Cortes and the Spaniards went back to _____ the capital of the Aztec Empire. They _____ it for four months. The hunger and disease brought by the ______ decimated the population. Even Emperor Cuitlahalic, the successor to Moctezuma, died of _____
Tenochtitlan, surrounded, Europeans, small pox
The dominant Mesoamerican state in the classic period was
Teotinuacan
Before being annexed by the US in 1845 _______ was an independent republic for ten years. That is the reason why its motor vehicle plates have the logos _________
Texas, The Lone Star State
Mexican urban youth of the 50s and 60s were influenced by Rock and roll artists such as
The Beatles and Janis Joplin
Liberalism is an ideology originated during
The Enlightenment
Salvador Allende, a doctor, won the 1970 presidential election in Chile because
The National party, representing conservatives, refused to ally with Christian democracy (the center party)
That night is known in the history of Mexico as
The Night of Sorrows (la Noche Triste)
In April 1898, the US entered in the war. The best name for this war is
The Spanish Cuban American War
The first problems of Allende aroused when
The US declared economic war on Allende's program
Which of the following could be considered as the main cause of the Latin American wars of independence
The deep riff between Peninsulars and Creoles, who were excluded from top economic decisions and beliefs
What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin American revolutions was
The large scale participation of indigenous and mixed-blood proletariat
The 3 plans announced by 3 different leaders of the Mexican Revolution were
The plan of San Luis Potosi- Francisco Madero, The Plan of Ayala- Zapata, The plan of Guadalupe- Carranza
As far as Moctezuma's death is concerned, which of the following statements is true?
The versions of his death differ, but signals of steel sword wounds were found on his body.
On October 2, 1968, the Mexican Army attacked students in a protest, and killed 300-400 people. This mass killing is known in Mexican History as
Tlatelolco Massacre
In his way to meet Moctezuma, Cortes made an alliance with ___ a state that had not been vanquished by the Aztecs.
Tlaxcala
Cortes and a few of the spaniards escaped and took refuge in _____ their major allied. In a council of war made by the allies of the Spaniards, the young generation were in favor of ____ the Spaniards. Nevertheless, the old generations advice prevailed and they saved the Spaniards.
Tlaxcala, killing
A distinctive feature of Bolivars military leadership was hi advancement of soldiers for merit, without regard to social background or color
True
A major difference between the American revolution and the Latin American struggle for independence was that the Latin American revolutionary wars were spread along a vast and fragmented geography with great cultural and social differences
True
As a result of Napoleon's decision to place his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, creole leaders in the Americas prepared to sieze power on the pretext of loyalty to Ferdinand VII
True
In 1815, Uruguayan leader Jose Gervasio Artigas made a land reform in Uruguay, the first agrarian reform in Latin America
True
In the late 1700's the conflict of interest between Spain and it's colonies was most sharply expressed in the cleavage between creoles and peninsulars
True
Some spanish writers attributed alleged creole indolence and incapacity to he noxious affects of American climate and soil
True
Sor Juanes Ines de la Cruz was a literary giant who's intellectual achievements were fostered by convent life hat freed women from male domination and exploitation
True
The Atlantic slave trade was not an external cause of the wars of independence in Latin America
True
The Templars was not a religious order in Spanish American colonies.
True
The Venezuelan constitution of 1811abolished indigenous tribute
True
The Venezuelan llaneros (cowboys) initally supported the royalists because the Venezuelan republic attempted to transform them into semi servile peons
True
The great revolt of Tupac Amaru II opened with the execution of corregidor Antonio de Arriaga
True
The last major battle in the Spanish American wars for independence was won by Sucre, Bolivars Lieutenant, on December 9, 1824 at Ayacucho
True
The liberation of New Granada (Columbia) was achieved by the decisive patriot victory and Boyaca
True
The virgin of Guadalupe is an authentic Mexican virgin. The cult to this virgin reflects the creole efforts to establish the spiritual primacy of the colonies over Spain
True
The last Inca leader, captured and executed in 1572 was
Tupac Amaru
10/17 colonies that we find in the Caribbean
Turks and Caicos, Puerto Rico, UK Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Martin, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Barthelemy, Monserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique
On February 15, 1898, _____________ exploded in the Havana Harbor
USS main
Atahualpa ____ the apparent small forces of the Spaniards.
Underestimates
He was authorized by _____ the governor of Cuba. But later, the permit was revoked.
Velazquez
Unit the 18th century legal commerce with the Indies was restricted to
Vera Cruz, Cartagena, and Nombre de Dios
The US intervened and occupied ______ from April 1914-November 1914
Veracruz
_______ was destroyed in the battle
Villa
Besides the Potosi silver mines in the Peruvian highlands (Present day Bolivia) also there were very rich silver mines in the _____ and _____ in Mexico.
Zacatecas, Guanajuato
In 1919, Carranza ordered the killing of ______ who was ambushed and assassinated
Zapata
Brazilian path to independence was characterized by
a mild revolution almost bloodless
The brutal dictatorship that toppled Allende in 1973 ended in 1989. The government instituted in the Chile in the 1990s- still the current government- is best described as
a neoliberal democracy
During the first 3 decades of the 20th century Cuba was _________ of the US
a protectorate
By the end of the 1960s, the rock music flourished in Mexico City. The Mexican youths creation of their own bands like Los Loud Jels, Los Rebedes del Rock, and Los Teen tops reflects, in part
a sense of liberty and rebellion versus traditional cultural patterns ans a political system of blatant repression
The pink tide refers to
a series of progressive governments that appeared n Latin America during the decade of 2000
An unexpected turn is that Hidalgo's movement soon became
a truly social revolution
Hidalgo's social reforms included
abolition of slavery and tribute
Bartolome de las Casas proclaimed that
all Spanish conquests and wars in the New World were illegal
When Cortes arrived into the coast of Mexico he made ____ with the caciques and indigenous chiefs. In that way, they would defend each other.
alliances
Which is a characteristic of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?
an accelerates production of manufactures
During the 1st decades after its wars of independence, Latin America went through a period of
anarchy and cuadillismo
Bay of pig was
and invasion to Cuba by the CIA and Cuban exiles
The ____ was a royal contract with a foreign company to sell black slaves in Spanish colonies.
asiento
The only institution with limited self-rule in the Spanish colonies was the
audimiento (cabildo)
A major factor in the transformation of the Argentine economy after 187- was the introduction of ______ and alfalfa ranges
barbed-wire fencing
The two prevalent phenotypes in Bermuda and the Lesser Antilles are
black and mulatto
In Latin America, neoliberalism was accompanied by
bloody coup d'etats and brutal dictator ships
Before departing for Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, Cortes collected 1/5 of the king, and sent it to Spain. Then he _____ the ships, so that no one could escape Cuba.
burned
At the signal given by Pizzaro, his hidden men open fire and ____ Atahualpa, who pays a ransom: a large room filled with ____ up to the ceiling. Nevertheless, Pizarro does not honor his word. He keeps Atahualpa captive, and finally Atahualpa is ____
capture, gold, execute
The exploitation of the Spanish colonies during more than 3 centuries is an example of
colonialism
Another name for a possession or territory is
colony
Main causes of the defeat of the Aztecs and Incas
constant warfare and revolts of subjugated states, religious beliefs, overpowered by superior armaments, excessive taxation and tribute imposed on defeated states, divisions among themselves, diseases brought by the Spaniards, no immunity
The purpose of the trade policy when restricting commerce was to avoid ______. Nevertheless, illegal trade was always practiced. It also gave incentive to pirates and corsairs to attack Spanish fleets, harass and even invade Spanish territories in the Americas.
contraband
San Martin, a creole professional military returned from Spain to Argentina, and trained an army that
crossed the Andes and liberated Chile
During more than 50 years, 1821-1876, Mexico suffered from political and social instability (according to historiography, these were the years of disorder and anarchy). In fact during those years there was an absence of unified power capable of providing social cohesion to the newborn Latin American republics. In this juncture, appears the figure of a _____________ or strong man, who gives social cohesion to a country.
cuadillo
The successes of a slave revolt in Haiti
dampened the support of creole elites to fight for independence
Some countries in Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina) are struggling to become developed countries. Although they are not underdeveloped countries anymore, they are not yet developed countries. They are ____ countries.
developing
Underdeveloped countries are also called third world countries, _____ or ____ countries
developing, emergent
Liberalism was a ____ in Latin America
disaster
Some big problems when Porfirio Diaz left the government in 1910 were
discrimination and lack of political liberties
However, the most crucial structural problem in Mexico in 1910 was
distribution of land
The ____ was the assignment to a colonist of a group of natives to serve him with tribute and labor.
encomienda
A major cause of the ____ was the catastrophic _________ in the 16th century.
encomienda decline, decline fo the indigenous people
A novel feature of Paraguays early postcolonial economic program was the
establishment of state farms and ranches
Both of them were tortured and _____ by the Spaniards.
executed
Latin American liberals usually forced a
federal form of government
Toussaint L'Ouverture was a
former slave who led the Haitian revolution in its demand for the abolition of slavery
Education and healthcare in Cuba are
free and universal with equal access to everyone
England had severe protectionist (proteccionism) policies when it started the process of capital accumulation. This economic doctrine is called protectionism. Once England became the leader of the industrial revolution, it started practicing the opposite economic doctrine which is called
free trade
During the 1st 40 years of its independence 1821-1860 Mexico
had 50 changes of presidenet
To eliminate the problem of latifundium in Latin America, the governments
have to implement a land reform
The purpose of the Conference of Guayaquil was to discuss
how to secure continental liberation by defeating Spanish forces in the Peruvian highlands
The 6 basic phenotypes
indigena, european, mestizo, mulatto, zambo, african
What are the prevalent phenotypes in the Andean region? (the plateaus and highlands of Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, for example)
indigenous and mestizo
Although hunting and fishing, and the craft industry were important productive activities, economic life in Aztec Mexico rested on a base of ____ and _____ agriculture.
intensive, extensive
Not a true statement for Liberalism is that
it is socially compatible with feudalism and the Middle Ages
The purpose of the urban reform was to solve the main problem of
land distribution
The christian kingdoms united and started a war against the arabs in order to "regan their lost ___ and ___." The name of the war was_____
lands, serfs, The Reconquest War
The concentration of huge extensions of land in the hands of one person or a few persons is called
latifundium
What are 6 structural problems of Latin America?
latifundium, land reform, oligarchy, monoculture, militarism
The Latin American wars of independence
left existing economic and social structures basically intact
The history of Mexico during those 50 years of social instability is best characterized by foreign interventions and civil wars between _______ and ______ (the two main political forces of political parties that dominated the life of Mexico during the 19th century).
liberals and conservatives
After destroying the Spanish army in the Battle of Maipu, San Martin headed north to
liberate Peru
During his tenure in office, Allende
liquidated the latifundio system by the means of agrarian reform
Among the most important plants domesticated in ancient America were pumpkins, beans, and the most important of all
maize
According to tradition 7 of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayans, all men and women were created out of mud, but it rained and all the men and women ere dissolved in the tempest and they perished. Then they were made out of wood , but in a fire they were burned and they perished. Finally, they were made out of ____ and they developed deep roots that grew deep into the earth, and they lasted forever. Latin American men and women are attached to the land, and they need it to survive. They can't be deprived of a piece of land to cultivate their corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, and other vegetables and fruits. Symbolically, this passage helps explain the migratory waves from the ____ to the _____ to the huge metropolis like NY and LA and Chicago.
maize, country side, cities
When Cortes went down to the coast to subdue the soldiers, Pedro de Alvarado and the Spaniards committed a ____ against the Aztec nobility: they assassinated more than 1,000 to steal their necklaces, bracelets, and golden objects.
massacre
The practice of diversifying the production is practiced by
metropolitan countries
A large political role for the military in the post-independence was ensured by the
militarization of the new states as a result of years of destructive warfare
The _____ was a socio-economic institution created to better regulate the work in the mines. It assigned a pool of Indigenous population to work in the mines for a six month periods, one year in seven.
mita
The colonial economy was a
mix of feudal and capitalist elements
Mexico obtained its independence in 1821, and it's first government, 1821-1823 was a _______ under Augustin I. It lasted for less than two years and then the government changed to a republic when Vincente Guerrero as the first president of Mexico. A republican constitution was approved in 1824.
monarchy
The main export in Venezuela is oil; in Cuba, sugar; in Chile, copper; in Uruguay, meat. This abnormal process, which affects most Latin American countries, is called
monoculture
Fiscal adjustment policies means that the government
must make cuts in social programs and public services
Colonialism is the direct intervention and control of a country by a foreign country. The intervened country is a colony of the interventionist country. The interventionist country is the metropolis. This is classic and plain colonialism. Since the creation of the United Nations, most countries of the world have gone through process of decolonization. International law prohibits colonization. Nevertheless, the countries look for ways to subject free countries to their hegemony, for example, through loans, threats, economic sanctions, and even blackmail. This new form of economic domination is called
neocolonialism
Colonialism is to neocolonialism as liberalism is to
neoliberalism
Chile's major exports have been
nitrate and copper
Rent
no more than 10% of income
The Spanish crown was very distrustful of its colonial officers. Thus, it developed a system of checks and balances. This system made sure that every public functionary was checked by higher functionaries. Some of these functionaries were local, others were appointed by the king.
nothing
By contrast to Cuba's strategy in the cuban revolution; during the early 1970s Chileans opted for a model of
peaceful, democratic transition to socialism
African slaves were principally employed in
plantation agriculture
A large-scale influx of foreign capital into Latin America did not occur in the first half of the 19th century because
political disorder in Latin America discouraged foreign investment
For more than 50 years, Chile has been a model of
political stability and democracy
The triumph of Porfirio Diaz was also the triumph of
positivism
Not a characteristic of Liberalism is
protectionism
Which is not a characteristic of neoliberalism?
protectionism
The land reform agenda in early postcolonial Uruguay included
redistribution of royalist lands to the landless poor
Illiteracy
reduced from 24% to 4% due to massive campaigns
Due to the excessive decrease of the Indigenous population in the 1600s, the encomienda was discontinued. Instead, the new economic model was the ______ which assigned a quota of working days a year for the Indigenous population.
repartimiento
The ______ sought to regulate the use of an ever-diminishing pool indigenous labor.
repartimiento
The asiento and hacienda replaced the ______ and the ______ as economic units.
repartimiento and encomienda
Bolivar's political program for Venezuela envisioned the establishment of a
republic
When Cortes arrived back to the capital of the city, the Aztecs had _____ and were fighting against the Spaniards.
revolted
This new president wanted to find a middle way between the
revolutionaries and the reactionaries
When Boaz Long, US minister in Cuba by 1920 deplored the "indecent" music he referred to
rumba
According to Keen and Haynes, the war between US and Spain was
short and nasty
Their father, Inca Emperor Huayna Capac, was victim of a disease brought by the Spaniards
small pox
The current protests in Chile, Columbia, Bolivia, and Ecuador indicate that
socio-economic problems have aggravated and neoliberalism is incapable of solving them
During 1962-1973 the US government
spent about $20 million to opposed Allende's socialist program for Chile
The Indigenous peoples' economy in the Americas was a ____ economy very different from the monetary economy of the ____
subsidence, tribute
During the US occupation and subsequent years of tutelage in Cuba
sugar cane cultivation increased, monoculture, latifundium and proletarianization grew
The prelude to US imperialism is
the Mexican American War
Plan Condor was engineered and financed by
the United States
One of the first measures implemented by the Cuban revolution as early as 1959, to help peasants resolve their problem was
the agrarian reform
The fact that a US marine and a white Cuban soldier in a cartoon appear playing soccer with the heads of two Afro-Cuban leaders reflects
the blatant racism and discrimination of the Cuban society under the US protectorate
In 1806 and 1807, the British invaded Argentina, but they were quickly defeated by
the creole militias and the people of Buenos Aires
When assessing the results of the Wars of Independence of Latin America, what statement could be accurate?
the creoles replaced the Spaniards in reaping the benefits of the new created republics
Neoliberalism dominated Latin American politics, economy, and society during
the decades of 1980 and 1990
The main goal of the popular upheaval going nowadays in Chile is
the end of neoliberalism, and writing a new constitution
One of the strongest blows to Allende in 1973- at the time, he was reluctantly forced to negotiate and make major concessions to his opponents- was
the general strike launched by the truck drivers and subsidized by the CIA
Unemployment
the lowest rate in Latin America
Among these social classes, merchants, the priesthood, the artisans, the spaniards, which one was the main integrating force in Aztec society?
the priesthood
Of the 4 stages social stratification was more developed in
the state
In the context of the socialist revolution which force does not belong to this group?
the workers
The fact that there 5 European languages are spoken in the Caribbean indicate that
there was a huge struggle to control the Caribbean
The main cause of the Civil War in the US was
to eradicate latifundia and monoculture and to unify the country
Colonialism is best described as
total subjection of a country to another country
racial discrimmination
totally eradicated and prohibited by law
The School of the Americas was dedicated to
train soldiers in techniques of torturing, killing, and disappearing people
One of Salvador Allende's biggest mistakes in his program of peaceful socialist democracy was
trusting the regular army and not forming a popular militia
Monoculture is a characteristic of _____ countries; diversifying the production is a characteristic of ____ countries.
underdeveloped, developed
The supreme military and civil authority in the Spanish colonies was the
viceroys
Paraguayan prosperity and its novel program of national development were destroyed by the
war of the Triple Alliance
The fact that Allende had a marxist platform in his program of government
was a new political phenomenon in Chile
During the years of Allendes socialist government, the mass media
was controlled by the right wing, opposed to Allende's popular unity (UP) program
The colonial elite that emerged from the wars of Independence with the greatest power was the
wealthy land owners
During the first year Allende's changes and reforms
were good, since he won the municipal elections with more than 50%
Salvador Allende won the 1970 election
with a very narrow margin on 1%
Other domesticated plants in ancient America were manioc, also called ____ a starchy root cultivated by the Tainos, Caribs, and chibchas in the tropics and the ____ in Peru.
yuca, potato
