PHI2010-PHILOSOPHY AND YOU- Final

Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that a. exists only in the understanding. b. is embodied. c. is worshipped. d.exists without flaws

. exists only in the understanding

Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist, you a. gain a viable faith. b. win nothing and lose everything. c. lose because you abandon reason. d. win infinite happiness and lose nothing.

d. win infinite happiness and lose nothing.

According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice a. still apply to the actions of men. b. refer to objective standards. c. serve as guiding ideals. d.have no place

d.have no place

The view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way is known as a. positivism. b. relativism. c. cognitivism. d.skepticism

d.skepticism

The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as a. metaphysics. b. epistemology. c. quantum physics. d. axiology.

D. Axiology

The political and economic doctrine that the means of production (property, factories, businesses) should be owned or controlled by the people is called a. democracy. b. liberalism. c. welfare liberalism. d. socialism.

D. socialism

According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a. Social Utility b. a similar liberty for others c. traditional morality d. economic stability

a. a similar liberty for others

Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being a. actually exists. b. can be defined. c. exists in our understanding. d. exists in our minds.

a. actually exists.

According to Sartre, if God does not exist, a. anything is permissible. b. moral values must come from nature. c. moral values still exist. d. man does not exist.

a. anything is permissible.

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from a. experience. b. memory. c. the mind of God. d. logic.

a. experience.

Mackie says that religious experiences are a. generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause. b. exactly what they seem to be. c. due to chance. d. generally recognizable from sensory cues.

a. generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause.

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of a. knowledge. b. wealth. c. community. d. courage.

a. knowledge.

The view that some actions are free because they are ultimately caused, or controlled, by the person is called a. libertarianism. b. soft compatibilism. c. ultimate freedom. d. indetermination.

a. libertarianism.

Hick believes that such evils as poverty, oppression, persecution, and war are a. manifestations of human sin. b. natural evils. c. divine evils. d. unreal.

a. manifestations of human sin.

Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but a. power over the will itself. b. power to act according to our desires. c. power to act in concert with determinism. d. the nonexistence of any deterministic forces.

a. power over the will itself.

The branch of science that provides a counterexample to the notion that every event has a cause is known as a. quantum physics. b. quantum computing. c. relativity theory. d. chaos theory.

a. quantum physics.

Locke believes that we have nothing in our minds that did not come from a. sensation and reflection. b. reflection on innate ideas. c. reason alone. d. cultural memory.

a. sensation and reflection.

Under __________, people are rewarded according to their needs, not by how well or how hard they work. a. socialism b. capitalism c. libertarianism d. anarchism

a. socialism

Soft determinism entails that a. the thesis of determinism is true. b. there are no restraints on human behavior. c. the thesis of determinism is false. d. we are free to choose our desires.

a. the thesis of determinism is true.

Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that a. they sometimes deceive him. b. they never directly deceive him. c. God allows sensory deception. d. sense perception is indubitable.

a. they sometimes deceive him

According to Rawls, all social values (opportunity, liberty, income, wealth, etc.) are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution is a. to everyone's advantage b. beneficial to the majority c. consistent with utility d. deserved

a. to everyone's advantage

Compatibilism entails that determinism is true, determinism and free will are compatible, and a. we sometimes act freely. b. free will is a myth. c. no one acts freely. d. soft determinism is false.

a. we sometimes act freely.

For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for a. what's true and real. b. scientific laws. c. a theory of everything. d. what's physically necessary.

a. what's true and real.

_______ is the political view that government should be small and limited to night-watchman functions. a. Liberalism b. Libertarianism c. Socialism d. Marxism

b. Libertarianism

__________ says traditional theories are based on the assumption that there is a wall of separation between private and public life and that only public life is the proper concern of political theory. a. David Miller b. Susan Moller Okin c. John Rawls d. Wendy McElroy

b. Susan Moller Okin

__________ is a form of liberalism, the aim of which is to preserve individual liberties while ensuring the general welfare of the citizenry. a. Socialism b. Welfare liberalism c. Libertarianism d. Communism

b. Welfare liberalism

On the subject of free will, John Locke was a a. hard determinist. b. compatibilist. c. libertarian. d. fatalist.

b. compatibilist.

According to Hobbes, in the condition of man in which there is a state of war of everyone against everyone, every man has a right to a. some things. b. everything. c. due process. d. lawful treatment.

b. everything.

According to Rawls, the term "justice as fairness" conveys the idea that the principles of justice are agreed to in an initial position that is a. rational. b. fair. c. constitutional. d. artificial.

b. fair.

Philosophers say that propositional knowledge has three necessary and sufficient conditions: To know a proposition, (1) you must believe it, (2) it must be true, and (3) you must have a. no doubts about it. b. good reasons for believing it true. c. psychological certainty. d. several knowledge sources.

b. good reasons for believing it true.

According to Locke, a man in the state of nature will relinquish his absolute freedom to the state because a. he will also enjoy absolute freedom when subject to the state. b. in the state of nature, the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable. c. he wants to have absolute power over others. d. he rejects the laws of the state of nature.

b. in the state of nature, the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable.

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and a. bioethics. b. logic. c. aesthetics. d. categorical logic.

b. logic.

According to Sartre, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, and this being is a. God. b. man. c. primitive man. d. future man.

b. man.

According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is a. illusory. b. necessary. c. caused by a finite God. d. contrary to divinity.

b. necessary.

According to d'Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an immaterial soul are in fact a. purely intellectual. b. purely physical and natural. c. ethereal. d. undetermined.

b. purely physical and natural.

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as a. an argument. b. the Socratic method. c. the Socratic jest. d. a debate.

b. the Socratic method.

According to Locke, the legislative power is limited by a. different rules for rich and poor. b. the impartial rule of established laws. c. laws established for the good of the state. d. a monarch.

b. the impartial rule of established laws.

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called a. the argumentative method. b. the philosophical method. c. propositional logic. d. syllogistic reasoning.

b. the philosophical method.

According to Rawls, behind the veil of ignorance, the principles of justice are a. the result of coercion. b. the result of a fair agreement or bargain. c. chosen arbitrarily. d. impractical.

b. the result of a fair agreement or bargain.

Descartes declares that he is a a. body. b. thing that thinks. c. dream. d.thing that cannot exist

b. thing that thinks.

According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is a. negotiation. b. war. c. democracy. d.freedom

b. war.

__________ is a political economic system that lets the means of production accrue to people through the workings of a free market. a. Socialism b. Communism c. Capitalism d. Welfare liberalism

c. Capitalism

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is a. the universe. b. nature. c. God. d.an infinite series

c. God.

__________ says once you cede power to the Leviathan, he is free to treat you as he will. a. Locke b. Rawls c. Hobbes d. Marx

c. Hobbes

__________ argues that humans have inherent, God-given rights whether or not a government is around to guarantee them. a. Marx b. Hobbes c. Locke d. Berkeley

c. Locke

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to a. Aristotle. b. John Locke. c. Socrates. d. Plato.

c. Socrates.

James maintains that the desire for a certain kind of truth can a. change nothing. b. never help to create a fact. c. bring about the special truth's existence. d. have no religious significance.

c. bring about the special truth's existence

The doctrine that every event is determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature is known as a. libertarianism. b. hard determinism. c. determinism. d. compatibilism.

c. determinism.

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as a. logic. b. metaphysics. c. epistemology. d. aesthetics.

c. epistemology.

Descartes reasons that the very fact that he is thinking shows that he a. does not exist. b. is not being deceived. c. exists. d. is dreaming.

c. exists.

According to Hobbes, the definition of injustice is a. disobedience to a sovereign. b. disobedience to God's law. c. failure to abide by a contract. d. failure to respect inherent rights.

c. failure to abide by a contract

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were a. contrary to his religion. b. true. c. false. d.beyond question

c. false.

For the soft determinist, to say that you could have done otherwise is to say that you would have done otherwise if your desires a. were always the same. b. were completely under your control. c. had been different. d. played no role in your decisions.

c. had been different.

If our actions are not free in any important sense, it is difficult to see how we could be a. determined by outside forces. b. the subject of accurate predictions. c. held morally responsible for what we do. d. human.

c. held morally responsible for what we do

Locke rejected the notion of a. empirical knowledge. b. relations of ideas. c. innate ideas. d.sense data

c. innate ideas.

The political doctrine that puts primary emphasis on the liberty and rights of individuals against encroachments by the state is known as a. communism. b. communitarianism. c. liberalism. d. anarchism.

c. liberalism.

According to Sartre, the first principle of existentialism is that a. God is dead. b. man is all-powerful. c. man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. d. man is nothing.

c. man is nothing else but what he makes of himself

According to d'Holbach, people always act according to a. free choices. b. dictates of the soul. c. necessary natural laws. d.undetermined will.

c. necessary natural laws.

According to James, a live option is a a. true hypothesis. b. forced option. c. real possibility to someone. d. dead hypothesis.

c. real possibility to someone.

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch a. runs well. b. has a structure. c. shows purposefulness. d. is engraved.

c. shows purposefulness.

Locke's purpose is to inquire into a. authoritative opinions about knowledge. b. the structure and functions of the brain. c. the origin and extent of human knowledge. d. the essence of the soul.

c. the origin and extent of human knowledge.

According to Locke, the chief end of men's uniting into a commonwealth is a. domination over other commonwealths. b. the preservation of the state of nature. c. the preservation of their property. d.the preservation of their absolute power

c. the preservation of their property.

According to Rowe, Anselm believes that existence in reality is a. not possible. b. beyond understanding. c. not an attribute of God. d. a great-making quality.

d. a great-making quality.

The view that a free action is caused by an agent (person) is called a. Taylor's freedom. b. fatalism. c. the will to believe. d. agent causation.

d. agent causation.

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has __________ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure. a. philosophical ambition b. worldly wisdom c. exceptional desires d. an unhealthy soul

d. an unhealthy soul

__________ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value. a. epistemology b. philosophy of science c. metaphysics d. axiology

d. axiology

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be a. perfect. b. a god. c. infallible. d. dreaming.

d. dreaming.

According to Sartre, what existentialists have in common is that they think that a. essence precedes existence. b. objectivity must be a starting point. c. existence is a myth. d. existence precedes essence.

d. existence precedes essence.

The view that what will be will be, and no human actions can change it, is known as a. determinism. b. soft determinism. c. futurism. d. fatalism.

d. fatalism.

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is a. simpler. b. more natural. c. older. d. greater and grander.

d. greater and grander.

The view that no one has free will is called a. determination. b. determinism. c. soft libertarianism. d. hard determinism.

d. hard determinism.

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is a. finite. b. possible. c. scientific. d. impossible.

d. impossible

Feminist philosophers contend that women have been left out of traditional theories of a. epistemology. b. metaphysics. c. harm. d. justice.

d. justice.

The study of correct reasoning is called a. value theory. b. cognition. c. axiology. d. logic.

d. logic.

Rowe's story of the dying fawn in the forest is meant to show that a. premise 2 of his argument is true. b. there is no God. c. premise 1 of his argument is false. d. premise 1 of his argument is true.

d. premise 1 of his argument is true. there is far too much unnecessary evil in the world than any worthy God would tolerate

Locke draws a distinction between a. primary and secondary colors. b. internal and external feelings. c. resemblances and similarities. d. primary and secondary qualities.

d. primary and secondary qualities.

Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence a. reason can lead us to faith. b. faith depends on reason. c. reason can decide the question. d. reason can decide nothing.

d. reason can decide nothing.

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the a. state. b. justice system. c. body. d. soul.

d. soul.

According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of a. his own will. b. the king. c. the judges. d. the majority.

d. the majority.

Paley says that every indication of contrivance and design that exists in the watch exists in a. God. b. infinity. c. time. d. the works of nature.

d. the works of nature.

Many who reject the notion of free will think that punishing people for crimes makes no sense. They think that instead of punishing criminals, we should a. leave them to their own devices. b. ostracize them. c. terminate them. d. try to modify their behavior.

d. try to modify their behavior.