Plate Tectonic, Volcano, and Earthquake Test Review!
Ash will block out some sunlight causing, __________ to drop.
temperature
Reverse fault occurs when tectonic forces cause __________ that pushes rock together.
Compression
__________ and ___________ are the types of stress.
Compression and tension
________ is a tube through which magma travels from magma chamber to surface
Conduit
Crust less dense than the oceanic crust.
Continental
__________ _________ explained why some continents seemed to fit like puzzle pieces.
Continental Drift
Because two continental crusts generally have the same density, they buckle and push upward, usually creating a folded mountain range.
Continental-Continental
What are the types of convergent coundaries?
Continental-Continental, Continental-Oceanic, Oceanic-Oceanic
Oceanic crust is denser than continental, so oceanic slides under (subducts) continental and into the asthenosphere, where it melts down.
Continental-Oceanic
What are the three causes of tectonic motion?
Convection, ridge push, and slab pull
Formed by the collision of two lithospheric plates
Convergent Boundary
There are 3 types of plate boundaries, what are they?
Convergent, Divergent, and Transform.
_______ are a funnel shaped pit formed by lava and pyroclastic material that forms walls around a volcano vent.
Craters
- Outer most layer of the Earth - 5 to 100 km thick; less than 1% of mass
Crust
Magma is less dense than surrounding solid rock, so it rises towards the _______.
Crust
What are the four layers of the Earth?
Crust, Moho, Mantle, and Core
____________ is the process by which the shape of a rock changes due to stress.
Deformation
________ than the crust. Mantly contains more Mg and less Al and Si than the crust.
Denser
Formed between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.
Divergent Boundary
________ is when a volcano is currently not in eruption, but may erupt again.
Dormant
____________ are movements in the Earth's crust
Earthquakes
Surface waves also move ground much like an ocean wave moves water particles, they are the last waves to arrive on a seismograph, waves on the surface can actually be seen in extremely powerful ____________.
Earthquakes.
Seismograms can help identify the __________ of an earthquake.
Epicenter
____________ is the point of the Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes starting point.
Epicenter
______________ _____________ are more rare, cloud of hot debris, ash, and gas rapidly shoot out from a volcano, no lava flows.
Explosive Eruptions
Ash from __________ ___________ can remain in the atmosphere for a very long time.
Explosive eruptions
______ is when a volcano has not erupted in recorded history.
Extinct
_____ _____ are the blocks of rocks/crust on each side of fault.
Fault blocks
_______-______ ____________ form when tension forces cause a large number of normal faults. The tension causes large blocks of the Earth's crust to drop down relative to other blocks.
Fault-block mountains
__________ are the surface alond which rocks break and slide past each other.
Faults
___________ is the point inside the Earth where and earthquake begins.
Focus
_____ ________ form at convergent boundaries where continents have collided (compression.)
Folded mountains
__________ is a type of fault block on which you could rest your foot.
Footwall
The __________ _______ contains Fe and Ni; heated to a liquid state.
Outer core
_ Waves cause rock to move back and forth.
P
_ Waves travel fastest, and move through all parts of the Earth and the first to arrive at seismograph.
P
______________ flows slowly like dripping wax, and creates a glassy surface.
Pahoehoe
The speed of seismic waves depend on the ________ of the material the waves are traveling through.
density
_____ _________ is a body of molten rock deep underground that feeds a volcano
magma chamber
How are volcanoes formed? Divergent boundaries?
mid-ocean ridges produce a rift zone where magma can escape.
When there is an opening in the crust for the pressure to be released, the magma will rise to escape ______________, forming a volcano.
pressurization
Waves travel faster through ________ than liquids
solids
How are volcanoes formed? Convergent boundaries?
subduction zone cause friction, heat and pressure to build up in the rock, causing it to mely and rise to the surface.
The __________ is the plastic layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move, made of solid rock that flows slowly.
Asthenosphere
The denser of the two oceanic crusts under the other.
Oceanic-Oceanic
What are the three types of volcanoes?
Composite, Cinder cone, and Shield.
Seismic waves travel really fast through Moho which is-
1 km deep layer
____ million years ago it broke into ________ and __________
180, Laurasia and Gondwana
Pyroclastic flow can travel ____ km/h faster than most hurricane force winds, temperature is 700 C, Mt. Pinatubo erupts in 1991
200
_______ million years ago all present continents were joined in a single super continent called _________
245, Pangaea
The Core has a radius of ______ km ____% of Earth's mass.
3430, 33
___ million years ago the continents drifted to there current position.
65
Mantle is 2,900 km thick and ____ of the Earth's mass.
67%
Low viscosity lava includes ___ and __________ _____.
Aa and Pillow lava.
_______ is when a volcano is currently erupting or shows signs of erupting in the near future.
Active
__________ ___________ was the man who thought of the hypothesis "Continental Drift"
Alfred Wegner
_______ is an upward arching fold.
Anticline
What are the three types of folding?
Anticline, syncline, and monocline
What is slab pull?
Because the lithosphere has now been pushed aside by ridge push, some of the lithosphere (a slab) is pulled back into the asthenosphere, where is melts back into liquid rock and becomes part of the convection again
________ ______ is cool stiff lava that is near erupting vent that forms jumbled heaps of sharp edged chunks.
Blocky lava
High viscosity lava include ________ ____ and ___________.
Blocky lava, Pahoehoe
Every tectonic plate touches other tectonic plates at _________.
Boundaries
Sometime earthquakes occur in the middle of very large plates due to ___________.
Buckling
__________ are large semicircular depressions that form when the magma chambers roof collapses, basically a large crater.
Calderas
Overtime, these distances _________, indicating a movement of the tectionic plates.
Change
________ ______ volcanoes are usually small in size, and erupt for only a short time, erode quickly because pyroclastic material is not cemented together.
Cinder Cone
____________ volcanoes called stratovolcanoes forms from explosive eruptions followed nonexplosive flows.
Composite
_________ ______ is a type of fault block on which you could hang from.
Hanging wall
______ ________ lava is similar to a milkshake texture
High viscosity
What is convection?
Hot rock from deep within rises, but cooler rock near the surface sinks creating a convection that shifts the plates
_____ ________ are places far from plate boundaries where volcanoes form.
Hot spots
The ________ _____ has the same composition, but the pressure keeps the material in a solid state.
Inner core
Scientists believe that the core is mostly made up of _____ and ________.
Iron and nickel.
_________, 3rd largest, "little stones", pebble like bits of magma that harden before they hit the ground.
Lapilli
_____ is a liquis magma that flows from a volcanic vent onto the surface, this is usually associated with nonexplosive eruptions
Lava
______ _________ is lava that comes out of rifts in the Earth's crust, flows and hardens over a large area.
Lava Plateau
_____ __________ is how lava flows.
Lava viscocity
The _______ is the solid, outer layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle, it is divided up into tectonic plates.
Lithosphere
___ _________ lava is similar to a glass of milk
Low viscosity
The subducted rock turns to ______ due to super-heating caused by carbon rich organic material on the ocean floor, it rises to the Earth's surface and erupts to form mountains.
Magma
_______ ______________ is when magma forms in the deepest regions of the crust and upper portion of the mantle where the temperature and pressure are very high.
Magma formation
What is ridge push?
Magma pushes up into the lithosphere, pushing the two plates apart, and causing them to slide away from one another in opposite directions
____________ _______________ is when magnetic minerals found in the molten rock at a mid ocean ridge align with the magnetic fields of the Earth.
Magnetic Reversal
Geologists can tell when the ___________ _______ of the Earth switched by studying the alignment of the magnetic minerals in portions of the crust.
Magnetic poles
__________ _________ is the idea that throughout Earth's history the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole have changed places.
Magnetic reversal
Layer between the crust and the core is-
Mantle
To find the intensity of an earthquake you can use the __________ ____________ ________.
Mercalli Intensity Scale.
The _________ is the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core.
Mesosphere
Some examples of a divergent boundary are...
Mid Ocean Ridge, Afar Ethiopia, and Iceland
As the plates move away from each other, the sea floor spread apart and magma fills in the gap, and old crust is pushed away from the ____ ________ __________.
Mid ocean ridge
Thin layer of material between crust and mantle is-
Moho
Moho can also be called-
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
_______ is a fold when both ends of the fold are horizontal.
Monocline
_________ _____________ are the most common type or eruptions and produce relatively calm lava flows. Happen in Hawaiian Islands, NW US, and Ocean Floor.
Nonexplosive eruptions
_______ _____ is when hanging wall moves down relative to footwall.
Normal fault
__________ _____________ is when south magnetic pole is at geologic north pole and north magnetic pole is at geologic south pole.
Normal polarity
Crust more dense than continental crust, contains twice as much Fe, Ca, and Mg.
Oceanic
Pangaea was surrounded by the ocean that was called _____________
Panthalassa
A theory that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into ________ _______ that move around on top of the asthenosphere.
Plate Tectonics
Earthquakes occyr along the edges of _______ ____________ because there is lots of movements
Plate boundaries
A series of small earthquakes that increase speed and intensity occur as magma pushes into crust, changes in the concentration
Predicting eruptiond
In Nonexplosive Eruptions occasionally there can be a lava fountain if lava that is _________ finds a small crack to flow out from.
Pressurized
P is for Pressure or ____________.
Primary
__________ _____, enormous amounts of hot ash, dust and gases are ejected from a volcano.
Pyroclastic Flow
___________ ________ forms when magma is blasted into the air and hardens, usually associated with explosive eruptions
Pyroclastic material
_________ _________ are beamed from the satellites to ground stations, and a record of distance between the satellite and stations are recorded.
Radio signals
______ _____ is when hanging wall moves up relative to footwall.
Reverse fault
__________ ____________ is when north magnetic pole is at geologic north pole and south magnetic pole is at geologic south pole.
Reverse polarity
__________ _______ measures the magnitude strength of an earthquake.
Richter Scale
____ __ _____ is tectonically active rim of Pacific Plate.
Ring of fire
____ _______ are squeezed together and pushed upward.
Rock layers
_ Waves cause rock to move in a side to side direction, like a snake, think S formation, travel slower, do not travel through liquids, arrive after P waves.
S
An example of a transform boundary is...
San Andreas Fault in CA
____ _______ __________ is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere aforms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies.
Sea Floor Spreading
____________ _______ from earthquakes travel at different speeds through the Earth.
Seismic waves
___________ is the record of an earthquake created by a seismograph.
Seismogram
____________ can show the start time of an earthquake by comparing the arrival time of P and S waves.
Seismograms
__________ is the instrument located at or near the surface of the Earth that record seismic waves.
Seismograph
_______________ are scientists who study earthquakes
Seismologists
____________ is the study of earthquakes
Seismology
______ volcanoes are built by layers of lava released by repeaated non-explosive eruptions, spreads out over a large area, sides are a general slope.
Shield
2 types of crust contain-
Si, O, and Al
_____ ____ is when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally.
Strike slip
What are the three types of faults?
Strike slip, reverse, and normal.
A trench is typically formed here.
Subduction zone
__________ ________ also called L waves are the most destructive part of an earthquake, they produce motion mostly in upper few kilometers of Earth's crust.
Surface waves
________ is a downward fold.
Syncline
Scientists use GPS to meausure the rate of _________ ______ ____________.
Tectonic plate movement
Pieces of the lithosphere also called _________ _________ move around on top of the asthenosphere.
Tectonic plates
Normal fault occures when tectonic forces cause _____ that pulls rock apart.
Tension
________ are used to detect small changes in the slope of a volcano
Tiltmeters
Formed between two tectionic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally.
Transform Boundaries
What are the three types of fault motion?
Transform, Convergent, and Divergent.
_________ occur when magma rises from the magma chamber and spews onto Earth's surface through openings
Vents
________ of a lava affects the surface of a lava flow.
Viscosity
___________ ______, forms when the gases turn into bubbles that pop.
Volcanic Ash
_________ _______, largest, pieces of solid rock erupted from a volcano.
Volcanic Blocks
Pyroclastic materials include ________ ______, _________ ______, _______, and _______ ___.
Volcanic Blocks, Volcanic Bombs, Lapilli, and Volcanic Ash
__________ ______, 2nd largest, large grenade blobs that get their shape by spinning in the air.
Volcanic Bombs
__________ _______ is when ash causes lower than normal temperature.
Volcanic Winter
________ __________ are located near convergent boundaries where oceanic crust sinks into the asthenosphere at subduction zones.
Volcanic mountains
__________ are areas of the Earth's surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass.
Volcanoes
Ash from explosive eruptions remain in the ___________ for long periods of time.
atmosphere
The ______ is the layer that extends below the mantly to the center of the Earth.
core
Winds can carry the ash to other parts of the world, affecting many different __________.
countries
This can lack of light and change in temperature can cause problems with _____.
crops
Continental Drift also explaines why ________ ___ ____ _______ _____________ were found on different continents.
fossils of the same organisms
All information about the mantle is gathered by studying __________ _____ on the surface, and active fissures or volcanoes.
igneous rocks
Newest crust ______ the mid ocean ridge, oldest crust _________ ______ from mid ocean ridge.
near, farther away
We can use _______________ to determine type of material.
seismographs
