PLS - Unit 2
Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.
in their states of entry
Which one of these groups is an example of a citizens' group?
the National Organization for Women
Arrange the following items in chronological order starting with the earliest challenge to segregation laws at the top.
1. The Supreme Court ends school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. 2. Rosa parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider in Montgomery, Alabama. 3. Dr. Martin Luther king Jr. delivers a speech before the participants of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?
12
In a properly drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20% of 100 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is high probability that between ______ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 and 23
In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?
2007
According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.
35; 12
Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.
95
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95 percent
What relationship does the national Democratic or Republican Party have with the state and local parties?
All three levels are independent but work together.
The effort of the writers of the Constitution to devise a governing system that would guard against tyranny of the majority resulted in which consequence?
America's system of divided power provides abundant opportunities for interest groups to achieve their policy goals.
Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
The most electorally successful factional party in U.S. history was the ______.
Bull Moose Party
What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?
California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.
Which of the following result from the fact in the United States candidates rather than parties control their campaigns?
Candidates are free to act as they please once in office, as long as they retain their constituents' support. Candidates don't need the party's approval to seek a nomination via a primary.
Support for poverty programs is highest among which two religious denominations?
Catholics Jews
Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?
Cesar Chavez
Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?
Equal Rights Amendment
True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.
False
Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?
Gunnar Myrdal
How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?
He did not believe there was a precise meaning.
What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?
He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?
It banned discriminatory voter registration practices, It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters.
What are the advantages enjoyed by a large interest group such as the AARP?
It can generate a large amount of mail to members of Congress. It is well-financed, even though individual members' dues are low. It has a large staff that lobbies the federal government.
Which of the following is a benefit to the public that results from the promotion of a special interest?
It can have a positive effect on other interests, such as through job creation.
How have advances in technology affected the free-rider problem?
It has lessened it.
In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?
It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.
Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?
Lobbyists provide information on specific pieces of legislation. Lobbyists identify bills that need their attention.
Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016?
Marco Rubio Ted Cruz
Which of the following is true of people who consider themselves political independents?
Most of them lean toward one party or the other.
Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?
Navajo Pueblo
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true?
Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
Nevada North Carolina Florida
Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?
Nineteenth Amendment
What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?
People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.
In a proportional representation system, which of the following is true?
Political parties win a number of seats in the legislature according to the percentage of the vote each party receives.
The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the ______.
Populist Party
Opposition to slavery gave rise to which party?
Republican Party
The Civil War triggered a party realignment. What were the two major parties following this realignment period?
Republican Party Democratic Party
Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland?
Republican party
Which of the following reduce the accuracy of a poll?
Respondents hide their true opinions. Respondents reached by telephone refuse to participate. Respondents are questioned about unfamiliar issues.
Which president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?
Ronald Reagan
The party realignment that began in the 1960s was completed during _____ presidency.
Ronald Reagans
Red States
South, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains
Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?
Texas California New York
An example of a single-issue interest group focused on the environment is
The Environmental Defense Fund
Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast.
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
The are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.
Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States? (Choose every correct answer.)
The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands, Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years.
The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.
bilingual
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?
The parties reorganize themselves.
Why do men and women differ in their political opinions?
Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ.
Which of the following describe most citizen's groups?
They are open to anyone who agrees with the policy the group is advocating. They tend to focus on one issue, such as gun rights or the environment.
How do interest groups expand the range of issues that come to lawmakers' attention?
They focus on issues that may not have broad impact. They focus on issues that may be controversial.
Which of the following are true of Hispanic voters in the United States?
They lean heavily toward the Democratic Party, except for Cuban Americans. Hispanics tend to be liberal on economic issues and conservative on social issues.
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns?
They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions. They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates.
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion.
In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.
Trail of Broken Treaties
True or false: The accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion on an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.
True
True or false: Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically.
True
When the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act was passed, individual taxpayers clearly benefited, receiving an average annual tax cut of nearly $1,300, increasing their after-tax income by 1.7 percent.
True
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?
United States v. Virginia
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?
Wounded Knee
Which of the following statements are true of young voters?
Young voters who initially voted Democratic in presidential elections have remained loyal to the Democratic Party. Voters under 30 have preferred the Democratic candidate for the past five presidential elections.
State party organizations are usually small and are directed by ______.
a full-time chairperson
A group that raises and spends money for the purpose of influencing the outcome of an election is known as ______.
a political action committee
Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?
a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
What portion of congressional seats are held by women?
about a quarter
A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.
affirmative action
In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.
almost always unconstitutional
What is a super PAC?
an independent-expenditure-only committee
Modern lobbyists primarily concentrate on providing lawmakers with ______.
arguments and evidence for their position
Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?
boycotts, marches in nonviolent protest
All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.
build support among voters
The interest-group system in the United States overrepresents ______.
business interests
Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?
by forming a political action committee (PAC)
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______-centered campaigns.
candidate
Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?
catholics, women, and asian americans
In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?
compelling
In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?
conservative values
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
democratic-republicans federalists
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
direction
What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the United States?
disease
Asian Americans emphasize _____ as a means of achieving upward mobility.
education
Research indicates that peer influence can ______.
encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group
Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?
equal access to the opportunities society provides, the right of every person to equal protection under the law, equal access to public facilities
Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
equal-protection clause
In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.
establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly
Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?
face-to-face meetings with members of Congress
The most important minor parties in the 20th century have been ______ parties.
factional
Third parties that break off from one of the two dominant parties are known as ______.
factional parties
True or false: When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote.
false
Our tendency to grow up as Democrats or Republicans is often established by ______.
family
The Blank______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.
family
During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?
free trade
To date, the Internet has proven itself to be better than television as a medium for which of the following political actions?
fundraising mobilizing supporters
The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n) __________ gap.
gender
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that:
getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective.
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that ______.
help in forming a common cause citizens use to evaluate issues and developments
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which of the following are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?
higher housing density, more limited access to medical care, higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension
According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?
holding high-level political office, holding the top position in corporations
A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party ______.
identification
The situation where people align themselves politically with other members of a group they belong to, such as race or religion, is called ______.
identity politics
Which type of third party is organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.
inside lobbying
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue—for example, "very important" or "not important at all"?
intensity
A(n) _____ _____ consists of a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who seek to develop policies beneficial to a particular interest.
iron triangle
Legislation from the 1960s and 1970s prohibits discrimination in hiring against older workers for ______.
jobs in which age is not an important factor in job performance
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important ______.
later in life
Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?
lawsuits influencing the selection of federal judges filing amicus curiae briefs
Which theory argues that a party can maximize its vote by placing itself at the location of the middle voter's preference?
median voter theory
Iron triangles work to the mutual benefit of the three members of the triangle. Match each iron triangle member to what it gets from the relationship.
member of congress - electoral support interest group - beneficial policy decisions federal agency - support for their administrative programs
Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.
misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ______ political opinions.
moderate
Which of the following help interest groups participate more effectively in group politics?
money skills contacts
As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?
more likely
The states that border Mexico all have ______ registered lobbyists.
more than 800
A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.
multiparty
A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system?
open
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
open
Political scientist Mancur Olson argues that small interest groups can be more powerful than larger groups as long as they are more ______.
organized
Interest groups rely on what two main lobbying strategies? (Choose every correct answer.)
outside lobbying inside lobbying
Which of the following are advantages in raising money for campaigns that incumbents often have over their challengers?
policy influence sought by donors lists of contributors to past campaigns
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
political parties
A reason political parties have emerged whenever democracy has been established is that ______.
political parties provide individuals a way to join together in order to exercise their collective influence
What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?
political socialization
Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?
preserving their culture and languages, obtaining economic self-sufficiency, preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions
Which of the following accurately ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
Which of the following are functions of political consultants?
producing promotional materials gathering voter opinions advising on how to run a successful campaign
Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.
prospective
One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.
providing a form of representation for organized groups
The politically relevant views that people hold and express openly are known as ______.
public opinion
Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?
raising funds pursuing wealthy patrons
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
random sampling
At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.
redlining
The __________ Party formed in the 1850s as the main challenger to the Democratic Party.
republican
Which are the major political parties in the United States?
republican democratic
Which of the following are private goods? (Choose every correct answer.)
retirement plans jobs
Through various methods of random Blank______, pollsters attempt to select a subset of the population that is representative of the population's views.
sampling
What is the degree of accuracy of a public opinion poll called?
sampling error
An interest group is an organization that ______.
seeks to influence government policy
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.
single-issue parties
On which issues have regional differences persisted to the present day?
social welfare civil rights
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of Blank______.
socialization
When casting a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
Compared to iron triangles, the relationship between actors in an issue network tends to be more ______.
temporary
Which group represents the largest agricultural interest group in the United States today?
the American Farm Bureau Federation
Which of the following led to the political party realignment in the 1930s that benefited the Democratic Party?
the Great Depression
Which of the following events had a lasting influence on the political views of younger citizens in particular?
the Great Depression of the 1930s World War II (1939-1945) the terrorist attacks in 2001
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the United States?
the Nineteenth Amendment
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?
the system of checks and balances
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?
their family structure
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
top-two
Which type of interest group represents business firms of a particular kind, such as insurance companies?
trade association
The U.S. government functions as a(n) Blank______ system. Multiple choice question.
two-party
What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?
unusually powerful and divisive issues, an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions, a shift in voters' partisan support in elections
The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.
upheld
What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?
younger adults
Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.
5
Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?
Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government.
______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.
Outside
True or false: According to political scientist Mancur Olson, interest groups with smaller memberships usually prevail because they are able to join together and pool resources.
True
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.
True
Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.
have a high median income, be college educated
In the presidential election following enactment of the Voting Rights Act, Black turnout in the South ______.
increased by 20 percentage points
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
information that supports the group's policy positions
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
leaning toward particular ideologies, identifying with political parties
Compared to European parties, parties in the United States exercise _____ control over candidates who are running for office.
less
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
less than 20 percent
Compared with the percentage of United States workers who were union members in the 1950s and 1960s, the percentage today is ______.
lower
Jobs, higher wages, and tax incentives are all examples of ______ incentives to joining interest groups.
material
The largest expenditure in presidential campaigns is for which of the following?
media
The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be ______.
narrowly tailored
______ refers to the selection of the individual who will run as the party's candidate in the general election.
nomination
Why do pollsters rely most on the scientific method of random sampling?
to ensure that everyone has an equal chance of being included in the sample
Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?
Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average, They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college.
Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?
Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men, The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.
Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?
Obergefell v. Hodges
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?
People from less conservative areas have relocated to the South.
In a public opinion poll, a Blank______ is a portion of the Blank______.
Sample; population
In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?
Shelby County v. Holder
Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."
Southern Manifesto
Which of the following voting blocs migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?
Southern whites
True or false: For the past five presidential elections, voters under 30 years old have preferred the Democratic candidate by a substantial margin.
True
True or false: Rather than being the result of an abrupt shift in response to a single disruptive issue, the most recent party realignment was caused by gradual changes in response to several issues.
True
True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.
True
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans; Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues.
Blue States
West Coast, Northeast
When do private thoughts become public opinion?
When they are revealed to others
Which party, formed during the 1830s, was competitive against the Jacksonian Democratic Party?
Whig party
Interest groups tend to rely on the courts to advance their policy goals when they have ______.
a low chance of achieving their goals through legislation a cause that's unpopular with the public
Countries with multiparty systems tend to have what kind of electoral system?
a proportional representation system
Current election laws in the United States favor ______.
a two-party system
In order to have the best chance to win in a two-party system, political parties have generally ______.
aligned themselves near the middle of the voting spectrum
In the case of Shelby County v. Holder (2013), the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight of changes related to voting was ______.
based on obsolete statistics
The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?
been foundational in legal decisions, inspired a hope for eventual equality, given moral strength to diverse movements.
economic conservatism
belief that government should defer to the workings of the free market
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to
change in the same direction
Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?
civil rights
The incentives that most noneconomic groups offer include ______.
collective goods
A Blank______ is a representative who acts in response to what their constituencies say they want, no matter their own personal opinion.
delegate
Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods, discriminatory practices in housing, discriminatory practices in mortgage lending
Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?
giving money directly to candidates giving money directly to political parties
Whereas Jefferson's party had operated largely at the leadership level, Jackson sought a(n):
grassroots party
The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.
groups more often right for civil rights
In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.
groups; members of Congress
In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.
must be allowed to use
About _____ single-parent families, which are usually headed by women, live below the poverty line.
one in four
Local party organizations generally play an active role ______.
only during campaign periods
Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?
reasonable-basis test
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
the condition of the economy
In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?
the family
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?
the limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections
Who oversees the day-to-day operations of the political party's national organization?
the national chair
Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.
the performance of a particular employee the nature of the job
An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.
they are benefits the group can withhold
Which of the following are the chief targets of interest groups when they lobby the executive branch?
top officials of federal agencies
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
voter registration election of governors election of U.S. senators
In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians ______.
were an inferior people
When does a national party committee defer to the president to choose a national chair?
when the party controls the White House
Which group is the largest voting bloc in the Republican Party?
white evangelical Christians
______ goods are those that belong to all people and cannot be withheld on an individual basis, such as clean air or water.
Collective
The political socialization process takes place through Blank______ of socialization.
agents
Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type?
agriculture
economic liberalism
belief that government should help the disadvantaged
cultural conservatism
belief that government should promote traditional values
cultural liberalism
belief that lifestyle choices should be left to the individual
Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?
citizens' groups
Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?
pollsters campaign strategists media producers
How did the Democratic Party gain the confidence of the American people after winning the presidency in 1932?
through economic recovery programs
What is the purpose of a primary election (direct primary)?
to enable voters to select their respective party's candidates for a general election
What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?
to maintain segregation while claiming equality
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner-take-all system
Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.
winning elective office`
True or false: Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.
False
True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.
False
True or false: Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party.
False
True or false: The Internet has overtaken television as the principal medium of election politics.
False
Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?
Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites), Segregated neighborhoods still exist.
Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?
Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses, Most single-parent families are headed by women and one in four of those live below the poverty line, Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty.
Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them
Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?
reform parties
Interest group influence is particularly strong among ______ agencies that are responsible for overseeing the nation's business sectors.
regulatory
What three sources of division in the United States are now most closely linked to partisanship?
religion race geography
Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.
strict-scrutiny
Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?
consumer
In general, Americans who believe that the government should use its power to promote traditional values are
cultural conservatives
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.
cumulative
The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.
de facto discrimination
While the relationship between actors in an iron triangle tends to be more long-lasting, issue networks tend to ______.
disband once an issue is settled
When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.
fewer than 1 million
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.
fourfold
Massive shifts in party identification are most likely to occur ______.
in response to major events
Who typically benefits the most from PAC campaign donations?
incumbents
Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?
A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people, Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections.
Which of the following would be considered outside lobbying activities used by interest groups?
Public demonstrations Letter-writing campaigns
Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?
candidates organize their own campaigns the same parties are represented nationwide
Political scientist Darrell West uses the term air wars to describe ______.
candidates' use of televised ads
A(n) ________ _______ consists of a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who seek to develop policies beneficial to a particular interest.
iron triangleq
Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?
poll taxes, whites-only primaries, literacy tests
A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party ______.
realignment