PNE 101 LEC Ch 37 Resuscitation Fundamentals. Nursing Skills and Concept. Timby 11th Ed.

a nurse is performing chest compressions for an adult client with complete airway obstruction. at what rate should the nurse delivers the chest compression to adult clients to be effective a) 1000/min b) 100/min c) 500/min d) 200/min

b) 100/min

what is the chain of survival?

1) immediate recognition and access of emergency services 2) early CPR with focus on compressions 3) rapid defibrillation if appropriate 4) effective advanced life support 5) intergrated post cardiac arrest care

CPR is not interupted for more than how many seconds?

10 seconds

how many compressions and breaths if two person assist on CPR?

15:2

how many chest compressions should be given, and to what depth and at what rate?

30, and atleast 2 inches, and at a rate of 100 times per minute (stayin alive!!)

what is the ratio for CPR? compressions and breaths?

30:2!

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

5 step intervention process 1. immediate recognition and access of emergency services 2.early CPR with a focus on compressions 3.rapid defibrillation 4.effective advanced life support 5.integrated post-cardiac arrest care survival rates following cardiac arrest depend greatly on the speed with which rescuers initiate the chain of survival. the faster, the better. _____________________________ early recognition and access of emergency services early cardiopulmonary resuscitation -promoting circulation -opening the airway -providing rescue breathing -mouth-to-mouth -mouth-to-nose -mouth-to-stoma early defibrillation -attaching electrode pads -analyzing rhythm -administering a shock -continuing CPR w/o defibrillation early advanced life support

Chain of Survival (5)

5 step intervention process 1. immediate recognition and access of emergency services 2.early CPR with a focus on compressions 3.rapid defibrillation 4.effective advanced life support 5.integrated post-cardiac arrest care

Discuss the appropriate use of an automated external defibrillator.

An AED is a portable battery operated device that analyzes heart rhythm and can deliver a series of electrical shocks to resuscitate a person who is lifeless or experiencing a lethal dysrhythmia. Ideally AED is used rapidly as possible. Outcomes are best when defibrillation occurs as soon as possible preferably within two minutes once CPR has begun.

a nurse is performing the Heimlich maneuver on an adult client who has a total airway obstruction. which action shoo;d the nurse perform to relieve the client a) perform abdominal thrusting for 5-6 seconds b) give 5 abdominal thrusts to the client c) turn the client supine and give 5 back blocks d) provide encouragement and support to the client

b) give 5 abdominal thrusts to the client

Name at least three criteria used in the decision to discontinue resuscitation efforts.

Based on the time that elapsed before resuscitation has continued without any change in the victims condition, the age and diagnosis of the victim and objective data such as arterial blood gas results and electrolytes studies.

what should early CPR proceed with?

CAB (circulation, airway, breathing)

Describe the purpose of chest compressions.

Chest compressions promote circulation and also increases pressure in thoracic blood vessels promoting systemic blood flow.

Give at least three signs of an airway obstruction, and explain why an airway obstruction if life threatening.

Coughing or gagging while eating Audibly wheezing Persistently attempting to clear throat Making hoarse or wet vocal sounds Resisting efforts to be fed Being unable to speak Holding throat Being unable to breathe Exhibiting cyanosis

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

technique used to restore circulation and breathing.

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Dx: ineffective airway clearance impaired spontaneous ventilation impaired gas exchange decreased cardiac output ineffective cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion ineffective renal tissue perfusion decisional conflict

early advanced life support

EMS personnel provide advance life support (tubing, supplemental oxygen) they also have an AED that can administer defibrillation if access is not available @ victims location. emergency meds are also administered that can help improve the potential fir resuscitation before and during the transport to the ED.

if the obstruction becomes complete, immediate action should take place. if the person is conscious what should be done?

Heimlich maneuver.

Describe appropriate actions if a client has partial airway obstruction.

If the victim can speak or cough he or she is exchanging some air that indicates partial airway obstruction. Other than encouraging and supporting the victim a partial airway obstruction requires no additional resuscitation efforts.

List the five steps in the chain of survivial

Immediate recognition and access of emergency services. Early CPR with a focus on compressions Rapid defibrillation if appropriate Effective advanced life support Integrated post cardiac arrest care.

early cardiopulmonary resuscitation

MUST proceed with CAB: -circulation -airway -breathing, if the rescuer is trained provider, or hands only chest compressions if untrained in defibrillation or CPR going directly hands on is recommended for lay rescuers to avoid delaying tissue death an permanent brain damage no pulse felt within 10 seconds, begin chest compressions

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

techniques used to restore circulation and breathing for lifeless victims

Explain cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the associated steps for Circulation, Airway, Breathing (CAB)

The CAB of resuscitation involves administering chest compressions hard and fast, opening the airway to assess for the presence of spontaneous breathing and performing rescue breathing. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation must proceed with CAB if the rescuer is a trained health provider or hands only chest compressions if untrained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Explain the purpose of the Heimlich maneuver and describe the circumstances for using sub diaphragmatic and chest thrusts.

The purpose of the Heimlich maneuver is to relieve mechanical airway obstruction. Sub diaphragmatic thrusts are appropriate for almost all adults and children beyond infancy. Chest thrust are appropriate for infants less than 1 year old, obese adults, and women in advanced pregnancy.

Identify the recommended action for relieving an airway obstruction in an infant and in unconscious person.

The rescuer supports the baby over his or her forearm. Holding the infant prone with the head downward the rescuer uses the heel of one hand to administer five back slaps between the shoulder blades. The rescuer turns the infant supine and uses two fingers to give five chest thrusts and approximately one per second to the middle of the breastbone just below the nipple line. If the infant becomes unconscious the rescuer performs CPR.

Name two techniques for opening the airway and list three ways a trained rescuer administers rescue breathing.

Using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique and Jaw thrust maneuver. The trained rescuer administers rescue breathing by mouth to mouth breathing, mouth to nose breathing and mouth to stoma breathing.

a person is found on the floor and they are not breathing. a syringe is in their arm and signs of frequent intravenous drug use are present. what is the priority response a) administer naloxone b) provide rescue breaths c) begin chest compressions d) open the airway

a) administer naloxone

a nurse is at a baseball game and response when a person collapse. the nurse beings CPR and requests and automated external defibrillator (AED the family is angry when the nurse stops compression to apply the AED what is the first action a) assess the victims within 10 seconds b) apply AED c) immediately call for help d) begin chest compressions

a) assess the victims within 10 seconds

a nurse is managing care for all the following clients. for whom would the nurse most anticipate an airway obstruction a) client a, who has had a cerebral vascular accident (stroke) b) client b, who has had a full mouth extraction of teeth c) client c, who has had biopsy of a tongue lesion d) client d, who has had facial cosmetic surgery

a) client a, who has had a cerebral vascular accident (stroke)

a hospital client has rung her call bell and told the nurse that the client in the bed next to hers has just been gasping for air and appears to have lost consciousness. the nurse quickly confirms that the client is indeed unconscious what is the nurses's priory action a) initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation b) reposition the client to a high fowler's position and perform chest physiotherapy c) page the hospital's respiratory therapist d) apply oxygen by simple face mask at six to eight liters per minute

a) initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation

a nurse has placed the electrode pads on automated external defibrillator (AED) on a client who is motionless in order to analyze the heart rhythm. which of the following actions should the nurse perform next a) press the analysis button on the AED b) administer shock to the client c) wait for the AED to give a message d) ascertain that nobody is touching the client

a) press the analysis button on the AED

a nurse is at a baseball game and response when a person collapse. the nurse beings CPR and requests and automated external defibrillator (AED the family is angry when the nurse stops compression to apply the AED what is the appropriate action a) stop compressions for less than 10 seconds to apply the AED b) do not apply the AED c) wait for the emergency response to use the AED d) continue compressions without stopping

a) stop compressions for less than 10 seconds to apply the AED

Asystole

absence of any heart rhythm quickly follows ventricular fibrillation.

asystole

absence of heart rhythm

promoting circulation

achieved by performing chest compressions, this promotes circulation 1/2 ways 1. squeezing the heart between the sternum and the vertebrae increases pressure in the ventricles, which is thought to push blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta. 2. increase pressure in thoracic blood vessels, promoting systemic blood flow. hard and fast= effective compressions when administering: adult victim- depressed 2-2,4 in @ a rate of 100-120 times p/min, a pace that compares to "stayin alive" song . sequence- is 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths for rescuers who are able to, or a ration of 30:2 (whether 1 or 2 rescuers) for children OLDER than 1 year of age. if there are two rescuers and the victim is YOUNGER than 1 year of age, the ratio is 15:2, if the rescuer is alone 30:3 ratio is maintained. placement- heel of one hand over the lower half of the victims sternum but above the xiphoid process and the other hand on top, then interlocking or extending the fingers. position body over client to deliver a straight downward motion allowing the chest to recoil afterwards. hands remain in contact with the chest, elbows locked without leaning on the chest or rocking back and forth over the victim. if TWO people are available for compressions one should replace the other q2min to avoid fatigue basic CPR is not interrupted for more than 10 sec EXCEPT when: -there is a pulse & the victim resumes breathing -rescuer becomes exhausted -victims condition deteriorates despite resuscitation efforts -written evidence that resuscitation s against their wishes -ACLS measures such as defibrillation are administered

what is is called when an older adults makes it very clear, on descriptions of various treatments for resusitation?

advanced directive (which they can change their minds at anytime!)

jaw-thrust maneuver

alternative method for opening the airway

a nursing student is demonstrating chest compressions for an adult which action would cause the nurse to intervene a) locking the elbows to provide firm, direct pressure b) placing the heel of the hand just below the xiphoid process c) positioning the body over the hands to exhibit downward motion d) keeping the hands in contact with the chest between compressions

b) placing the heel of the hand just below the xiphoid process

a nurse entered a client's room and discovered the client unresponsive. the nurse was unable to detect a pulse and called a "code blue" resulting in the initiation of resuscitation measures by the nurse and the other members of the hospital's resuscitation team. the decision to discontinue resuscitation should e primarily based on a) the results of a head-to-toe nursing assessment by the primary nurse b) oxygen saturation levels measures at two different peripheral sites c) a comprehensive and holistic assessment by the leader of the code d) the results of a STAT electrocardiogram

c) a comprehensive and holistic assessment by the leader of the code

a nurse need sot perform chest compressions for an elderly client with partial obstruction because no pulse is detected. which clients are more prone to internal bleeding during chest compressions a) clients with musculoskeletal deformities b) clients with problems of manual dexterity c) clients taking a daily dose of anticoagulants d) clients with asthma and breathing disorders

c) clients taking a daily dose of anticoagulants

when a person is in cardiac arrest, what is the first step the nurse takes in the Chain of Survival a) early cardiopulmonary resuscitation b) early cardiac defibrillation c) early activation of emergency services d) early advanced life support

c) early activation of emergency services

a nurse if performing the Heimlich maneuver on a pregnant client who has an airway obstruction. Which action should the nurse perform to relieve the client a) perform abdominal thrust for 5-6 sec b) turn the client supine and give 5 back blows c) give five chest thrusts to the client d) give five sub diaphragmatic thrusts to the client

c) give five chest thrusts to the client

which of the following is the best evidence that the nurse should implement the Heimlich maneuver to relieve an airway obstruction in a conscious person a) forceful coughing b) attempts to clear throat c) inability to speak d) audible wheezing

c) inability to speak

a hospital nurse has responded to a colleague's call for help ad found the colleague performing a rapid assessment of a client who is unresponsive. how should the nurse perform chest compressions during CPR a) place the heel of each hand slightly lateral to the midline of the client's chest and perform rapid compressions b) deliver a series of fist blows to the client's chest at a rate of 100 compressions per minute c) lock the fingers over the client's sternum and deliver straight downward chest compressions d) position the hands over the client's pectoral muscle and alternate compressions between the left and right chest

c) lock the fingers over the client's sternum and deliver straight downward chest compressions

a nurse who works in an outpatient client has not participated in a resuscitation effort for several years. what action should the nurse take to ensure preparedness in the event of a client's cardia or respiratory arrest a) liaise with a critical care or emergency department nurse on a regular basis b) accurately assess the cardiac and respiratory status of each client c) maintain current certification in cardiac life support measures d) review online videos that explain and demonstrate current resuscitation guidelines

c) maintain current certification in cardiac life support measures

before administering the shock from an automated external defibrillator (AED), what action should the nurse take first a) implement the recovery position b) loosen the victim's belt c) shout, "everybody clear" d) give three rescue breaths

c) shout, "everybody clear"

two rescuers are performing CPR on an adult victim. which observation would cause the by-standing nurse to intervene a) rescue breaths last 1 second b) rescue breaths cause the chest to rise visibly c) there are two rescue breaths for every 15 compressions d) the rescuer seals the victims nose when breathing into the victim's mouth

c) there are two rescue breaths for every 15 compressions

a lead physician and a group of nurses are performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an unconscious client with complete airway obstruction. when can CPR be interrupted on the client a) when the client starts perspiring excessively b) when the client exhibits cyanosis c) when the client regains a pulse d) when the client's family wishes to discontinue

c) when the client regains a pulse

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, technique used to restore circulation and breathing

cardiac arrest

cessation of heart contraction of life-sustaining heart rhythm

when performing CPR what should happen first?

chest compressions, before breathing and opening airway.

identifying signs of airway obstruction

compromised swallowing aspirations of vomitus insufficient chewing consuming large pieces of food laughing or talking while chewing eating while intoxicated inhaling foreign objects from the mouth grasp throat with hands high pitched sounds when inhaling face initially turns red and then becomes blue or pale.

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

compromises air exchange and subsequent oxygenation of cells and tissues. unrelieved obstructions will lead to loss of consciousness, and eventually death if not resolved.

partial airway obstruction

condition in which some air is being exchanged and person can speak or cough

a nurse is checking the functionality of an automated external defibrillator (AED) before attaching it to a client. which function is done by an AED machine a) reduces the potential for acquiring infectious diseases b) ensures that blood is pushed into pulmonary arteries and the aorta c) increases pressure in the thoracic blood vessels d) analyzes heart rhythms and delivers an electrical shock

d) analyzes heart rhythms and delivers an electrical shock

when calling for EMS or for help, what should the person on the phone be ready to tell them?

the address of where you are, discription of what happened, the victims current situation, what actions have been taken thus far.

Cardiac Arrest

the cessation of heart contraction or life-sustaining heart rhythm.

a nurse is performing mouth-to-nose breathing to a 3-year-old child which of the following actions should the nurse perform for effective mouth-to-nose breathing a) position the client in a supine position and blow breathing into the nose b) clean the nasal debris before performing rescue breathing c) grasp the lower jaw, tilt the head, and blow breath into the nose d) close the mouth and blow breath into the nose

d) close the mouth and blow breath into the nose

a nursing student is practicing chest coompressions the skills lab. which action demonstrates that teaching has been effective a) attaching an AED before beginning compressions b) giving two rescue breaths first c) hands are raised from the chest between compressions d) compressions at a rate of 110 per minute

d) compressions at a rate of 110 per minute

a nurse has been successful in clearing a client's complete airway obstruction using chest compressions. how should the nurse subsequently position the client to recover from this event a) supine, with the head slightly elevated b) upright, with the knees supported with pillows c) in a semi-fowlers position d) in a side lying position

d) in a side lying position

automated external defibrillator

device that delivers an electrical charge to the heart

resuscitation team

group of people trained and certified in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) techniques

Resuscitation Team

group of people who have been trained and certified in advanced cardiac life-support ACLS techniques

what is the main way to open the airway?

head-tilt/chin lift technique

Partial Airway Obstruction

if the victim cannot speak or cough, he or she is exchanging some air, which indicates only partial obstruction.

partial obstruction

if the victim is able to speak or cough; they are able to exchange some air. which requires no kind of resuscitation, other than encouraging the victim

attaching the electrode pads

if there is an error indication on the monitor is may be due to: diaphoresis or extremely hairy the nurse can wipe skin with towel or shave or clip chest hair, and apply a second set.

early defibrillation

if there is no circulation, breathing, or movement after FIVE cycles of compressions and breaths an AED is attached without exceeding a TEN second interruption in CPR. with the exception of newborns, defibrillation is performed as soon as possible in victims experiencing ventricular fibrillation. in children from 1-8 y.o who weigh <55lbs, the AED is best when delivering pediatric shockable dose using the pads and cables that reduce the amount of energy directed to the heart. newer AEDS will give as much electricity as needed for defibrillation and if no pedi pads are available, adult pads should be placed on the front center of the chest and in the middle of the childs back between the shoulder blades. outcomes are best when the AED is used ASAP.- preferably w/in 2 min once CPR has started. survival rate if defibrillation occurs within 1-2 min = 90% 70% after 3 min of CPR

relieving airway obstruction

if victim can breath or talk = partial airway obstruction bc they are exchanging some air infants- crying is the best indication of partial obstruction. other than encouraging and supporting the victim, partial obstructions does NOT require additional resuscitation efforts. call EMS if partial obstruction relief is unsuccessful or situation worsens. "call a code" complete obstruction = immediate attn. required, if victim is conscious perform heimlich. unconscious= CPR Signs of partial or complete airway obstruction: coughing/gagging while eating audibly wheezing persistently attempting to clear throat making hoarse or wet vocal sounds resisting efforts to be fed being unable to speak holding throat being unable to breathe exhibiting cyanosis

opening the airway

in absence of head/neck trauma and careful care of the spinep the rescuer can use the head-tilt/chin-lift technique or the jaw-thrust maneuver for opening the airway. jaw-thrust not recommended for lay rescuers bc it is difficult to perform safely and may cause injury to the spine. observe for rise/fall of chest once item causing obstruction id removed. and feel for air escaping from the nose/mouth. breathing victim is then place in the recovery position. if victim breathing is not restored within 10 seconds, they remain supine and CPR is continued.

complete airway obstruction

inability to ventilate

Complete Airway Obstruction

inability to ventilate, requires immediate action to dislodge the obstruction and restore breathing.

chain of survival

intervention and rescue process including (1) immediate recognition and access of emergency services (2) early CPR with a focus on compressions (3) rapid defibrillation, if appropriate (4) effective advanced life support and (5) integrated post-cardiac arrest care

ventricular fibrillation

life-threatening dysrhythmia in which the heart muscle quivers and cannot contract sufficiently to circulate blood

administering a shock

make sure NO ONE is touching the patient when shock is given "everybody clear" the shock is administered after pushing the shock button on the AED machine shock is confirmed by the victim sudden muscle contraction. CPR resumes immediately after the shock and continues for FIVE cycles (approx 2 min) before analyzing the rhythm again with the AED. rescuer then facilitates another analysis of the rhythm and waits for the next message to shock or not shock. if shock is repeated, the process is repeated until the AED gives a "no shock" message, the victim begins to move, or providers with ACLS skills arrive to assist

Heimlich Maneuver (CONSCIOUS CLIENT)

method of relieving a mechanical airway obstruction involves SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC THRUSTS- pressure to the abdomen or chest thrusts.

POSTRESUSCITATION CARE

the highest available oxygen is administered with a goal of reaching and maintaining a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) @ 94-99% and normocarbia (PaCO2) 35-45 mmHg. BP is corrected to keep systolic >90 induced hypothermia may be used to reduce the clients body temp to within a range of 89.6-96.8 fro @ least 24 hrs

what helps to give that person a better chance at survivial?

the quicker you do the steps the better the victims chances. preform the steps quickly

DISCONTINUING RESUSCITATION

not all resuscitation attempts are successful they can result in sever neurologic deficits even if pts life is saved success is rather measured on the pts quality of life not quantity. efforts to terminate resuscitation may be supported using carbon dioxide (ETCO2), the concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of an exhaled breath. An ETCO2 measurement > 15mmHg indicates compressions are generating perfusion of gases. the higher the ETCO2 rate the better the chance of survival. failure to achieve an ETCO2 measurement >10mmHg after 20 minutes of CPR guides the decision. he decision to stop resuscitation efforts is a medical judgement made by the physician or leader of the code. the decision is based on : elapsed time before resuscitation commenced time resuscitation was performed with no change age Dx objective date (arterial blood gas studies, electrolytes) it has been noted that family presence during resuscitation has positive psychological value regardless of the outcome. also important to support the observer throughout the experience and after.

GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

older adults advancer directive should specify the types of medical care he/she wishes. (i.e approving emergency drugs, but refusing ventilation) nurses are responsible for ascertaining whether an older adult client has an existing advanced directive and ensuring that the directions continue to reflect the clients wishes some older clients fear that if they opt for DNR they will receive less than appropriate care and treatment for their illness. if there is no resuscitation status in chart, CPR is performed regardless of age. family caregivers should be included in discussion regarding resuscitation efforts.

PHARMOCOLOGIC CONSIDERATION

opioid OD can cause a person to stop breathing. in situations where Evzio (naloxene) a single dose auto-injector opioid antagonist, is available, it should be used. the drug injector provides visual and audio instructions on how to deliver the injection. a family member or caregiver can stimulate breathing before emergency personnel arrive

performing rescue breaths

performed through the mouth, nose, or stoma. a one way valve mask or other protective face shield should be used if available. these device theoretically reduce the potential for acquiring infectious diseases; however the lack of a barrier device should not interfere with attempting rescue breathing . continuous chest compressions alone are better than totally avoiding efforts at resuscitation. rescue breaths are administered @ 10 breaths per minute for INFANTS, CHILDREN, & ADULTS w/o a pause in chest compressions each breath should be ONE second long and should cause visible chest rise rescue breathing continues @ the rate of TWO breaths per every 30 compressions for an ADULT for 1 or 2 rescuers; for CHILDREN OR INFANTS 2 breaths q30compressions when administered by TWO trained rescuers. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH seal victims nose cover their mouth with yours and blow air into the victim giving a breath that lasts 1 second reduces the potential for distending the esophagus or stomach, which may promote regurgitation and aspiration. if breathing is not restored, victim remains supine, an advanced airway is placed, and rescue breathing continues @ the rate of one breath q6seconds (10 breaths per min) without interrupting chest compressions MOUTH-TO-NOSE necessary when victim is a small infant or child or when mouth-to-mouth is impossible or unsuccessful. the rescuer closes the mouth and blows air into the nose MOUTH-TO-STOMA rescuer can give rescue breathing to a client with a laryngectomy by sealing their mouth over the stoma. b/c the upper airway is essentially a blind pathway, the nose does not need to be sealed. for clients with a tracheostomy tube, rescue breathing is through the tube with the mouth or a one way valve mask. if the tracheostomy tube does not have an inflated cuff, the rescuer must seal the victims nose.

automated external defibrillator (AED)

portable, battery operated device that analyzes heart rhythms and delivers an electrical shock to restore a functional heartbeat

head-tilt/chin-lift technique

preferred method for opening the airway

subdiaphragmatic thrust

pressure to the abdomen

advanced life support

procedures such as inserting an endotracheal tube and administering supplemental oxygen

rescue breathing

process of ventilating a non breathing victim's lungs

what would be some reasons someone might stop for longer than 10 seconds?

pulse/victim resumes breathing rescuer becomes exhausted victims condition worsens despite CPR written evidence that CPR is against victims wishes defib is administered

RECOVERY FROM RESUSCITATION

recovery position if AED has been used, electrodes stay in place. victim continues to be monitored and are prepared to reactivate the defibrillator if need be. once victim is stable, they are reevaluated rescuers provide internal self evaluation based on rescuing efforts

early recognition and access of emergency services

responsiveness determined by shouting ad shaking the pt with victim in supine, dry, firm surface, a quick assessment is performed to determine unresponsiveness and the absence of normal breathing or pulse. ESSENTIAL to activate emergency medical response system, regardless of location. can be done by bystander or second rescuer. when making the 911 call give these facts: address situation victims condition what actions have been taken resuscitation team will take care of pts within a healthcare facility during emergency paramedics or EMTs will dispatch to external scenes.

Recovery Position

side lying position that helps to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration of fluids

recovery position

side-lying position that helps to maintain an open airway and prevent aspirations of liquids

who is more apt to bleed out during chest compressions?

someone who takes asprin or is on other anticoagulants.

Heimlich maneuver

sub diaphragmatic thrust (pressure to abdomen)

code

summoning personnel to administer advanced life support techniques

Code

summoning personnel trained in advanced life-support techniques. "CODE blue"

what are some ways that someone might have an airway obstruction?

swells because of injury, bolus food/foriegn object

how should the you know if someone is unresponsive?

take a quick 10 second assessment, shake and shout at the victim if no response/lifeless call for help and begin CPR

continuing CPR w/out defibrillation

when AED is not available, or emergency resuscitation personnel are delayed, those trained and proficient in CPR continue @ a rate of 30 compressions:2 breaths (ventilations). assess victim to see if CPR is effective. assessment should be performed after FIVE cycles (2min) of compressions and ventilations. an assessment requires interruption of compressions, this should last no longer than TEN seconds, preferably less. resuscitation should continue until there are signs of movement or emergency personnel have arrive at the scene.

analyzing the rhythm

when pads are in place victim is motionless. automatic process. after 5-15 sec the AED provides a message indicating that the victim needs "shock" or "no shock"