Pol 101-Final Exam

Late 1948 State department analysis: "Moscow faces a considerable task in seeking to bring the Chinese communists under its complete control." Mao could be an:

"Asian Tito"

The TRC concluded that residential schools in Canada amounted to:

"Cultural genocide"

What happened in 1982?

Andropov becomes GS of the Communist Party. Convinced that the US wished to launch a preemptive first strike.

"Temporary" migration and illegal migration:

Another pegs of US migration. The latter was running at 1 million per year during 2000s' boom.

But: collapse of states - Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria - and even stateless spaces such as the Sinai - are associated with:

Appalling treatment of women, enslavement, beheadings, mass murder, and uncompromising religious intolerance (this means that as grim as a world with states can be, a world without one is worse still)

He wrote Politics as a Vocation at the end of his life, as:

As Germany was in the midst of a revolution: defeat, economic/political collapse, Kiel mutiny, radical left revolutionaries in Berlin and Munich, and the resignation and flight of the Kaiser

What did Kennedy interpret the bombs as?

As a provocation; threatened retaliation unless they were withdrawn

Describe the religious wars between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims:

As secular autocracies crumble under the force of internal protest or western armed intervention, religious wars between Sunni and Shiite Muslims are redefining the Middle East, and once again bringing the horror of war to civilian populations

Canadians believe that Americans are _____, we are _____

Assimilationist, multicultural

European Recovery Program offered:

Assistance to all European nations, with restrictions on how it should be spent

What is meant by association?

Association between the independent and dependent variable. When one goes up, the other must go up or down.

When did Cuba back down?

At the 11th hour

What is closely linked with war & genocide?

Atrocities

Genocide is a function of:

Authoritarian regimes, colonial resentments, power struggles, weak yet predatory armies, refugee communities, and, last and definitely least, ethnic divisions

Describe the guestworker model:

Germany, Austria, Switzerland (and also the Netherlands) set up guestworker schemes that brought Greek, Italian, Yugoslavian and Turkish guestworkers to Europe

What is description?

Getting the story right. It is difficult enough

Tutsi exile attacks led to:

Government sponsored massacres of Tutsis in Rwanda in 62/67

Chapters in edited books: treat with:

Great caution

Post 2001/2011 for democracy:

Great hopes for democratic transition in the Middle East and North Africa largely dashed

What happened in 1931 for the population control argument?

Harry F. Pratt Fairchild founded the Population Association of America

What has North Americans' isolation led them to believe?

Has led them to believe that a domestic terrorist attack (the stuff of everyday life for much of European history) justified the suspension of civil liberties, the use of torture, and a naïve belief that an attack on Iraq would bring prosperity, security, and Israeli safety; it brought none of these

What were the things that eugenics had going FOR it?

Has the prestige of science, the support of actors with privileged connections to state legislators, and promised to save vast amounts of money

Why have these transitions in comparison with past waves of democratization been bloodless?

Here we need to go to theories of democratization. -Modernization theory: comes in various versions, but posits a causal connection between wealth and democracy (Seymour Martin Lipset). But: endogenous or exogenous? Przeworski: higher levels of development sustain democracies but they do not create them (Chinese example?). -Essential feature of a middle class (Moore, also Lipset). -Role of working class and industrialization: industrialization and rising wages strengthen workers and allow them to undermine landowners (Rueschemeyer; British case). -Early Huntington: institutions - stable executive, party structure - essential to successful transition independently of economics.

In Europe, a combination of low-skilled, high volume immigration, deindustrialization, and generous welfare levels has resulted in:

High unemployment and welfare dependency among certain migrant groups

What was Generalplan Ost?

Himmler's plan to empty the east of Slavs and replace them with Germans or re-Germanized peoples (Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans)

What is the state autonomy theory?

Holds that the state has interests that are not reducible to any societal interests

What was the backdrop to a Hutu coup installing General Juvenal Habyrimana?

Hutu demands for expulsion of Tutsi from universities in early 1970s

Who were Zionist paramilitary groups?

IZL, National Military Organization, LHI (Stern Gang, Freedom Fighters of Israel), and the Haganah (later, IDF)

Eugenics is a powerful case of:

Ideas mattering

In everyday language, when people think of refugees they are really thinking of "mass influxes":

Large numbers of people who flee or expelled and form long, often pitiful, columns of people attempting to reach safety

What was the result of PP providing these things?

Large-scale, largely coercive sterilization of African Americans

Zionists split from:

Late 1943

What does the legislature do?

Law-making body

William's students went on to be:

Leading lights in the New Left

Where had concentration camps been set up and when?

Concentration camps had been set up in Germany in 1933 and in Eastern Europe - mostly Poland - after the German invasion

States born of expulsion, like states born of genocide, have to:

Confront that history or it will fester; those countries that do - Germany, to a degree the US - can live at ease with themselves

What was the solution to all the violence?

Congress politicians reach for partition of Punjab as the solution

Give an example of a spurious relationship:

Conservatives believe that 'broken window' policing (James Q. Wilson) reduced crime in NYC

What are the ideological divisions of the Chambliss example?

Conservatives more likely to cite laziness/alcoholism, liberals to cite overwork

Role of ambitious elites in using expulsions to:

Consolidate power (Benes, Jinnah)

What is the result of this on the previous slide?

Core of the world's greatest integration regime is not labour but family migrants: 500,000 per year

US: not assimilationist (this is self-congratulatory Canadian myth, one of many). Rather:

Laissez-faire. Newcomers can use private support to maintain their cultures.

The fall in crime thus had, liberals argue, other causes:

Gentrification, city gun control, and/or demographic changes

The people who weren't expelled would be:

Germanized, shot, or turned into slaves

What is the legislature/executive like in France/US?

Legislature and executive are separate

Since we study war too little, we remember:

Less

Much is made of the differences between Europe and NA, but they are in fact marginal:

Liberal democracies tolerate little exclusion

Difference between democracies and competitive authoritarian regimes:

Linkages and leverage

What happened during the executions?

Lots of photos were taken, and there was food and drink in the evening for SS recruits

_____ became the official US policy

MAD

What happened in January 1992 in Yugoslavia?

Macedonia declares independence

Terrorism/violence has undermined:

Many attempts at peace (Netanyahu won barely in 1996 against a backdrop of terrorism; 2nd intifada wrecked Ehud Barak's peace initiative; wall built as bombs going on in cafes)

What happened October 1, 1949?

Mao Zedong proclaims the formation of the PRC

During the Korean war, what did Mao do?

Mao threw 300,000 Chinese troops against North Koreans and Nato forces

On Jun 5, 1947:

Marshall at Harvard Yard: promises economic assistance to all parts of the world

For its supporters, multiculturalism:

Removes barriers to, and encourages the integration of migrants into, the Canadian economy, polity, and society

The area that had people expelled would be:

Resettled by Germanic (German, Dutch, Luxembourgish) farmers

Khrushchev himself was unsure of what he wanted to do with the missiles; they were:

Retaliation for US missiles in turkey, Britain and elsewhere

What were the effects of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)?

Reunification of Germany & embitterment of France

US certainly was hostile to the type of government that the Soviets imposed on EE. To this degree, the _____ were right.

Revisionists

As a result of there being no right to asylum:

Rich, western states have instituted barriers designed to keep asylum seekers away

What was the one obstacle facing eugenics?

Roman Catholic Church (only national organization opposing eugenic sterilization)

What did Roosevelt protest?

Roosevelt protested that it made it impossible for Europeans to determine their own future, the Wilsonian self-determination principle

What were the effects of WWI?

Russian Revolution, destruction of Ottoman and Habsburg Empires

What happened in 1962 in Rwanda?

Rwanda became a Republic with Gregoire Kayibanda as its first Hutu head of state

Give examples of political genocides:

Rwanda, Yugoslavia

In all wars, their _____ and _____ are very hard to control

Scale, consequences

What is eugenics?

Science of encouraging breeding among the fit whilst discouraging breeding among the unfit

There was a _____ consensus in favour of eugenic sterilization into the 1920s, a _____ one into the 1960s

Scientific, progressivist

On September 6, 1946:

Secretary of State James F. Bryne gives a speech on Washington's new approach to Germany

What is the pluralist theory?

Sees the state as neutral among societal interests; its actions reflect the accumulated pressure of the most powerful group or groups (Robert Dahl)

What also happened in April in Yugoslavia?

Serbia and Croatia encroach on Bosnia; Serbian shelling of Sarajevo begins, followed by ethnic cleansing on a massive scale

What was it like after Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence?

Serbia and Montenegro form the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with Slobodan Milosevic as leader

What happened in 1995 in Sarajevo and Srebrenica?

Serbian atrocities in Sarajevo and Srebrenica; in the latter, 8,000 Muslim men and boys were murdered when UN forces overrun an UN "safe area"

What happened at the Potsdam conference (July/August 1945)?

Set out very general conditions for transfer and called for them to be "orderly and humane"

What was the "Bombers dream" at play in Vietnam?

Seven million tons of bombs dropped, double the pre-atomic World War II total

Since the introduction of the points system (first by Canada, then Australia) in the late 1960s, the immigration system targets:

Skill; that is, it rewards education, language, and work experience (and youth)

What happened on 25 June 1991 in Yugoslavia?

Slovenia and Croatia secede from the Yugoslavian federation

Multiculturalism: concept that is anti-assimilationist, but also has multiple meanings:

Sociological vs policy-driven; differently understood in Europe and in Canada. "Multiculturalism is dead."

What were the effects of the Rwandan massacre?

Some 800,000 killed before RPF won the civil war and pushed extremist government and supporters, along with 2 million Hutu refugees, across the border into the DRC

Where were the religious wars between Ottoman Muslims and Christian Europeans taken place?

Southeast Europe

Give examples of ideological genocides:

Soviet Union, Cambodia, Yugoslavia, Rwanda

What was the period of detente shattered by?

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and election of Ronald Reagan

What happened on August 12, 1949 (atomic age)?

Soviets test their own bomb; caught up with the West thanks to spies, notably Klaus Fuchs, a German émigré scientist

Sorting out causality thus involves specifying or evaluating cause/effect AND:

Specifying the mechanisms

Those trafficked:

Spend years paying off their debt in conditions of enslavement as forced labourers or sex workers

Liberals argue that crime fell in cities without 'broken window' policing and ,therefore, that the relationship between BWP and crime is:

Spurious

What happened in October 1944?

Stalin meets Churchill without Roosevelt's consent

Until 1960s, almost all sterilizations occurred within _____ institutions

State

Greatest cause of migratory outflows is:

State breakdown & war (e.g. Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia are the greatest refugee producers)

The power of the state is immense, meaning:

State has the power to raise taxes, spend money, and alter the legal and regulatory framework in a manner that utterly transforms the country (Clement Attlee, Charles de Gaulle, Margaret Thatcher, George W. Bush, Pierre Trudeau)

What are the units in an international system?

States

RCC stopped _____ in Ohio, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Wyoming, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Colorado, and limited their application in NY, Connecticut, Vermont & Arizona. Non-starter in Quebec.

Sterilization bills

What is the second most important factor after argument?

Structure

What are Canadian (or Indian, or American, or British or Brazilian, etc.) politics?

Study of institutions, political processes and public policy in one state

The negotiations in India were conducted in:

An atmosphere of rising sectarian tension

What is the legislature/executive like in Westminster democracies?

Executive emerges out of and sits in the legislature

What is domination?

Exercise domination through demands that will be obeyed

Give an example of who falls into "other" groups:

" 75,000 mentally handicapped murdered and the 360,000 sterilized by Nazi Germany; Nazi persecution of gays and lesbians (100,000 arrested; 15,000 in concentration camps, some 9,000 killed - all very rough estimates)

McLean adopts a Weberian definition of the modern state:

"A distinct set of political institutions whose specific concern is with the organization of domination in the name of the common interest"

What is a system?

"A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole"

Most permanent immigration thus involves:

"Adjusting your status"

Therefore: "The State is a human community that:

(Successfully) claims the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force," or violence

Truman announced that his doctrine:

"It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures...We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their away."

What was the mission statement of the Milbank Memorial Fund?

"Mankind has the technical ability to reduce the toll of sickness and poverty throughout the world to an extent never dreamed of even a few decades ago. Yet we teeter on the brink of self-destruction by allowing population growth to outstrip economic advance. ..." (humans are capable of reducing sickness/poverty but don't because of the population increase)

For its critics, multiculturalism:

"Promotes ghettoization and balkanization, encouraging members of ethnic groups to look inward, and emphasizing differences between groups rather than shared rights or identities as Canadian citizens (Kymlicka 2008: 7)."

What is Weber's most famous book?

"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism": an explanation of capitalist development, above all in post-1800 England

What was the solution in AVS, 9/9, Selective Sterilization in Primer Form, 1?

"The better type in every social class of every race should be encouraged to increase; the worst type should be helped to die out"

What is the modern state according to Weber?

"The modern state is a compulsory association which organizes dominance"

What did Norman Davies say about these organized expulsions?

"The movement of about six million human beings from the USSR to Poland and from Poland to Germany required administrative experience of the sort attributed to Adolf Eichmann, and logistical planning on twice as large a scale as anything attempted during the Holocaust"

Robert C. Cook, Population Reference Bureau and author, The Population Bomb, 1966:

"The population of the United States is expected to exceed three hundred and fifty million in the next thirty years. The effect on life and living of this doubling of our numbers is beyond calculation. Over-crowded cities, polluted air and water, countless unwanted and suffering children, skyrocketing taxes for welfare! Half of the babies born in some cities are from indigent families on relief. Need we say more?"

Be sure structure is clear, and do not be afraid to be explicit, as in:

"This argument will proceed in four steps. First, it will review Reagan's arms build up. Second, it will examine Gorbachev's reforms. Third, it will discuss Pope John Paul II. Finally, it will demonstrate that the combination of increased spending (thanks to Reagan) and expanded opportunity for political dissent (thanks to Gorbachev) weakened the Soviet Empire. Pope John Paul II's interventions, I will conclude, helped bring people to the street, thus triggering the events than led to the end of the Cold War.'

1949, Robert L. Dickinson president of HBAA, proposed a new aim for eugenics:

"To attempt an outline of a program of possible basic research of a comprehensive character looking toward the discoveries of methods of conception control suited to the poorest folk of countries such as India, China and Puerto Rico. The new stress on world-wide overbalances in population should expand our opportunities and secure personnel on an extended scale backed by large funds" (to Frederick Osborn)

Canada/Australia are paradigmatic cases of societies based on:

"Wanted" and managed migration

AVS, 7/62, Birthright (Publication no. 5) was:

"Wanted-Increased Action"

Charles C. Darwin, The Next Millions Years. On nuclear war as population control:

"What does it mean - 100 million dead. One hundred million are replaced in three years. You've got have a war like that every three years, you see. You must keep to arithmetic on this thing."

William Vogt, head of PPFA, to the WHO:

"Why are you trying to save the lives of children when you'll just doom them to starvation?"

Fees from traffickers vary from:

$2000 (Middle East) to $15000 (UK)

First Population Association of American conference invitation list comprised:

'A full range of eugenicists...from the unrestrained to the temperate:' -Guy Irving Birch (hardcore eugenicist on population/environmental grounds) -Charles Davenport (founder of the Eugenics Record Office, work on heredity and feeblemindedness) -Clarence Gamble (wealthy eugenicist, birth control advocate, founder of HBL of North Carolina) -Frederick Osborn (founder of American Eugenics Society, endorsed 'birthright' argument) -Raymond Pearl (moderate eugenicist, critic of crude hereditarian arguments, population control advocate) -Leon Witney (Executive Secretary of the American Eugenics Society)

Where elections are unfair but occur, the states are:

'Competitive authoritarian'

What is Weber's method?

(A method is how you prove that which you wish to prove, or measure that which you wish to measure) is comparative-historical: he draws on historical and comparative examples to elucidate his points

The Holy Roman Empire:

-"Neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire." (Voltaire) -The pope and the emperor: church & state Peace of Augsburg, 1555: "Cuius regio, eius religio" -The defenestration of Prague

OECD studies show what?

-'There is no significant performance difference in mathematics between first-generation and native students in Australia, Canada, New-Zealand, and Macao-China.' -There are significant gaps in mathematics performance between the two groups in all countries, except in Australia, Canada and Macao-China. -Rephrase: uniquely, along with the Australians, Hong Kong Chinese, and Macau Chinese, second-generation immigrants actually outperform children of non-immigrant parents. -The real contrast is with Europe, where minorities do very badly

Give examples of technological advances in weapons:

-1850s: breach loading canons. -1860s: braking to avoid recoil. -1866: Volley guns firing multiple rounds. -1870s-1880s: armour-piercing and exploding shells All tame compared with the 20th century

What was the democratic failure after the first wave?

-1922: Mussolini -1932: António de Oliveira Salazar -1933: Hitler -1939: Francisco Franco (Orwell: "The democratic vistas have ended in barbed wire.")

Describe the argument of the rights of the child:

-1930s: Main American eugenic lobby groups were the American Eugenics Society, the HBF, and the SLNJ -SLNJ was the child of its founder Marian S. Olden

What human rights advances happened after WWII?

-1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Genocide Convention -1950s: moves against segregation -1960s: end of racist immigration legislation, civil rights movement. -Death of ethnic nationalism and ethnic preference as legitimate policy aims -Decolonization

Describe the My Lai massacre (atrocity in Vietnam):

-4 villages on South Central Vietnam Coast -US company went in on belief that Viet Cong had infiltrated -Civilians raped, soldiers set huts in fire, killed men, women, and children with bullets and grenades -500 dead -Extent of atrocities in Vietnam a matter of enduring controversy

What happened on September 26th 1983?

-6 intercontinental ballistic missiles show up on Soviet radar. -Red screen flashes: "Launch!" -Stanislav Petrov decides NOT to push the button

Causal effect occurs when:

-A change in the independent variable leads to a change in the dependent variable -Independent variable = the cause -Dependent variable = the effect

The success of Canadian immigration policy reflects:

-A positively selectionist migration policies: migrants are admitted on the basis of skill. -There is a strong bias in admissions towards East and South Asia, and parents from these countries. Why does this matter? -Cultural argument: people from these countries see education as the key to advancement, make enormous sacrifices and demand enormous sacrifices from their children. -Demographic: these countries are massive, and the skilled and educated from them will naturally be a large group of people

What other violence happened as a result of the partition?

-A wave of killing, expulsion, and flight engulfed the continent -Large sections of Amritsar and Lahore were rubble -Refugee camps with tens of thousands of people sprung up across the country; by the end of 1947, 3 million people were in them, plagued by corruption and exploitation -Violence against women was fundamental to the expulsions -Vastly exceeded anything committed by the British

Why is Berman's explanation bad?

-Above all, it is hopelessly reductionist: democracy in German collapsed because of economic crisis, the machinations of an anti-democratic and militaristic elite, the hostility of the civil service to Weimar, the weakness of the party structure, an insufficiently developed liberal tradition, and a middle class fear of domestic instability/violence and international Bolshevism. There was also a huge element of contingency. Without the 1929 crash, the Nazis would have been a footnote, and up until the last weeks Hindenburg could have refused to appoint Hitler. He and the Prussian aristocrats did so because they thought they could control them not because the Nazis has such jolly successful and well attended football clubs. -To reduce all these factors to a "rich associational life" exploited by those clever Nazis is reductionist -Case of bad history meeting mediocre political science -Says civil society was infiltrated, ignored so many other things (thought of the world as it is today)

Why is Israel/Palestine so divisive?

-Absence of a Palestinian state? -We expect more of Israel? -Anti-Semitism? -Prof's view: both sides can marshal much evidence in their favour

Why was the Arab spring a democratic failure?

-Absence of mass industrial working class that could be organized along West European lines -Oil curse? Countries without oil (Egypt) too poor to democratize, while countries with oil (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait) are wealthy enough to buy off any opposition -Role of external vs. internal force: idiocy of the Japanese and German analogies, disaster of Iraq war, democracy by bombing in Libya, encouragement of a civil war in Syria without any real commitment to ensuring rebel victory (and some doubt that stability would follow were the rebels successful)

Politics later expanded to include:

-Administration -Policy -The realities of governmental practice

What was the final result/end of the partition?

-Administrations buckled under the stain. -Then it ended. -30 January 1948: Gandhi assassinated. -When it ended, up to 12 million people had moved. -Median estimates of deaths: 500,000

Which demographics were killed and kept as slaves in Nazi Germany?

-All mentally handicapped people in Germany and in occupied territory were to be murdered -All Jews in Europe, in Palestine (with the enthusiastic support of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), and in any other occupied territory were to be murdered -There is some debate about the Roma, but there is evidence that they were to meet the same fate -Africans and Slavs would be slaves

What were some broader issues of flight, dispossession and expulsion?

-Analytical: relationship between borders, population movement and nation-state building. -Historical vs. comparative. -Flight vs. Expulsion. -Relationship of expulsion to genocide. -The numbers game (Cultural Revolution)

What is the structure in an international system?

-Anarchy -Power structures: bi-polarity, multipolarity, unipolarity

What is Weber's argument in "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"?

-Argument is that Protestants - Lutherans, Calvinists, CofE - needed secular evidence of their salvation (for RCs, this was guaranteed by the Church and the sacraments) -They came to believe that worldly success was a sign of salvation - salvation through work (Opus Dei based on this idea within Roman Catholicism, but it is a marginal movement - and one that is more complicated than Dan Brown suggests)

Give examples of "older" genocides in human history:

-Assyrian Empire, which collapsed in 609 BC, was infamous for its deliberate destruction of its enemies -Sacking of Babylon in 689BC accompanied by slaughter of all inhabitants -The Romans destroyed Carthage -The Huns and Mongols laid waste peoples and cities of Eurasia

What happened in Germany during the Cold war?

-Became line in the sand for the Allies; this far and no further. -Mass rapes and violence of the Soviet invasion alienated German opinion and destroyed whatever legitimacy Ulbricht's regime might have. -Western Allies consolidated their zones together, to preserve as much of Germany as they could under Western rule. -Germans, seeing the alternative, threw their lot in -'Stalin has broken every one of the promises he made at Yalta.' FDR, two months before his death. 'All of Germany must be ours, that is Soviet Communist' J. Stalin, 1946

What happened with Belgium and the Tutsi?

-Belgian colony, Tutsi monarchy overthrown before independence -Belgium co-sponsored with the RCC a Hutu counter-elite

What is the Wannsee conference and when did it occur?

-Bureaucratic tidying up -Was to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of the Final Solution to the Jewish question, whereby most of the Jews of German-occupied Europe would be deported to Poland and murdered -January 1942

What happened with the spring/summer 1949 armistices in Israel/Palestine?

-By the end, 700-750,000 Palestinians had fled -Some 800 civilians killed -Rapes disputed -Official Zionist history: they fled -Citizenship given to those that remained

What happened on August 16, 1946 in India?

-Calcutta massacre: inter-communal riots left up to 10,000 dead -State involvement: Shahid Hussein Suhrawardy, Chief Minister of the province

What is a constraint of democracy?

-Can a democracy vote itself out of existence? Enabling Law in Germany 1933; election of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 2012. Turkey 2014? -Needs to be protected by undemocratic means-can't vote out democracy

Why did the guestworkers not go home?

-Civil society lobbying, international human rights treaties? -No-it was domestic constraints - national courts drawing on national constitutions blocked efforts to force guestworkers home

Why is there confusion between what different states learned about war?

-Contrasting experiences of war: for the Americans, the war meant triumph, prosperity, and limited casualties on far-off continents -For Europeans, the war meant the bombing of their cities, death, displacement, and genocide

Why are both supporters and critics right?

-Critics: are attacking multiculturalism as it would be if that term meant anything corresponding to what a reasonable person could imagine it mean. -Supporters: describing multiculturalism as it is in this country. -That multiculturalism, Canadian multiculturalism, has nothing to do with multiculturalism in any reasonable sense of the term; it has everything to do with integration if not assimilation.

Describe the "Wild" expulsions that happened in May 1945:

-Czechoslovakia: 3 million Sudeten Germans -May, 1945: atrocities -Thousands killed. -President Benes orders all Germans out of the country -May 30, 1945, Brno massacre. -By June, roads clogged with expelled Germans

What are current challenges of Canadian migration policy?

-Declining employment levels. -Declining earnings: 20% lower for post-1990 than 1970-1980 entrants. Reasons: foreign credential recognition? Skilling up of Canadian citizens? Racism? Attitudes consistently improving. But more subtle forms?

What happened on April 9, 1948?

-Deir Yassin: 100-120 villagers, including women and children, killed by IZL and LHI forces -Terrified Palestinians elsewhere, encouraging mass flight

The determinants of migrant success:

-Education -A successful immigration policy is one that selects migrants who have high educational levels

How did people try to flee from the partition violence?

-Endless columns of refugees -Overfilled trains moved in all directions Both governments began organizing refugee transportation, -Local communities seized the opportunity

What is internal sovereignty?

-Exclusive and absolute domestic authority -Weber: "human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" -Non-intervention

Israeli occupation of West Bank associated with:

-Expanded illegal settlements (but: why do settlers settle?) -Humiliating border, ID checks -Settlers range in their ideological commitment from the relatively moderate to the eliminationist -Radically reduced economic opportunities

Why was the North African state the only one proved successful?

-Factors? More moderate and reasonable Islamist parties compared with Egypt? -More robust (strong/healthy) civil society?

Eugenics was a comprehensive programme affecting which policies?

-Family policy -Immigration policy -Sterilization policy

What are some reasons for the current challenges of Canadian migration policy?

-Foreign credential recognition? -Skilling up of Canadian citizens? -Racism? Attitudes consistently improving. But more subtle forms?

What was the plan formed in April 1928?

-From April, a new plan called for the consolidation of Jewish control of large towns; sealing off of enemy routes; and the extension of protection to Jewish communities outside Partition lines -Commanders had the choice: destruction, expulsion, or occupation

Eugenics held widespread support among:

Among the great and the good - the Webbs, Keynes, etc. - and particularly strong support among progressives

When do killings become genocides according to General Roca, Minister for War in Argentina?

-General Roca, Minister for War in Argentina at the end of the 19th Century: "Our self-respect as a virile people obliges us to put down as soon as possible, by reason or by force, this handful of savages who destroy our wealth and prevent us from definitively occupying, in the name of law, progress and our own security, the richest and most fertile lands of the Republic" -Justified: the eradication from the pampas, southeastern Argentina, of aboriginals

What is the origin of the word "genocide"?

-Genos = race/tribe (Greek) -Cida = killing of (Latin)

Describe the Herero (20th century genocide):

-German Southwest Africa (Namibia): Germans wanted lands cleared for settlers' cattle -Argued that natural law and civilization required that Herero become a class of workers serving whites -Herero fought back -1904: Punitive expedition massacred thousands and drove the rest into the desert without water -General von Trotha established a defensive line allowing none to return -60,000-100,000 killed; 15,000 survived

What was the pre-history of Germany 1944-1951?

-German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938/39), Poland (1939), Yugoslavia (1941) and Hungary (1944) -Large German minorities in Poland (750,000) and Czechoslovakia (3 million) -Had suffered discrimination, more so in Poland less so in Czechoslovakia -By the mid-1930s, leadership in both were acting as a mouthpiece for the National Socialists

Who is Max Weber?

-German thinker -Born in Erfurt, grew up in an academic/political, upper middle class household in Berlin -Held professorships in Freiberg (economics), Heidelberg (politics), Vienna and Munich

What happened with the Muslims in Greece in 1830?

-Greek independence in 1830 led to the massacre of 25,000 Muslims -Then and thereafter, as Greece expanded northwards, tens of thousands of Muslims fled or were expelled

What happened in the 1994 Rwandan massacre?

-Habyarimana assassinated; RPF blamed -Hutu-dominated army and youth militia began slaughtering Tutsis and moderate Hutus

Across the US, superintendents lobbied governors to adopt legislation (policy activists):

-Harry. C. Sharp in Indiana -Edison Emerick in Ohio -H. H. Ramsey in Mississippi -Isaac Newton and Martin W. Barr in Pennsylvania -Albert S. Priddy in Virginia -Fred O. Butler in California

What kind of criticisms has Weber's book been subject to?

-Has been subject to much criticism, including the argument that capitalism emerged in 14th century Italy not 19th century England. -Also attacked as stereotyping. -If accurate then, it is no longer

Weber led a charmed life with a miserable end:

-He saw his beloved Germany defeated, descend into chaos, and suffer the Versailles Treaty -He caught the Spanish flu, and died in June 1920

What was the death toll of these expulsions from Czechoslovakia and Poland?

-Highly controversial -We believe 800,000 died or were killed -Untold numbers of beatings, tortures, and rapes -Official Polish history: they fled

Give another example of a spurious relationship with homosexuality:

-Homosexuality leads to loneliness, depression and suicide -Homophobia is in fact that cause of loneliness, depression, and increased rates of suicide among LGBT people

Why did sterilization continue after WWII?

-Institutional continuity: Superintendants remained in their posts -Pro-sterilization advocates re-anchored their argument -Main lobbyists developed ever-new arguments to justify sterilization -The Human Betterment Foundation (Pasadena)

What is politics according to Aristotle?

-It is doing politics, the art of being a political animal, an active citizen -In the absence of such activity, people are unfulfilled

What happened in the Berlin Blockade?

-June 21, 1948: Soviets seal all land routes to the city General Lucius Clay presented a plan to Truman for an airlift to the city. -Until April 1949, planes flew night and day into Berlin

What was the result of the partition of Punjab?

-June 3, partition announced, Pakistan born -There a perfect storm: British evacuation, a polarized and feeble police force; a terrified and armed population; and Mountbatten limited British forces to protecting British lives -August 15, 1947: Armed gangs began roaming the countryside, razing villages and carrying women and children away like chattel

What happened in June 1944 with Germany (list several events)?

-June: war turns definitively against Germany: -June 6th: Normandy -June 22nd: Army Group Centre is destroyed -Large numbers of German civilians begin fleeing the onslaught

What was the Orthodox interpretation of the Cold war?

-Kennan: Russian history was one of authoritarianism; mapped on to this is Soviet aggression. They had to treat the outside world as hostile as it was the only excuse "for the dictatorship without which they would not know how to rule, for cruelties they did not dare not to inflict, for sacrifices they felt bound to demand. -Cold war was therefore unavoidable given Soviet desires for expansionism; containment and the Cold war more broadly were reactive

Do we maintain the welfare state and relatively high wages and let fewer migrants in or reduce both and let more in?

-Many will regard reducing waves and benefits for migrants as exploitation, but is really morally preferable to save them from both by consigning them to poverty in the developing south? -In that sense, immigration is a metaphor for a broader choice in national and global justice: do we pursue greater national equality at the price or global inequality, or allow great national inequality knowing that the world's poorest are getting richer?

What was the result of the Marshall Plan?

-Massive destruction and dislocation across Europe. -Starvation in parts of Holland in 1944-1945, starvation in Germany 1945-1947, and food shortages everywhere. -Former President Herbert Hoover, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Secretary of State James F. Byrne argued for a reorientation of policy toward Germany. -Hunger could drive them to Communism. General Clay: "There is no choice between being a communist on 1,500 calories a day and a believer in democracy on a thousand".

What are some possible explanations for why eugenics continued?

-Misogyny? -Racism? -Classism? -Policy Activists

What are economic migrants?

-Need to secure one of several visas (an investor visa if you invest $500,000, an H1B visa for high-skilled workers) and then after 6 years get your employer to sponsor your for permanent residency; or you need to enter the United States as a student, find a job, and then secure sponsorship (2.5 years to do it)

World after the Cold war:

-Never imagined one could miss the cold war. -There was a stability -World today is on one level safer, yet is less predictable. -After a relatively stable interim in the 1990s, state system, above all in the Middle East broke down under the combined pressure of western invasion and internal protest. -ISIS/Al Qaeda are not systems-threatening (though they are systems-challenging) because they are not states. If, however, a nuclear armed state were taken over by such extremists (Pakistan), then all bets are off.

What was the effect of the Holocaust and WWII on eugenic sterilization?

-None -Eugenic sterilization not only continued after the war -It increased

Great deal of criticism of Israel for the manner of its foundation, on the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. This is quite wrong because:

-Nothing unusual historically (Poland, Czech Republic, Canada, the US, Turkey, Greece etc.) -Expulsions were in a comparative context the mildest, leading to the fewest deaths and rapes

Describe the organized expulsions that happened from 1946-1947:

-Nov. 20, 1945: Allies' expulsion agreement sets up the Combined Repatriation Executive (CRX) -Some ten "repatriation officers" responsible for a tiny staff; -Allies used negotiations with Poland and Czechoslovakia to secure provisions -Expulsion of Germans occurred along with the transfer of Poles -Trains continued to run as negotiations underway

Give examples of why context is important in causality:

-Offering more money will lead to more work in contemporary America, but not in medieval Europe (or perhaps even to the same degree in contemporary Europe). -Increasing social spending might have no effect in wartime (when the absence of male earners and the general disruption of the economy is too important a driver of family wages)

Describe what happened in the Armenian Genocide:

-Ottoman Empire shrinking from 1830, collapse set in in 1912 -Christians concentrated in Eastern Anatolia. -As Ottoman campaign against Russia faltered, Armenians suspected of pro-Russian sentiment -April 24, 1915: several hundred Armenian intellectuals rounded up and executed-start of the genocide -Armenians ordered to turn over weapons; those in the army sent to labour camps where they were killed or worked to death. -Others were sent on death marches across the Syrian desert to concentration camps; others shot and dumped in mass graves. -1.5 million expelled, and 750,000 died. Their property was later confiscated

What happened in the Balkans Wars during 1912-1913?

-Ottoman pushed out of Europe and back towards the current borders of Greece -Some 175,000 were expelled during the war, and hundreds of thousands left in subsequent years

Unravelling the paradox of multiculturalism's popularity:

-Partly to do with the success of immigrants (but why not the US, or more recently the UK?) -Partly to do with critical mass: the country is past the point of no return in that immigrant communities here are so large and established that it is electoral suicide to oppose immigration (Reform Party). -Mostly to do with something that has nothing to do with immigration at all. The eternal Canadian quest: NOT BEING AMERICAN

What is missing from the definition of genocide in Article II?

-Political groups -"Other" groups

What happened during and because of the terrorist campaign?

-Post offices, military installations attacked, bridges blown up. -June 29, 1946, British launch Operation Agatha, designed to crush the Haganah (Zionist) -July 22, 1946: IZL (Zionist) plants bomb under King David Hotel, killing 91 people -Feb. 14, 1947: The British washed their hands of Palestine (stopped being involved in it)

What were Soviet's plans in 1979?

-Predicated on the assumption of a NATO attack. Sacrifice Poland -Launch nuclear strikes destroying Vienna, Verona, Munich, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, -Assume Budapest's destruction -Launch conventional attacks on Britain and France -Move Soviet, East German, and Czech conventional forces to the Rhine. -If the US did not respond, Soviets would win; if the US did, then total nuclear holocaust

Give another example of a spurious relationship with STDs:

-Promiscuity leads to increased STDs -Certainly a correlation between increased promiscuity and STDs -But: contraception, specifically condoms, is actually the independent variable -Thus: increased availability and use of condoms reduces STDs. A proven causal relationship

Give examples of religious wars that were fought between religious groups:

-Protestants and Roman Catholics -Moors and Christians -Ottoman Muslims and Christian Europeans -Sunni and Shiite Muslims

What happened in 1981?

-RR elected President. Rhetoric heats up; Caspar Weinberg launches a new arms race -SU sets up Ryan, a new intelligence collection programme

Migrants from the US/Canada/Australia followed basically the same trajectory, which was:

-Rapid immigration in the 19th (above all late 19th century) from Europe. In the US, the basic pattern was British, then German, then Irish/Italian, then Eastern Europe. In Canada/UK, empire gave Britons an edge into the post-1945 period -A closing of the doors, above all to non-white and non-north European immigration from the post-World War I period to the 1960s

The Peace of Westphalia 1648:

-Re-establishes 'Cuius regio, eius religio' -More: the emperor no longer claims authority over areas outside his borders -The treaty establishes the principles of sovereignty -The Westphalian System

What happened in Poland with the Germans?

-Removals from Danzig began as soon as the Germans left -Initially humane, they became extremely brutal Large processions of Germans trudged west towards the Oder -Old and sick fell and died by the side; women raped by Red Army soldiers

What was the result of the plan formed in April 1928?

-Result was great variation in commanders' reactions. -War crimes committed on all sides

What is an atrocity?

An act of gratuitous cruelty usually resulting in death

What was the revisionists interpretation of the Cold war?

-Revisionists: WA Williams -Make economics prior to politics. -Policy in the US driven by need to keep market open for American goods. -The SU was therefore to be contained and there was little interest in negotiating in good faith. -The search for an 'open door' for markets goes back to 1812, and continued on with US interference in LA

What happened in 1952 for the eugenics movement?

-Rockefeller money creates the Population Council -Frank Notestein of the Milbank Memorial Fund was the first director

What were the effects of the Noakhali Massacre?

-Sectarian hatred increased -Thousands of Muslims killed, and 400,000 affected by violence and/or migration -March 1947: Punjab in flames -Gangs roamed the streets setting houses on fire -Massive migration begins in both directions

What was Stalin's reaction to the Marshall Plan?

-Sept. 1947: he announced the formation of the Cominform. Stalin's spokesperson to a protesting Pole: "Don't throw your weight around. In Moscow we know how to apply Marxism-Lenninism -Feb. 1948: Stalin approves plan to by Czechoslovakian Communists to seize power in the only East European state that had retained a democratic government -Broken body of Jan Masaryk, the son of the country's founder, found in a Prague courtyard

What is an explanation for Germany's failure?

-Sheri Berman offers a critique of the neo-Tocquevillian argument (Putnam) that robust civil society depends on voluntary associations (explain Bowling alone-decline in participation). -Berman: Germany had a robust civil society: patriotic societies, sports and reading clubs, neighbourhood associations, fraternities, etc. -But: National Socialists used Germany's rich associational life as a training ground for its cadres and as a base from which to seize power

What was the argument of Birthright?

-Should we not protect the Birthright of the unborn from violation by defective and irresponsible parents? -"Would unborn children willingly sacrifice a happy, intelligent home and a good heredity for feeblemindedness, neglect, and institutional care so that mentally defective persons might have the right to parenthood?" -AVS, 9/9: If the Unborn Could Choose Their Parents! (undated, but likely 1950)

In the previous example of social spending, what is the independent and dependent variable?

-Social spending = the independent variable. -Poverty = the dependent variable. -Thus: a change in the independent variable (social spending) causes a change in the dependent variable (poverty)

What happened in the Noakhali Massacre?

-Southeastern Bangladesh -October 1946: following instigation, Muslim mobs kill Hindus, organize forcible conversions -5,000-10,000 killed

What are the Westphalian principles?

-Sovereignty -Non-intervention -Sovereign equality

What happened in Iran and Turkey during the Cold war?

-Soviet troops in Northern Iran. -Demanded from Turkey territory and bases that would allow it to control the Turkish straits. To Molotov: "Go ahead and press them for possession. Demand it!" -US took the matter to UN Security Council in 1946; Soviet troops withdrew. -Feb 22: Kennan published his telegram

What happened in Europe after the Soviets withdrew from Iran and Turkey?

-Soviets installed 'friendly' regimes throughout eastern Europe -Poland: Stalin imposed a Communist government by force. -Baltic states: had been annexed and were part of the SU. -Same pattern followed in Hungary and Romania. Czechoslovakia: only country to retain a democratically elected government. Greece: Soviets supporting Communists in a civil war

Describe the expulsions in the 1930s and WWII:

-Stalin transferred huge numbers of Kulaks, Germans, Poles, and lesser numbers of Koreans and Finns; figures well over 2 million -Hitler expelled some 900,000 Poles from occupied Poland; pushed large but unclear number of Jews over the Soviet demarcation line -Plans for expulsion/starvation of 20-30 million

What happens in the conclusion of an essay?

-Summarize your argument -If possible (not strictly speaking necessary), use the conclusion to broaden the discussion

Is there a potential for a new Cold War?

-Tension b/w the US and SU growing. -Putin invaded Ukraine and Georgia, interferes directly in Central Asian states and Moldova, and less directly in France and the United States. It is a new conflict: NATO has to be prepared to defend the Baltic states. -But: less likely to be fought on the conventional battlefield - where the SU would lose - or with nuclear weapons (where everyone would lose) than on social media and through hacking/leaks and fake news

Give an example of how a terrible essay, passing essay, and very good essay would answer the question: "What effect did President Ronald Reagan have on the end of the Cold War?"

-Terrible essay: would provide a meandering history, with inadequate sources and a few mistakes, on the end of the Cold War. -Passing essay would argue that "Reagan was the single greatest factor leading to the end of the Cold War." -Very good essay "Reagan had an important effect on the end of the Cold War as his arms build-up forced the Soviet Union to follow suit, thus weakening its economy. Reagan was, however, not the only factor. Equally important was Gorbachev, who set in motion the domestic reforms that helped undo the Soviet Union. Finally, Pope John Paul II played an important, if smaller, role in encouraging Roman Catholic opposition in Eastern Europe, which inspired many to take to the streets in the Autumn of 1989."

What was the October Crisis in 1970?

-Terrorist incidents in Montreal -British trade minister/Quebec Cabinet Minister kidnapped -PE Trudeau passes War Measures Act, suspending civil liberties -Five hundred arrested across the country -Pierre Laporte murdered, terrorist cells torn up -Generally judged an overreaction

What were some associations that prolonged sterilization?

-The Sterilization League of New Jersey, Birthright (successor of the SLNJ) -The Human Betterment Association of America (successor to Birthright) -Human Betterment Association for Voluntary Association (successor to Birthright) -Association for Voluntary Sterilization (successor to the HBAA)

Violence had 3 targets:

1. The peasantry, which needed to be displaced and/or destroyed in order to build capitalist arrangements on private land holdings 2. The landed aristocracy, which would otherwise align itself with what became Fascist regimes (Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany) 3. Huge numbers of people caught in between

What was the process of professionalization of politics characterized by?

-The separation of the branches: separation of administrative staff (permanent), administrative officials (appointed), and material means of administrative organization (finance) -Politics becomes a full-time activity, on which the propertyless at least live. The professionalization of politics developed through a process in which the prince wrests power from the Staende

What is the structure of the westphalian system?

-The system establishes units but no clear structure -The structure is a lack of authority -Anarchy: lack of government -Not chaos -No government: no executive, legislator, judiciary -E.g. can there be law in the absence of a legislator? -Collective action -Does anarchy = conflict? (Zombieland) -International organizations try to mitigate anarchy: organize collective action

When do killings become genocides, according to Theodore Roosevelt?

-Theodore Roosevelt, Winning of the West: "The settler and pioneer have at bottom had justice at their side; this great continent could not have been kept as nothing but a game preserve for squalid savages" -Referring to: Indian Removal Acts pushing allowing for the deportation of Indians from lands east of the Mississippi. 20,000 Cherokee deported at gunpoint, ¼ died on the 'Trail of Tears'

Official multiculturalism couldn't make a difference anyway because:

-There's no money it: 13.2 million dollars. -During 2010-2011, the government provided funding for two 'streams:' the Projects Stream and the Events Stream. -The former "provides funding for multi-year community development or engagement projects to promote integration," -The latter "provides funding for community-based events that foster one or more of the following: intercultural or interfaith understanding, civic memory and pride, and respect for core democratic values. The primary goal of this stream is to create concrete opportunities for interaction among cultural and faith communities."

What happened in the trains to the Germans who were expelled?

-Those on foot were joined by the trains -Trains offloaded hundreds of thousands of Germans into the pulverized cities of the Reich -Worst conditions were likely in the camps set up for those awaiting expulsion; wholly corrupt guards, tortures, beatings, rape, and murder extremely common

Give an example of how the state can crush opposition:

-Tiananmen square in 1989 -Implement the most brutal policies -Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines launched a war on drugs that allowed the execution of actual or suspected drug users and drug dealers -Police death squads sent out for arrests/summary executions -Some 7,000 dead, 2,555 in police operations -Hundreds of thousands are in prisons

Why did, and does, the anti-US thesis have such strong appeal?

-US actions: Vietnam, Latin America, Middle East appeared to make the means subservient to the end. -But also: appeal of authoritarian and extremist regimes for the left. -Well until the 1950s, even early 1960s, major European public intellectuals fawned over the Soviet Union; denied the terror; and regarded it as morally superior to the US

What is the conclusion of flight, dispossession and expulsion?

-Value of comparisonUsual narratives don't hold: -(i) Germans: revenge narrative; violence equally brutal on the subcontinent. -(ii) Indian subcontinent: religious hatred; all Christians in Europe. -Israel: mildest, most 'humane', of the expulsions. -But: nowhere to be expelled to. -Sudden explosion -Then stopped.

The entire migration system is based on work and getting migrants into it-this is a function of:

-Very low income support levels: you work or you suffer Otherwise, both rely in different ways on civil society actors and place the accent on language (NB: claims for bilingual education in the US as necessary turned out to be nonsense: move to English-only instruction in California improved results)

What was the divisive debate throughout the 2000s in terms of undocumented immigrants in the US?

-Were there to stay and had to be legalized -Legalization was a reward for criminality and would only encourage more illegal entries

What is the difference in immigration policy/success between Canada and Europe?

-Where Canada has positively selected, Europe has negatively selected. -Whereas the majority of immigrants to Canada are unusually driven to succeed educationally, those in Europe have average, or worse, attitudes to education. -Whereas Canada integrates migrants in work, Europe integrates them into welfare

What was the new eugenics?

-Will to sterilize remains: Peruvian aboriginal women in the 1990s, frequent calls for drug addicts, the unemployed to be sterilized -Retains this logic wherever there is a welfare state

German currency reform:

1 DM = 1 RM for the essential currency 1 DM = 10 RM for the remainder in private non-bank credit balance; everyone got 60 DM

What were the conclusions of Potsdam July 17-August 2 1945?

1. Accept the division imposed by Soviet tanks - Oder Neisse line. 2. Division of Germany confirmed. 3. German territory to O-N line and Alsace Lorraine lost. 4. There would be an orderly and humane transfer of the Germans from Eastern Europe. 5. Germany would be de-industrilaized, democratized, de-nazified, de-cartelized and de-militarized. 6. 4 powers would work together

When do atrocities increase? Give 4 reasons:

1. As wars continue 2. When military command turns a blind eye 3. When excessive discretion is allotted to field-based commanders 4. When the state and/or army sanctions them

What are 5 criteria for a causal relationship?

1. Association 2. Time order 3. Non-spuriousness 4. A causal mechanism 5. Context

Reliable sources vary, but a safe guide would include what 3 things?

1. Books published by major university press (Oxford, Cambridge, Berkeley, Yale, Harvard, Duke, Indiana, Toronto, UBC, McGill etc.). Generally, the serious research universities have the better presses, though some lesser known presses are very solid (Kansas for US politics). When in doubt ask your TA. 2. Peer-reviewed articles: British Journal of Political Science, Comparative Politics, American Journal of History, Past and Present and so on. All articles have been read and critiqued by two-three specialists in the field. 3. Statistics from reliable sources: PEW/Gallup public opinion data. OECD economic data. When you find statistics in the secondary literature, check the sources. If you are looking at statistics on expulsion, atrocities, rape, would the compilers of the source have an interest in inflating or minimizing them? If so, keep looking. Comparing several sources often provides clarity.

What are 6 preconditions of democracy?

1. Elections = most basic precondition. 2.. Enough? 'Fallacy of electoralism' (Terry Karl). Elections must be at least free and fair. 3. Substantive rights: to a free press, to free association, to freedom from political intimidation. (In Russia, journalists are murdered and arrested) 4. Participation? Does a democracy require participation beyond voting (neo-Tocquevillians such as R. Putnam and B. Barber)? 5. More controversially: equal resources? Positive vs. Negative freedoms debate (needs a certain degree of equality/equal distribution of resources) 6. Gendered democracy: full female participation, and female equality (Ann Phillips). A very old debate: classical Athenian democracy was highly exclusive.

The reframing of eugenics after WWII came up with what 3 arguments for its continuation?

1. Ensuring the rights of the child (1930s-1950s) 2. Curbing excessive overall population growth (late 1950s-1980s) 3. Curbing welfare abuse (1960s-1970s)

Eugenics rested on what 3 core ideas?

1. Feeblemindedness is hereditary 2. The feebleminded were out-breeding the fit 3. Heredity + differential fertility = Race Suicide

History of Democratization: Samuel Huntington's the three waves:

1. First wave: early 19th century to 1922: extension of suffrage to propertied males, all males and (in some countries) women 2. Second wave: from the Allied victory until the 1970s: Japan, Germany, Italy democratized (The line was flat throughout the 1960s: 32) 3. Third wave: 1974 until today

What 3 things came together after almost all sterilizations occurred within states?

1. First, the legal basis for such sterilizations had been there for decades: since the early 1930s, North Carolina authorized the sterilization of people outside institutions, making it an exception in the United States 2. Second, from the 1930s, Birthright, largely bankrolled by Clarence Gamble, helped set up a dense network of birth control clinics throughout the south 3. Third, once the Civil Rights Act of 1964 granted African Americans full access to federal welfare programs, African American take-up rates for welfare rose sharply

What are 3 criteria for writing a good essay?

1. Have an argument = good essay 101 2. Sometimes called the thesis statement, it holds the entire essay together 3. The argument should be both plausible and should be a roadmap to the rest of the essay. That is, it should already contain indications as to what will come next

Throughout the 1950s, NATO defense based on what 3 things?

1. Idea of a limited nuclear war (MacArthur wished to drop nuclear bombs on Chinese troops during the Korean war). 2. No cities would be bombed (odd repeat of the old US commitment to precision bombing). 3. A second Normandy. Changed by the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, in which Kruschev stationed missiles in Cuban pointed at the US.

What are 3 interpretations of the end of the Cold war?

1. Inherent Soviet economic weakness. 2. The Gorbachev factor. 3. Negotiation through strength: massive arms build up strained the US but wrecked the SU

What are 5 types of genocide?

1. Instrumental 2. Nation-building 3. Political 4. Racist 5. Ideological

What are 2 confusions of multiculturalism?

1. Multiculturalism as a sociological fact vs. multiculturalism as a policy 2. Thick vs. Thin multiculturalism

What are 3 theories of the state?

1. Pluralist 2. Marxist 3. State autonomy

On this structure, further 3 features of the contemporary world emerge:

1. Political parties. 2. Parliament, the parties, the party leader (England as exemplar) 3. Political bosses designed to mobilize the vote

What 6 fields is political science made up of?

1. Public policy 2. Political development 3. Comparative politics 4. International relations 5. Canadian (or Indian, or American, or British or Brazilian, etc.) politics 6. History of Political Thought/Political Theory

In what 3 ways did Truman respond to the Soviets testing their own bomb?

1. Quietly authorizing the accelerated production of atomic bombs. 2. Announced program for the hydrogen bomb. 3. He launched a build up of conventional US forces (no peace dividend)

What are 6 conclusions we can draw from the eugenics movement?

1. Role of superintendent. 2. Institutional continuity plus reframing of argument in postwar years. 3. History of both choice, the great society and the population growth movements need to be rethought 4. In the former, the eugenics, birth control, forced sterilization movements were one 5. WPG movement founded on a deeply misanthropic, neo-eugenic concern with differential fertility. 6. RCC fought, for seven decades, a rearguard action to defend the fertility rights of the mentally handicapped and, from the 1960s, African Americans.

Wars may be defined by what 4 things?

1. Scale 2. Methods 3. Services employed 4. Effects

The immigration system in Australia/Canada has worked with 2 different models:

1. Selecting people for particular jobs 2. Selecting people with high general levels of human capital

Give examples of multiculturalism in practice:

1. Sharia controversy 2005. 2. The 2007 Progressive Conservative promise to fund religious schools beyond Roman Catholic ones. 3. 2001 debate about removing the niqab and the burka during citizenship ceremonies. 4. 2007 public opinion poll:

Contemporary state is made up of six components:

1. The Legislature 2. The Executive 3. Civil service 4. Courts 5. Police 6. Army

What is the 5 step process in which the prince wrests power from the Staende?

1. The Prince employs exploitable strata (the clergy) 2. The Prince engages the humanistically educated (Latin, Greek) 3. Power is wrested from the nobles and they are drawn into court 4. The local gentry (one below the nobility) are incorporated into the state in exchange for local power 5. University trained jurists are given a key role, and through this, we see the emergence of what we now call the civil service

What are 2 historical processes?

1. The Prince expropriates the legitimate exercise of domination from the 'estates' (die Staende): status groups, private lords, landowners, motley mix of monarchs, and merchants in the city states 2. Process involves the professionalization of politics; politics as a vocation rather than avocation. It began with the Italian cities of the 14th century (eg, Siena). Characterized by several features

Weber was responsible for several intellectual contributions, name 4:

1. The separation of facts from values in analysis (a German patriot who could rationally & coolly analyze German politics in 1918) 2. Observation that there is a tension between "the infinite complexity of the potentially knowable and our finite capacity to know." [McLean] 3. 'Ideal types:' abstractions, and often exaggerations, of social phenomena that have a relationship to reality but which are not real: class, status, party, power, charisma, feudalism, sect. You will hear about 'Weberian ideal types' and 'ideal types' as you move through your studies. 4. Role of religion in structuring social and political life

What are 3 arguments covered for war & genocide?

1. There is a close link between war and genocide 2. War is a precondition for genocide. 3. There is a close link between 20th century genocides, above all the Holocaust, and the human rights framework emerging after WWII

Trainload after trainload arrived in Germany, and the arrivals were marked by what 3 features?

1. There were few young able-bodied men 2. Expellees were often bruised, and many, including children, had been raped 3. Most if not all trains contained bodies; others had been thrown from the train before reaching Germany

What are the 3 types of authority and their meanings?

1. Traditional: based on long-standing custom 2. Charismatic: based on the extraordinary characteristics of the individual: divine (the Lady of the Lake), Mussolini, Hitler 3. Rational-legal: flowing from the rule of law, established procedures for imbuing individuals with power/legitimate dominance

Yalta on February 4-11, 1945, decided on what 5 things?

1. Unconditional surrender of Germany 2. Germany would be divided into 4 zones of occupation, and would pay reparations. (inc. forced labor) 3. There would be free and fair elections in Poland, Baltic states and elsewhere in EE 4. War criminals would be punished 5. Above all, the division of Europe into spheres of influence between the SU and the West agreed

If we accept the link between WWII and rights, expansion then why did this experience of dispossession, expulsion, and genocide lead to human rights' adoption when previous histories did not? Possible answers:

1. Uniqueness and enormity of the Holocaust? 2. Fact that those murdered were Europeans?

Immigrants may fall into what 2 categories?

1. Voluntary: skilled and low-skilled labourers, highly educated service sector worker, and family members 2. Forced: those expelled and those fleeing war, persecution, economic depression or environmental collapse

A limited nuclear war would, McNamara estimated, kill at least:

10 million Americans

How many sterilizations were there of African Americans in 1972-1973 alone?

100 000

How many undocumented immigrants are there in the US?

11 million

How many purely electoral democracies are there today?

118

Hitler authorized deportation of German/Austrian Jews in what year?

1941

When was Olden pushed out of the organization?

1947

Revisionist thesis first articulated in:

1959

When was the peak of revisionism?

1970s

Currently there are _____ immigrants worldwide, or three percent of the global population

200 million

There are currently some _____ refugees in the world and another _____ internally displaced persons

22 million, 43 million

At the peak of the first wave, how many democracies were there?

29

All superintendents in British Columbia sterilized together approximately:

300 patients

Dr. Le Vann, The Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives, sterilized approximately:

3000 people

Of the 45 million people in the area, running from Poland in the west to Leningrad-to-Crimea in the east, how many were considered racially undesirable?

33 million

Soviets withdrew from:

4-power agreement

How long did the Cold war last?

5 decades

What is one of the oldest and largest refugee groups?

5 million Palestinians, 1948ers, 1967ers, or their descendants [note that each Palestinian expulsion followed by a Jewish expulsion]

Fred O. Butler, Sonoma sterilized how many people?

5400

How many people were sterilized in North America?

66 000

Robert McNamara claimed:

Allies were war criminals

Describe the violence in the US:

American revolution cost the lives of 50,000-75,000 combatants, and the landed aristocracy only removed with the Civil War, at the cost of another 620,000. Civil was partly about destroying a landed aristocracy.

Immigrants naturalize in particularly high numbers in Canada:

79% in 2006

Sympathy of Noam Chomsky for:

9/11 bombers (ask ourselves why intellectuals ingratiate themselves to those who would happily slash their throats)

What has Japan, Germany, and the rest of continental Western Europe has learned about war & genocide?

A deep, instinctive horror of war, which can only ever be a response of the very last resort, and a cultural, moral and legal prohibition on torture in any form

What is a spurious relationship?

A false relationship, but more to the point a relationship that seems plausible but is in fact affected by something else

When asylum seekers are able to claim asylum, the result is:

A lengthy, expensive review and appeals process that in the end makes little difference in one sense: those staying in a country illegally are very unlikely to return because of the moral, legal and financial limits on deportation (this means that there is that there is a massive overconcentration of resources in the wealthy north to the detriment of the mass of refugees in the global south-raises a question of the numbers/rights trade off: the more is done for immigrants, the less we can do for them)

Revisionists gained currency in Vietnam, which came to be interpreted as:

A neo-imperial war of aggression

Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, recommended:

A neo-imperialist project that was "apparently brutal and heartless" but necessary for "cutting out the cancer"

The term 'international system' relies on:

A non-trivial theoretical assumption

And what is that essence of war?

A perhaps slow but inevitable weakening of moral restraint; an escalation in the extent of destruction, suffering and death; and the opening of the possibility of murder and displacement on an unimaginable scale

As a larger and still more measurable version of the point we made on the relationship between human rights and human suffering, violence on a very great scale was:

A precondition to the emergence of these democracies

There is no right to asylum, but:

A right to claim asylum and a duty of non-refoulement (a duty not to return a person to a country where they face a well-founded fear of persecution on the grounds of race, religion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group or political opinion)

RCC led:

A seven decade campaign against eugenic sterilization

In Politics as a Vocation, Weber wrote:

A treatise about power, institutions, and the professionalization of politics

What did this highly positive result of human rights require?

A war in which up to 60 million people were killed; tens of millions displaced; and an entire people almost eradicated

What is power?

Ability to realize your ends against the resistance of others

Give an example of an instrumental genocide:

Aboriginals

Give examples of nation-building genocides:

Aboriginals, Armenians

The 'state' was first introduced into political discourse in the context of:

Absolutist states: Tutors in England, Hapsburgs in Spain, and Bourbons in France (they introduced a standing army, centralized bureaucracy and central taxation)

When multiculturalism is affirmed, Canadians are:

Affirming themselves

Social workers began recommending for sterilizations:

African Americans on welfare

When Stalin went to Yalta, he:

Agreed to the democratic elections without the slightest intention of implementing them (To Vyacheslav Molotov: "Do not worry. We can implement it in our own way. The heart of the matter is the correlation of forces.")

Polish and Czechoslovakian governments urged:

Allies to take charge

What is another tip for perfecting a thesis?

Avoid exaggerations in either direction: 'Reagan alone ended the Cold War' [NB: many Republicans believe this] or 'Reagan had no influence whatsoever on the end of the Cold War' (such statements provides you with no 'roadmap' and, moreover, is very unlikely to be true or - equally importantly - defensible)

What was marked first defeat of Stalin?

Berlin Blockade

Planned Parenthood operated 2/5 community action agencies providing:

Birth control and sterilizations

Merger with the HBF provided the occasion for a name and mission change:

Birthright

What did Birthright do in 1948?

Birthright adds popular articles on "Too Many People" and "Crowded off the earth" to its recommended reading

What was the typical operation of the Einsatzgruppen?

Bodies were brought to a pit

Who was murdered in the Soviet Union?

Bolshevists, Jews, and "Jewish Bolshevists."

What were the effects of WWII?

Bolshevization of Europe, decolonization in S/E Asia, emergence of human rights norms and treaties

1981/1983: NATO bombing exercises bring:

Bombers to Soviet territory, where they turn off; naval exercises approach Soviet borders

What happened in April 1992 in Yugoslavia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence. Region is 43% Muslim, 31% Serb and 17% Croatian.

During March 1947:

British announce that they can no longer support their troops in Greece

Palestine was before a:

British mandate

What happened 1945-1946 in India?

British rush out of India

Holocaust began with a holocaust of:

Bullets

Genocide is distinctly a 20th century concept, invented by:

By the Polish jurist Raphael Lemkin

What is integration?

Can be understood in economic, political, and social terms

Sociological multiculturalism in Canada works because:

Canadian immigration policy works, and Canadian immigration policy works because immigrants to Canada work

There was no distinction between war and politics, war and commerce, and war and religion: all parties used war to:

Capture territory, to expand markets, and to convert subjects

Describe the religious war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics:

Centuries of religious wars were fought between Protestants and Roman Catholics within Europe and overseas (with politics, profit, and piety ever-present motives)

State oppression among the most common forms:

China, Russia, Gambia, and Pakistan among those states named by AI

There will continue to be a competition among wealthy states for a global migratory elite that can:

Choose between countries in the way that domestic employees choose between benefit packages

Every claim, argument, and fact for which you rely on other sources must be validated with a:

Citation

Describe the Arab Spring:

Civil protests in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria have resulted in one democratic transition (Tunisia), crackdown (Bahrain, Yemen), revolution and counterrevolution (Egypt), regime breakdown (Libya) and civil war, 200,000 deaths and a 4 million refugees (Syria)

What is nationalism?

Claim that there is an 'nation,' a religious ethnic, cultural, linguistic or (less convincingly) civic community that deserves its own state - is predisposed towards intolerance and hostility towards those outside the nation, ethnie, and so on

One seeking asylum is someone:

Claiming to have a well-founded fear of persecution on the grounds of race, religion, nationality or membership of a social group

Describe the 2 models found in Europe (France, Germany, Britain, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria):

Colonial and the guestworker

Where and when was politics as a disciple founded?

Columbia in 1880

What are comparative politics?

Comparing institutions, political processes and public policy across countries

Introduce the concept of:

Competitive authoritarianism

Give an example from POL101 that has to do with the criteria of association:

Countries that committed/experienced war, genocide, expulsion, sterilization all expanded human rights legislation/norms for women, racialized minorities, LGBT people: United States, Western Europe, Canada, Israel, and India (though not for LGBT people)

In extreme cases, the state can:

Crush opposition

From 1942, concentration camps became:

Death camps and systematic gassing of Jews

After the "bombers dream", what was declared?

Declared a Maoist/Stalinist agrarian republic based on forced evacuation, forced labour, deliberate starvation, torture and murder

What were the effects of the Napoleonic wars (1803-1815)?

Defeat of Napoleon, destruction of the French empire, establishment of the Council of Europe, Pax Britannica

What does the army do?

Defends the state from external and, in highly exceptional circumstances, internal threats

For much of the 16th and 17th centuries, war defined:

Defined the civilian experience: as a mercenary who butchered civilians or as a civilian who was butchered by a mercenary

Lesson for international relations:

Democracy begins at home; the best thing that democracies can do to spread their values abroad is to ensure that they are respected at home

Where was the link between violence and democracy broken?

Democratization after WWII

As we have seen in Russia, Egypt, Syria, and as we will perhaps see in Turkey, there can be no democracy without:

Democrats

What is the origin of the word "democracy"?

Demos = people / cracy = rule (rule of the people)

Why did Stalin meet Churchill without Roosevelt's consent?

Did so to ensure a British presence in Greece, which was of key geopolitical importance

What are linkages?

Distance between them on the one hand and Berlin/Brussels and Washington/New York on the other

What was the meaning of Robert C. Cook's quote?

Draw out racist undercurrent of anti-WPG movement in the 1960s and 1970s

Perfect complementarity might:

Drive a massive emigration to Europe, a sort of historical reversal of massive 19th century emigration from Europe (this will place great pressure on northern social systems, above all welfare delivery)

During the period of Birthright in the 1950's, what 2 groups were closely linked together?

During this period, the links between the birth control movement and the eugenics movement tightened: birth control leaders on both sides of the Atlantic - Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, Clarence Gamble, Robert Dickinson, and Alan F. Guttmacher - were all hardcore eugenicists

The 1970s was a period of:

Détente initiated by Henry Kissinger and President Nixon

What is a flaw in the pluralist theory?

E.E. Schattschneider: "the flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent." (Semi-Sovereign People) [earlier, C. Wright Mills]

The more important difference between Europe and NA, for which prof thinks many of the debates about Islam in Europe are really a proxy, is:

Economic

That migrants work, how they work, and much they make when they work depends on:

Education

What did Lemkin's efforts lead to (in terms of genocide)?

Efforts led to the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Possibly basic prerequisites of democracy:

Egypt, Lybia, Syria possess an urban middle class, but it is small compared to the mass of rural poor

In our collective memory, war is either:

Either a series of triumphs - Vimy Ridge, the Remagen bridge, Normandy, and so on - or a specific set of exclusivist victim narratives: Jewish, female, Japanese-Canadian and so on

Mao threw himself in with Stalin, and:

Embraced an unbending, and ultimately destructive, version of Marxism Lenninsim

Early successful democracies were:

England, France, the United States

Links between eugenics and _____ movement

Environmental (misanthropic undercurrent to some portions of the environmental movement)

Superintendents lobbied hard for:

Eugenic sterilization

In matters of immigration policy and immigrant success, _____ is the mirror image of Canada

Europe

Give an example of a modern genocide:

European colonies in South, Central and North America were accompanied by the enslavement, exploitation, expulsion, murder, and death through disease of 30 to 50 million people, or 80% of the original population

More than a contrasting experience, it reflects:

Everyone's failure to remember

All assertions on your part must be validated by:

Evidence, which means a serious citation

Germany: landed aristocracy destroyed through:

Execution (by the Nazis), dispossession and expulsion

Causality has been therefore derided as 'physics envy,' but it can be very useful in:

Exploring relationships, finding out why outcomes are what they are, and even in clarifying thinking

In 1957, Clarence Gamble founds the Pathfinder Fund, designed to:

Export birth control to the Third World with the specific aim of reducing population

Historically, and arguably conceptually, nation-building depends on:

Expulsion (nations, and nationalism, have triumphed through the expulsion and murder of the other)

Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 followed by the:

Expulsion/flight of 500,000 Turks from Bulgaria; another 200,000 killed

The international system is also a space for:

Extensive cooperation

None of the concentration camps, etc. would have been possible without:

Extensive local collaboration

What is the irony of the US?

Extremely hard to migrate there (no equivalent of the Canadian points system for those who wish to apply to migrate)

_____ groups armed themselves in India

Extremist

By this standard of competitive authoritarian regimes, the number of democracies:

Falls greatly, and the authors estimate that some 40 countries are or were competitive authoritarian between 1989 and today (e.g. Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Cameroon, Cambodia, Gabon, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Russia, Ukraine and Zimbabwe, among others)

Only changed with Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago, but as late as 1980s:

False version of SU peddled at NA universities

Intolerance declining everywhere:

Far-right in Europe, which essentially attracts the 'have nots', is fighting a doomed rearguard action against the arc of rights

What happens to Soviet intelligence in 1983?

Feb. 17: Soviet intelligence goes into overdrive

What are the courts?

Final arbiter on what is and is what is not permitted by national law (e.g. Judge Robart, a federal judge, has blocked Trump's ban on the grounds that (a) it is likely a violation of constitutional rights and (b) allowing the ban to continue until it is adjudicated will cause 'irreparable' damage to individuals. Basic point: Trump's ban exceeded presidential authority.)

US policy in Latin America, above all support for Pinochet in Chile, seemed to be the:

Final confirmation

What is one group that is unskilled, suffers from low-educational levels, extremely high unemployment, state dependency, and systematic racism?

First Nations. They are far worse off and worse treated than any migrant group in Western Europe; rough equivalent would be Roma in Eastern Europe

What is 'broken window' policing?

Focuses on the importance of disorder (e.g. broken windows) in generating and sustaining more serious crime

1950 Pamphlet called for:

For 70,000 sterilizations per year to keep up with births of feebleminded

Work on causality strives for:

For generalizability (e.g. not simply explain why democracy succeeded in France, but the conditions under which democracy succeeds or fails)

The US is, in this as in all things, an odd case in immigration:

Formal immigration policy is negatively selective (because it is based on family immigration) but the US economy pulls in large numbers of skilled workers, and US universities are the first choice of ambitious immigrants globally. Some 700,000 in total: 40% studying engineering and science/ 20% studying business.

Role of the state in:

Fostering conflict

Elections have to be more than free and regular with uncertain outcomes, they have to be fair, meaning:

Free of incumbent abuse and intimidation and without systematic and structural disadvantages for opposition parties

What role did the federal government start to take in the 1960s?

From the 1960s, federal government began providing funds for birth control through Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Voluntary immigrants-distinguish the settler countries of Canada, the US and Australia from:

From the postwar, 'accidental' European countries of immigration

Which other groups died in concentration camps?

Gays, Slavs, and Jehovah witnesses

What are instrumental genocides?

Genocides that were justified as means to an end (settlement, civilization, extraction)

What is a difference between immigrants in Canada and in the US?

Immigrants are, with notable exceptions, more economically successful in Canada than they are in the United States

Immigration policy works, in short, when:

Immigrants work

In Palestine, there was significant Jewish:

Immigration in the interwar period

During the war in Palestine, the UK tried to remain:

Impartial, siding at different times with both sides

How did Hitler implement his vision?

In both Poland and the SU, 5 Einsatzgruppen followed the armies into occupied territories. As the armies pushed forward, they stayed behind and began murdering civilians.

According to Article II, what does genocide mean?

In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part (d) Imposing measures to prevent births within the group (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

Following the civil rights movement, the language of rights had a universalizing logic, which meant it became:

Increasingly difficult to deny them to women, to racial minorities and finally to sexual minorities (opposition to gay marriage is the last gasp of a dying exclusivist logic)

In 1942, India was offered:

Independence

Truman and the State Department assumed that China could be treated like Yugoslavia; an:

Independent Communist state non-aligned with either power

War, genocide, displacement and sterilization ( _____ variables) resulted in the institution of human rights across the West ( _____ variable)

Independent, dependent

Other refugees make their ways as:

Individuals or in smaller groups to claim asylum in the west

Expulsion before WWII had a problem of:

Infinite regress

Canadian multiculturalism is thus a camouflaged:

Integration policy

What was Weber interested in in terms of power and domination?

Interested in the conditions under which domination can be deemed, by the dominated, legitimate

State formation was bound up with:

Intolerance, oppressive and murderous practices

A refugee is one who:

Is granted asylum

What happened on May 15, 1948?

Israel declares independence, Arab state forces moved in

Even though the Arab state forces moved in:

Israelis outnumbered but united in purpose; had far better military leadership; and, eventually, possess better arms

History may be denied, but:

It cannot be destroyed (for that history becomes contemporary politics, and politics hold those nations to account. In this way, the dead and dispossessed achieve some justice: their deaths and their suffering stand in judgment of the nations that that were the authors of their misery)

Why does social spending decrease poverty (what is the causal mechanism)?

It increases family income for the poorest, a fairly simply causal mechanism

How has so much causal effect attributed to such a small programme?

It is a mark of the success of the Canadian government's propaganda efforts, and the naivety of sections of the Canadian professoriate and Canadian press

Chambliss example: Causal claim: child poverty leads to a greater likelihood that children commit petty crime-why could this be viewed as condescending?

It is condescending to argue that the poor are less able to make moral judgements, to distinguish right from wrong

Democracy's survival will be a function of:

Its continued success, above all economic success, and by the individual commitment of its citizens

What were the differing viewpoints between Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammed Ali Jinnah?

Jawaharlal Nehru wanted one India; Mohammed Ali Jinnah wanted a separate, Muslim Pakistan

Who founded the discipline?

John William Burgess

Newspaper/magazine sources: Economist, NYT, FT: use sparingly, as:

Journalists work to very tight deadlines

What happened in September 1st 1983?

KA 007 shot down by Soviets, Nato exercises launched

Allied bombing wars deliberately:

Killed 375,000-600,000 Germans and a similar number of Japanese through conventional and nuclear bombing

What is the marxist theory?

Marx "State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the bourgeoisie," Communist Manifesto. Ralph Miliband is in this tradition; others see 'relative autonomy' from capital interests.

What is meant by context?

Means that some independent variables will have effect in some contexts but not in others

What is meant by a causal mechanism?

Mechanisms are difficult to understand. They are the 'process that creates the connection between the independent and dependent variables.'

What happened in 1928 for the population control argument?

Milbank Memorial Fund set up to do population research. Founding question: "Are the unfit being kept alive?"

What was the military effect like from the "bombers dream"?

Military effect was minimal, particularly in the case of forest bombings

What were the effects of the expulsion in 1850?

Most Indians east of the Mississippi had been transferred West to "Indian territory," while a massacre of California aboriginals living near goldfields occurred following the 1848 discovery of gold in the state

Instead, one of the most common patterns of immigration is to:

Move to use, legally or illegally, and through employer sponsorship or legalization secure a Green Card. With the Green Card in hand, you being sponsoring your family members.

Immigration DOES NOT EQUAL:

Multiculturalism

Who was murdered in Poland?

Murdered Polish nationalists, intellectuals, Roman Catholic clergy, and Jews

Following Congress of Berlin and recognition of Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin independence:

Muslim populations of these countries fled or were expelled (figures in the hundreds of thousands)

Why is the chief difference religion?

Muslims viewed with greater suspicion among Europeans than North Americans France and Belgium have instituted restrictions on religious dress in public institutions, while Belgium and France have attempted to ban the burqa in public. In Germany, the court struck down efforts to regulate the hijab in schools.

Who were Zionists?

National movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, Canaan or the Holy Land)

Period of great expulsion coincides, as so often, with:

Nationalism

Whats an example of a democratic failure?

Nazi Germany

Give examples of racist genocides:

Nazi Germany, Armenia, Yugoslavia?

Did human rights abuses end?

No

For a country to be democratic, does it have to be liberal?

No (e.g. Hungary: democratic but highly illiberal policies)

Turkey has had a fitful history of coups and democratic establishment, but:

No accompanying civil war

Assimilation has now become a dirty word, but it is in fact at base a liberal idea:

No matter what your racial or religious background, you can become 'us'

What is History of Political Thought/Political Theory?

Normative theory, either in a historical context (John Locke, Thomas Hobbes) or today (John Rawls, Amy Gutmann)

Arab Spring began in:

North African state (only one that proved successful-Tunisian exception)

What was the inspiration for the vision of Generalplan Ost?

North American Indians

By the late 1960s, _____ was responsible for the third largest number of sterilizations in the USA - California was first with 20,100; Virginia second with 8,000; and _____ third with 7,600

North Carolina, North Carolina

Violence is necessary BUT:

Not sufficient: think of China and the SU

But, methodologically, the question can be reversed:

Not why to democracies fail, but why do they succeed?

What is of greatest interest to us in this class about Weber?

Of greatest interest to us is his work on the institutions of power and domination

The defeat of Japanese and German imperial efforts depended on:

On a war in which 50-60 million died, half of them civilians

Work on causality draws on:

On language and method from the 'hard' sciences

Where were the religious wars between Moors and Christians taken place?

On the Iberian Peninsula

What happened in 1983?

On the brink of Nuclear War

Many excellent publications, particularly older ones, are simply not:

On-line

In compiling sources, do not rely simply on:

On-line sources

Describe the colonial model:

Open citizenship and migration regimes led to a large-scale influx of North Africans to France, Indians and West Indians to Britain, and Indonesians to the Netherlands

The Cold war was also a way of:

Ordering the international system

What is the origin of the cold war?

Origins in the 14th century as a description of a long-running conflict between Muslims and Christians in Spain

Uniquely, among Western countries, second-generation immigrants in Canada actually:

Outperform children of non-immigrant families

On Nov. 30 1947, war broke out in:

Palestine (until April: limited conflict)

Ethnic hatred gets us nowhere: hatred always there; expulsion occurs at:

Particular junctions

Increase in barriers means that:

Paying smugglers or traffickers is an increasingly common, often the only, way to travel to the West

In Europe, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Croatia democratized:

Peacefully

In Latin America since the 1980s, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico and Peru all _____ transitioned to democracies

Peacefully

What is another approach? (Lucan Way & Steven Levitsky)

Pick up the distinction between electoral and substantive democracies

80% of the population of _____; 64% of _____, and 75% of _____ would be expelled

Poland, Belorussia, Ukraine

The attribution of protection is in practice a deeply _____ process

Political

In political theory, Niccilo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke all relied on the concept of the state in explaining and justifying:

Political authority

What will drive massive population movements?

Political instability, war and a massive demographic imbalance in the context of wealth differentials

What was Hitler's goal?

Political, demographic, and racial reordering of Europe

Eugenics was distinctly _____ and _____ relevant

Political, policy

The hostility was about _____, not markets

Politics (Given this, the US did deliberately bait, bluff, and outmaneuver the SU (Marshall Aid) This does not, however, mean that the CW was the US's fault in the sense that it could be avoided;. It could no more be avoided that war with Nazi Germany could be avoided.)

What is the actual causal mechanism of the Chambliss example?

Poor households might have lower child/parental attachment, inadequate supervision, and erratic discipline. These are the mechanisms.

Immigration in Canada is consistently:

Popular: Canada is the only OECD country in which a majority of respondents consistently claim to want current or higher levels of immigration

Multiculturalism in Canada is consistently:

Popular: according to Environics 85% of Canadians believe that multiculturalism is important to the country

In the 1930's, eugenicists switched arguments to:

Population control (decided that that population increase rather than decline was the big worry)

Positive attitudes towards multiculturalism, driven by nationalism, have what kinds of effects?

Positive knock-on effects for immigration: one of the reasons why it is so popular (this is a good thing and bring benefits for the country and for immigrants to it, but it does not justify the 'hallelujah chorus' led by mostly white, mostly middle-aged male academics who trot around the world lecturing other countries to the effect that their problems would be solved if they would be just a bit more Canadian)

Why did eugenics end?

Post-civil rights era

Rwanda was part of Great Lakes region conflicts between rival groups jostling for:

Power

The Berlin Blockade was what for Stalin?

Propaganda disaster

Funds from the federal government flowed out to the states, who in turn:

Provided them to doctors and the birth control clinics set up by Gamble and Planned Parenthood

What do police do?

Punishes, including with force, those who violate laws and well as those who challenge the authority of the state. Precise sentencing determined by the courts.

What did Khan say about the violence resulting from the Partitions?

Rape was used as a weapon, a sport and as a punishment. Armed gangs had started to use rape as a tool of violence in Bengal and Bihar in 1946 but this now took on a new ubiquity and savagery in Punjab . . . [Many women] were snatched from their homes and villages by marauding gangs or literally carried away from the slow and under-protected kafilas that made their way on foot towards the border...Women's bodies were marked and branded with slogans of freedom...inscribed on their faces and breasts. Those who survived were often humiliated and grossly scarred. They had become symbols of terror.

The separation of war from other fields of human activity is extremely:

Recent

The idea of the period of détente was to:

Reduce tensions and military buildup; contain Soviet aggression through use of carrots and sticks; and achieve a balanced reduction in nuclear arms (thus maintaining parity)

Truman secured Congressional support for 13 billion dollars, and the Soviet Union:

Refused it, and in turn forced all Eastern bloc countries to refuse

What are international relations?

Relations among states

Case of Relf girls in Alabama blew the story open; judge forbid the practice in:

Relf v. Weinberg

Chief difference in assiminaltion is:

Religion

What is a powerful motivation for war?

Religion

19th century genocide: effective killing is made much easier by:

Technological advance

What is meant by time order?

Temporal priority of the independent variable: the cause has to happen before the effect (duh). If poverty declines before social spending increases, there is no causal relationship.

Democracy as majoritarianism vs. minority rights, tyranny of the majority, meaning:

Tendency to oppress minorities

Describe the violence in France:

Terror following the French Revolution. Approximately 40,000 people killed. Napoleonic wars claimed another 2-3.5 million

Zionist paramilitary groups began what from February 1st, 1944?

Terrorist campaign

An opening of immigration to Africa, Central/Latin America, South and East Asia and a demographic transformation of these countries through:

That migration

In our (modern) period, genocide arguably begins with:

The 15th century discovery of new lands occupied by aboriginal peoples

International ~ supranational:

The EU?

Germany: sympathy of leftwing intellectuals for:

The GDR and the violent and murderous Red Army Fraction

What was often described as the first genocide in history?

The Herero

Sterilization was blocked when:

The RCC successfully mobilized against it

Why was the inclusion of political groups opposed?

The Soviet Union opposed their inclusion because it feared that the destruction of the Kulaks (3 million deported, many died with the 3-5 million who died in the Soviet famine of 1932-1933) would be defined as genocide

Though states ensured it was non-binding, the US found it increasingly difficult to reconcile international support for human rights in:

The Soviet Union with its own record of apartheid (segregation)

Berlin Blockade tied which 2 countries?

The US & Germany

Who was Olden's enemy?

The Vatican/RCC

What happened after Slovenia and Croatia seceded from the Yugoslavian federation?

The Yugoslav Army fights a short, unsuccessful war against the new republic of Slovenia

When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, millions of Jews stood in the way of:

The advancing German army

War involves:

The application of force to pursue ends

10 years after the disaster of Iraq, after Afghanistan, after Libya, large numbers of US politicians and public intellectuals believe that:

The bombing of Syria will end the civil war there

What did Jan Mlynarik say in 1977 about the "Wild" expulsions?

The call to 'liquidate' the Germans was an invitation to carry out a patriotic duty: public executions, burning people as human torches, burning people as human bodies, shooting Germans in broad daylight on the streets of Bohemia and in Moravian towns, and, ultimately, inhumane expulsion of people from their homes in the years to follow: all of this was a massive, practical, everyday training in contempt for the notion of the human person, his dignity, and his rights as the world's highest value...[A] nation that behaves brutally towards others will itself succumb to the poison of these crimes.

What expulsions happened in 1776?

The creation of the American republic led to the flight or expulsions of some 60,000 Americans loyal to Britain, and the subsequent mass transfer and murder of large numbers of American Indians

What is political development?

The development of the state and institutions and the history of public policy

Here we have to recognize that the values that underpin democracy are threatened -by:

The enemies of free speech in Europe and North America; by a President who declares the free press the enemy of the people; and by religious extremism across the globe

What is assimilation?

The full absorption of the new country's culture and, in the most extreme case, religion (or secularism)

Give an example from POL101 that has to do with the criteria of time order:

The great rights' expansion occurred post-1960s

Coming back to Europe, flight and expulsion were interwoven with:

The history of warfare (but real period began in the 19th century)

Key institution for sterilization was:

The home for the feebleminded

What is the civil service?

The institution responsible for the day-to-day implementation and application of all laws and regulations emerging from the executive (Ministry of Education applies educational policy, Finance applies financial policy and so on). Most of your interaction with the state will, hopefully, be with the civil service.

What does the executive do?

The institution that executes, puts into practice. the decisions of the legislature

These institutions gradually assume:

The legitimate authority over power and dominance

Which professions were a constant source of support for sterilization?

The medical, psychiatric, and social work professions

Memory of war is:

The memory of what the antagonist - in WWII, the Germans - did to us, not what we did to others: Jews and Roma across Europe, Hungarians in Czechoslovakia, Germans in Eastern Europe after 1944 (captures a fundamental human tendency: to forget)

What is the central concept in political science?

The modern state

In the 1970s, in Spain, Greece, and Portugal, military dictatorships oversaw a transition to democracy; what played a key role in Spain?

The monarchy

Describe the violence in England:

The most peaceable of the cases, but even there the enclosure acts, passed over many centuries but with great intensity in the 18th and 19th, swept tens of thousands of peasants from the land, sending young men to factories and others to penury and poor relief

What is immigration?

The movement from one country for at least a year

Expulsion of Jews a prerequisite to:

The murder of West European Jews

What is external sovereignty?

The only entity that can take part in international affairs

Cold war can be understood as:

The period of entrenched ideological opposition between the SU and the US during which both sides did everything short of military conflict to destroy each other

What was the political effect like from the "bombers dream"?

The political effect was immense: Cambodia. Bombing further destabilized the regime and Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot emerged victorious

What is public policy?

The study of government policies (laws, regulations) and their effect

John William Burgess defined politics as:

The study of the state: "The national popular state alone furnishes the objective reality upon which political science can rest in the construction of a truly scientific political system."

Key actor for sterilization was:

The superintendent at homes for the feebleminded

What did Olden declare in 1947?

The time has come, she declared in 1947, to "expose the methods of that church which acts as an obstacle to progress in every form"

Despite the very different histories of colonial and guestworker-based countries, they share one thing in common:

The vast majority of their immigrants are unskilled. More formally, immigration policy is 'negatively selective'. In contrast, Canada and Australia select positively (select by skill).

Berlin Blockade cemented:

The world's respect for Berliners as freedom fighters

Wealthy, aging declining north will be set against:

The young, poor and fertile south

Why do these mechanisms on the previous slide bring those results?

There are FURTHER mechanisms: alcoholism/drug dependency, laziness, or overwork (two low-income jobs and little time for children)

What is meant by non-spuriousness?

There cannot be other, often invisible, causes

In either case, Fukuyama was right about one thing:

There is no meaningful alternative to liberal democracy. Russia and China and objects of fear, not love and a desire for emulation.

What was the peak of brutality in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Thirty Years' War

What has caused an anti-migrant backlash?

This dependency among certain migrant groups-raised questions about the sustainability of the welfare state in the context of high levels of immigration

What can explain the success of England?

This devotion to work, sobriety, frugality and wealth acquisition explains the success of England and, more broadly, more advanced development in post-reformation northern Europe - northern Germany, the Netherlands, the UK - than in the Roman Catholic Hapsburg Empire, the papal states, or Spain

Why have rich western states instituted barriers to keep asylum seekers away?

This is partly a function of anti-refugee sentiment, partly of the difficulties involved in securing expulsion

Traditionally, political communities were defined as:

Those entities which either are states or intend to become states (in order to allow for civil war-does this include ISIS and Al Qaeda?)

What was the logic of the immigration system in Australia/Canada?

Those with jobs obviously benefit the economy, but the jobs may vanish (oil sector?). Those with human capital, even if they lose a job will find another. But of the PhD is in Russian literature....? As so often in public policy, both choices have advantages and disadvantages.

What happened instead of the limited nuclear war?

Threaten each others cities with the explicit aim of killing the maximum number of citizens

In Canada/US/Australia, migrants originally came not merely to improve their personal lot but:

To transplant a culture, a cluster of institutions, and legislative practices from the United Kingdom [settler vs. immigrant]

Trevor Phillips, head of the Commission for Racial Equality, 2006: "Multiculturalism is dead" Angela Merkel, 2010, multiculturalism has "utterly failed." David Cameron, 2011, "Under the doctrine of state multiculturalism, we have encouraged different cultures to live separate lives, apart from each other and the mainstream." These statements provoked a torrent of defensive responses in Canada:

Toronto Star editorial, "Let's invite Chancellor Merkel and the members of her government to Canada. We can take her to visit the site of the Aga Khan's new Centre for Global Pluralism in Ottawa, visit the Michael Lee Chin Crystal at the ROM, and take tea with Adrienne Clarkson or Michaëlle Jean. In other words, let's invite our German friends to discover the benefits of a "real" multiculturalism policy." Haroon Siddiqui, T. Star, "While French President Nicolas Sarkozy, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and British Prime Minister David Cameron pronounced multiculturalism dead, no serious national politician in Canada dare suggests it....We are now the envy of the world, for having expanded our legal, political and social space to include all citizens, regardless of culture, religion, ethnicity or colour. Irene Bloemraad, Globe and Mail, Merkel is "dead wrong... multiculturalism is a key factor driving Canada's success at citizenship integration."

Before 1948, Stalin imposed:

Total control on eastern Europe, except Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, retained the annexed Baltic territories and made aggressive moves towards Greece and Turkey and Iran (all of these moves were consistent with plans that he had during, not after, the war; claim that they were reactive could not be credited)

What is leverage?

Trade, financial dependence, visas, entry to economic and political associations (EU) - allows democratic states to press democratizing countries to implement reform; linkage encourages the free flow and people and ideas that make democracy attractive to the citizens of the democratizing states

What was the Treaty of Lausanne during WWI?

Transfer 1.5 million Greeks to Greece and 500,000 Muslims to Turkey

Why is the definition of war that it is the "application of force to pursue ends" insufficient?

True of police officers, settlers, and bullies

What was the Truman doctrine (February 1947)?

Truman announces a program of military and economic assistance to Greece and Turkey

Those that do not confront its history:

Turkey above all, Japan, and Poland to a lesser degree - will find that the horrors they committed and encouraged will come back to haunt them, to disrupt their nationalist narratives, and to distort their politics

What was the expulsion during WWI that happened in Turkey?

Turkey expelled its Armenian, Assyrian and Greek populations: 275,000 Assyrians killed, 500,000 Greeks killed or deported, and 1 million Armenians killed

How were the massacres prolonged in Rwanda?

Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front organized attacks

African countries generally highly diverse, Rwanda/Burundi were the exception:

Tutsi minority, Hutu majority

What were the effects of what happened in Cambodia?

Two million died; around 1 million buried by the regime in the 'Killing Fields"

War followed quickly by:

UN declaration on human rights

Most of these refugees end up either in:

UNHCR refugee camps or in cities under UNHCR supervision

What happened after this period was shattered?

US launched a large-scale military build up, deployed intermediate cruise missiles in Europe, and encouraged anti-communist guerilla warfare in Cambodia, Afghanistan, Angola and Nicaragua

What came after has:

Undermined any hope of a viable Palestinian state, meaning that Israel will remain a permanent and morally tainted occupier (as all occupiers are) or a Jewish state that will be demographically overtaken by Arabs

Once we identify the nature of the units and the structure , we can:

Understand/predict the behaviour in such a system

What is causality?

Understanding the underlying cause or causes. Explaining why some outcome, 'x,' is obtained (explaining which "x" leads to "y").

The system is comprised of:

Units and structure

Goal in both Poland and Czechoslovakia was to:

Use terror to inspire flight

What did Obama do about undocumented immigrants?

Used an executive order to legalize 5 million (comment here on Obama's legacy: implementing policies (health care, legalization, restoring diplomatic relations with Cuba that Republicans detest but will find very hard to overturn - mark of a successful leader?). But: executive order still in the courts.

What have Britain and the US learned about war & genocide?

Very little-The US's view of war in the last century is fundamentally positive; it sees war as an option rather than the last option, and major public intellectuals - Alan Dershowitz - and US Supreme Court Justice Scalia have declared conditional support for torture

What atrocity is a classic case of good intentions?

Vietnam war

In politics, the "decisive means" to exercising power is:

Violence

What was the Palestinian narrative?

Violent resistance is a response to Israeli oppression; Israelis were themselves terrorists, multiple war crimes committed in Gaza strip, West Bank and in Lebanon in 1978, 2006 and above all 1982

Who popularized the concept of the Cold War in the 1940s?

Walter Lippmann

Above all, what we did not learn or what we forgot is the essence of:

War

As Tony Judt argued, it is not racism, anti-Semitism, or Islamophobia that leads to displacement, atrocity, and genocide, it is:

War

What ultimately happened after Israel declared independence?

War becomes a land grab by all sides

What is the definition of war according to the Stanford Encyclopedia?

War is "an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities" (distinct from bar fights, gang fights, or feuds)

What happened in Autumn 1991 in Yugoslavia?

War launched against Croatia

What does it mean that a wars' scale and consequences are very hard to control?

War, once unleashed, acquires its own logic and momentum, the result of which is generally a willful pursuit of bestial brutality that would have earlier horrified those committing it

Democracy, like human rights, has been built upon:

War, violence, dispossession, death, and the destruction of two classes

Give an example of scale in war:

Wars may be limited (Kuwait in 1991) or total (Hitler's war)

Give an example of services employed in war:

Wars may be naval, aerial, or conducted by land-based armed forces

Give an example of methods in war:

Wars may target military, industrial, or civilian targets, or some combination of the three

For most of European and wider world history, war was:

Was a natural reflex of sovereigns, merchants, and propertyless commoners

Give an example from POL101 that has to do with the criteria of context:

We are speaking about the same context: postwar, liberal democracies with, India excepted, similar degrees of wealth and prosperity

How do we prove causality?

We have to know that the relationship is not spurious

What was the Israeli narrative?

We withdrew from Gaza, and bombs started landing in Israel

A strong, though certainly not indisputable, case can be made that the wrenching violence experienced by Japan and Germany were:

Were a precondition for their transformation into highly pacifist and model democracies

Codification of:

Westphalia

The UN charter is built around the:

Westphalian principles

If Israel is to be criticized, it is for:

What came after, not during, 1948, and above all what came after 1967

One of the most basic questions in political science:

What is the form of government (democracy, dictatorship, oligarchy) and why does a system move from one government to another?

After the crisis, McNamara concluded:

What seemed to be 'rational' behaviour in Moscow came across as aggressive and irrational in Washington; world could tip into war (Put another way: action designed to be defensive by one party appears offensive to the other)

Causality formally defined:

When there is causality, one can speak of a causal connection, when change in one variable leads, ceteris paribus, to a change in another variable (e.g. an increase in social spending leads to a decrease in poverty)

Corollary of this is that Canadian smugness about its supposedly better treatment of migrants has little foundation:

When you select the world's best and they are successful (generally doing more for themselves than the country does for them), it is not difficult to have a successful immigration policy

What did superintendents decide?

Whether, how, and in which number eugenic sterilization occurred

In North America, the entire migration system is based on:

Work and getting migrants into it

Are both supporters and critics right?

Yes

Is Arab Spring a democratic failure?

Yes

When the UN General Assembly approves by the required 2/3 majority the partition plan:

Zionists accepted, Palestinians and Arabs rejected