POLITICS (Social policy)

equality of opportunity

A widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential

What is AARP

AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, social welfare organization with a membership of nearly 38 million that helps people (elderly) turn their goals and dreams into real possibilities, strengthens communities and fights for the issues that matter most to families — such as health care, employment and income security, and protection. (American Association of Retired Persons)

Liberals often are you that the more generous social policies are needed if America to truly ensuring what

Equality of opportunity

According to the authors of the textbook, since the 1930s, government sponsored employment and training systems have

Fared poorly in terms of expenditures, stability, and results

Medicaid

Federal and state-financed, state-operated Program providing medical services for low-income persons;established in 1965; largest single expansion of non-contributory assistance; doctors and hospitals do not have to take Medicaid patients; in-kind benefits

What households have made the slowest progress although poverty rates for this group have dropped sharply since 2000

Female headed households

Entitlements account for ______ percent of the total federal budget

57%

Who was in charge for caring for the poor during the 19th century

Private corporations

What was the impact of the great depression in 1929

Private wealth shrank, reducing the money going to charities, the banking system failed, being poor was no longer viewed as a personal defect but rather as a product of an imperfect economic system

National Defense Education Act of 1958

Provided funding to the US education institution at all levels; passed in response to sputnik a provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans upgraded funds and sciences, foreign language ,guidance services in teaching innovations; offered low interest loans to college students

Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF)

Replaced Aid to Families with Dependent c Children (AFDC ) it includes income, education subsidies and discounts, job-training programs and other benefits program varies by state;unpopular among voters, elected officials, and people who do not receive it

What are the two largest entitlement programs

Social Security and Medicare

What did Social Security do to benefit the elderly

Social Security has dramatically reduce poverty among the elderly since it's inception consider the most effective anti-property program in United States

Obamas American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (stimulus bill) did what

the act included a new 4.3 billion program called Race to the Top which offered competitive grants to keel education systems to be eligible for grant states had to agree to lift cap on the number of charter schools that could be created each year.

Most nonelderly adults receive health insurance through

their employers.

Who are the beneficiaries of social policy

Elder, middle and upper classes, working poor, non-working poor, minorities, women, and children

Healthcare policy is an important topic too many Americans and public official since, in 2007, approximately _______Americans did not have healthcare insurance

45 million

Which of the following was are part of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is 2001

-provision allowing parents whose child is attending a failing school to transfer the child to a better school -a requirement that all students be proficient in reading and math by 2014 -a requirement that schools show positive results for all subcategories of students and not just positive overall averages -requirement that every child in grades 3-8 be tested yearly for proficiency in math and reading -give the national government more control over education

Elementary and secondary education act of 1965

1 billion in federal aid to help public and parochial schools buy textbooks and library materials; offered federal aid for education by allocating funds to school districts with substantial numbers of children from families who were unemployed earning less than 2000 a year.

AFDC was not indexed to inflation; COLAs the value of AFDC benefits fell by how much

1/3

Goldberg v. Kelly

14th amendment requires welfare recipients to have a notice/hearing before state can stop benefits; Created the concept of entitlement by hoping that the financial benefits of AFDC could not be revoked without due process; Government benefits cannot be taken away without due process of law; Government benefits have similar constitutional status to property; people can be entitled to receive government benefits

When did the American welfare state begin

1930s

Poverty among all Americans has declined Markley since what year

1960; however the rate of progress has very significantly across groups

What year did the number of welfare recipients reach a High Point

1994

According to the social security administration A won't be able to pay out for benefits to the retirees starting in the year

2037

What is the poverty rate for Latinos

25.6%

What is the poverty rate for African Americans

27.2%

To pay for Social Security and Medicare, the government automatically withholds ________percent of the first 106,800 of earnings for Social Security and ________percent of all earnings for Medicare

6.2;1.45

Social Security Act (SSA)

A contributory welfare program into which working Americans contribute a percentage of their wages and from which they receive cash benefits after retirement

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older; established in 1965;medicare was the biggest single expansion in contributory programs since 1935

Means testing requires the applicants for welfare benefit show

A financial need for assistance

entitlement programs

A legal obligation of the federal government to provide payments to individuals or groups of individuals according to eligibility criteria of benefit rules

means tested programs

A procedure by which potential beneficiaries of a public assistance program establish their eligibility by demonstrating a genuine need for assistance

A charter school is

A publicly funded school that is free from the rules and regulations of local school districts; Obama administration has been a strong proponent of charter schools

What was the moral fitness test

A test used often as a cover to discriminate against minorities

When were the most important national education policies developed

After world war two

Hope VI

Allowed local public housing authorities to tear down the high-rise public housing that had been such a failure

Under which president was comprehensive healthcare reform passed

Barack Obama

Women in low-wage jobs are unlikely to receive what

Employer health insurance

The rate of _______poverty has increased in recent years

Child

Which group is most likely to be poor

Children under 18

Government programs that provide benefits to individuals that cannot be taken away without due process of the law are called

Entitlement programs

What was the Clinton administration housing priorities what was George W. Bush administration housing priorities and what was the Obama administration housing priorities

Clinton tried to combat homelessness but largely had to retreat; George W. Bush wanted to transform vouchers to block grant but failed; Obama forced to deal with the foreclosure problem, but federal programs did not experience much success

National Institute of Health (NIH)

Created to do biomedical research, focuses heavily on cancer and AIDS research

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Created to monitor outbreaks of disease and implement prevention measures

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act 1996

Creating major changes and welfare benefits and gave state more description and help benefits would be allocated

Three key features of ACA

Creation of a new state based insurance exchanges and prohibition against denial of coverage by insurers, individual mandate requires individuals to purchase health insurance or risk paying a fine;governments subsidies; expansion of Medicaid and SCHIP designed to help the uninsured,small businesses ,and the poor purchase insurance

Which two government programs assist the working poor

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and food stamps

What policies of state and local governments are the most important single force in distribution and redistribution of opportunity in American

Education policies

How do you break the cycle of poverty?

Education policies, employment training programs, and health policies

What are the four ways to break the cycle of poverty and redistribute opportunities

Education, health, and House policies, also employment

Who became president in 1933 and pushed for a stronger role for the federal government in combating poverty through contributory programs

Franklin D Roosevelt FDR

What do many states offer for nonworking poor

General assistance also known as cash assistance but most states have a greatly reduced the amount

With respect to the government public welfare assistance, by 1933 the question was

How generous are restrictive the system is going to be

What is indoor relief 1890

Indoor relief was provided to able-bodied people who were deemed employable. These precipitants were obligated to live in a workhouse and undertake work duties in order to receive assistance; Police stations were indoor relief people went for shelter but cannot stay many nights without being jailed

State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

Is a program administered by the United States department of health and human services that provides matching funds to state for health insurance to families with children

The social welfare system in the United States became public after what

It became public after private groups were unable to handle the Great Depression

US public health service has been existence since when and what part of the health policy did it play in

It has been in existence since 1798; it only played a small part in the public health policy until the mid-1900s

What is unemployment insurance

It is a Nother contributory program that is funded by a combination of federal and state taxes. In most state benefits last for a maximum of 26 weeks and in periods of high unemployment Congress can an act extended benefits that authorize an additional 13 weeks for those who have exhausted their regular benefits. Because state impose criteria about how long a person must work or how much she can earn to become eligible for unemployment insurance only about half of workers who lose their jobs receive unemployment benefits

What issues does ACA have

It is a highly continuous partisan issue, leading Republicans have pledged to repeal of the ACA, state insurance exchanges were plagued by computer problems in 2013, this harmed initial public perceptions of the ACA, the United States Supreme Court ruled that most of ACA is constitutional requirement for individuals to purchase insurance was ruled legal under Congress's taxing power

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) replaced what and what is ESSA

It replaced no Child Left Behind Act; ESSA gives states, rather than the federal government the authority to evaluate schools and to use broader criteria than test scores to do so

What statement about poverty is most true

Latinos have a higher poverty rate than non-Hispanic whites

What is a nation at risk

Low educational standard as the cause of America's declining international economic competitiveness

A program that provides extended medical services to all low income persons who have already established eligibility through means testing under TANF is

Medicaid

Which of the following programs provide in-kind benefits

Medicaid and the supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP)

How does the middle class benefit from social policies

Medicare and pensions for the elderly help the middle class by relieving them of the burden of caring for the elderly relatives, they benefit from the shadow welfare state, they benefit from tax expenditures

Which of the following is an example of contributory programs

Medicare, Social Security

what does the shadow welfare state refer to

Middle class; employer provided benefits like health insurance and pensions

Entitlement such as Social Security and Medicare account for

More than half of the federal budget

According to the authors of the textbook, when we study social policies from a group perspective, we can see that the elderly and the middle class received the _______benefits from the government social policies and that children in the working poor receive _______ benefits.

Most, fewest

Beginning in Illinois in 1911 and spread to 40 states by 1926, what applicants had to pass the means test and prove they were deserving physically, mentally, and morally fit

Mothers with dependent children

Pell Grant Program 1972

Offered grants to low income students

Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)

Previous major reform efforts have failed, Franklin Roosevelt failed in his attempt to enact national health insurance in the 1930s Bill Clinton's efforts to limit racing healthcare cost and provide universal coverage never passed Congress; though there was some success before 2010 which was the expansion of health insurance to low income children through the state children's health insurance program; Medicare reform-addition a prescription drug benefits

Wagner-Seagall national housing act

Originated in 1937 it was public housing for low income families

What is outdoor relief 1890

Outdoor relief was the kind of poor relief where assistance was in the form of money, food, clothing or goods, given to alleviate poverty without the requirement that the recipient enter an institution

Indexing 1972

Periodic process of adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increase in the cost of living;based on COLAs

In 1996, President Clinton signed a law reforming the welfare system. What was this law and what did it do

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) ; repealed the previous system, which was AFDC; create block grants to the states, which were given more discretion to design their own systems; establish time limits restricting recipients to two years of assistance at a time and a lifetime limit of five years; imposed new work requirements

In 2003, Congress and President Bush added what new benefit to Medicare

Prescription drugs

How does Social Security help middle-class and upper classes

Social Security helps people in the middle class by relieving them of cost associated with caring for elderly relatives, the middle-class benefits from the shadow welfare state, benefit employers provide like medical insurance these benefits are not taxed by the federal government the middle-class benefits from the mortgage is tax-exemption

What makes Social Security and Medicare the largest spending welfare

Social Security program is an entitlement, payments are indexed to inflation,and it's difficult to control expenditures; medicare is due to the growing number of people eligible for the program, also due to rising healthcare costs

Contributory programs

Social programs finance in whole or in part by taxation or other mandatory contribution by their present or future recipients; e.g social security act (SSA), Medicare, and unemployment compensation

Non contributory programs

Social programs that's provide assistance to people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made;e.g food stamps, Supplemental Security Income(SSI) , Medicaid, temporary Assistance to needy families (TANF); programs in this category or widely called welfare or public assistance;recipients must demonstrate need via means test

Most of the education of the American people is provided by

State and local government's

Who is education handled mostly by

State and local government's

Which is a 1974 programs that arguments benefits for age, blind, and disabled

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

The Higher Education Act did what

Supplied assistance directly to colleges to provide need based grants to student

The primary source of cash assistance for the nonworking poor is

TANF.

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

Tax relief and modest wage supplement

In 1996, as part of welfare reform Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was abolished and replaced by what

Temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)

Conserve it is often argue that social policies can take that I deal of equality too far and in process says what

That social policy is due for individuals what they should be doing for themselves

Which three government programs provided assistance to the working poor

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) , the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.(SNAP)

Prior to 1935, the private welfare system and then United States made a distinction between

The deserving poor and the undeserving poor

Which is the only advance industrial nation without universal access to healthcare?

The United States

In terms of receiving benefits of social policies, what distinguishes the elderly from the working poor

The elderly are more organized and more politically powerful than are the working poor

What did Medicare due to his benefit the elderly

The elderly are seen as a deserving population the programs are not means tested and have broader appeal

American's welfare state was initially constructed in response to

The great depression

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

The largest U.S. food assistance program.; formally known as food stamps larges anti-poverty programs in the nation;provides recipients with debit card for food at most stores;in-kind benefit

Who are the chief beneficiaries of the "shadow welfare state"

The middle class

Libertarian

The political philosophy that is skeptical of any government intervention as a potential threat to individual liberty; one who favors minimal government and maximum individual freedom

What event prompted the federal government to enter the field of elementary eduaction

The soviet unions launching of Sputnik

The working poor often fail to benefit from what and what three programs do they benefit from

The working poor often fails to benefit from the shadow welfare state because they do not hold jobs that offer health insurance or pensions and likely to rents not own a home so they don't get no mortgage deduction. The working poor benefit from ACA, Earned Income Tax Credit EITC which is tax relief and a modest way to supplement and snap for food assistance

What happened to the welfare caseloads before the 1996 reform and what happened to the caseloads even during the recession that began in 2008

They began to decline and remained low

Why have Americans typically been apprehensive about government efforts to reform healthcare

They fear reform will be too costly and will jeopardize current healthcare arrangements

Turn on working poor I Merli benefit from what program and they may also receive benefit from what

They primarily benefit from TANF; but they might also receive benefits from snap and Medicaid

Why did some Americans oppose the 2010 affordable care act

They were concerned that decisions previously left to the patients and their doctors would be made by the government

Public housing projects were replaced in the 1980s with what and what do critics argue

They were replaced with vouchers;critics argue that vouchers provide too little money

From the 1960s through the 1990s polls consistently show that the public viewed welfare recipients as what

Undeserving;there was a widespread belief that welfare recipients did not want to work and we're taking advantage of the system some people argue that this negative view based on racial stereotypes

What is Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Uniform minimum benefits for people who are elderly or disabled states can do more but cannot go pull out the federal minimum

Who has the highest rates of home ownership in the world

United States

Deserving poor

Widows, orphans, and the disabled ; were worthy of the care of the community

Expenses such as childcare are most likely to affect to

Women

What are vouchers

a form authorizing a disbursement of cash or a credit against a purchase or expense to be made in the future.

cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) 1972

changes made to the level of benefits of a government program based on the rate of inflation;happened by indexing

G.I. Bill of rights of 1944

designed to help service members and eligible veterans cover the cost associated with getting an education or training; expanded higher education opportunities to World War II veterans

Since welfare reform, the number of people on welfare has

dropped by more than half.

Social Security

federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people; it mildly redistribute wealth from higher to lower income people; in essence it is a forced savings account; it quite significantly redistribute wealth from younger workers to the older retirees

tax expenditures

government subsidies through tax breaks for amounts spent on health insurance and other benefits; e.g Ability to deduct mortgage-interest payments from federal taxable income

in-kind benefits

noncash goods and services provided to needy individuals and families by the federal government

Liberals tend to believe that economic success is

not equally available to all Americans.

Undeserving poor

people who were poor due to a personal problem . ( drunkenness, drugs) they were able bodied and unwilling to work

What are the three goals of American social policy

protect against the risk and insecurities people face over their lifetime. Illness, disability, unemployment, reduce earning capability with old age.; promote equality of opportunity; alleviate poverty

In 1935, what was the welfare system and who mainly ran it?

welfare system private and had a extensive system of voluntary charity through churches, the rich, ethnic and fraternal societies and communities, and neighborhoods