POLITICS (Social policy)
equality of opportunity
A widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
What is AARP
AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, social welfare organization with a membership of nearly 38 million that helps people (elderly) turn their goals and dreams into real possibilities, strengthens communities and fights for the issues that matter most to families — such as health care, employment and income security, and protection. (American Association of Retired Persons)
Liberals often are you that the more generous social policies are needed if America to truly ensuring what
Equality of opportunity
According to the authors of the textbook, since the 1930s, government sponsored employment and training systems have
Fared poorly in terms of expenditures, stability, and results
Medicaid
Federal and state-financed, state-operated Program providing medical services for low-income persons;established in 1965; largest single expansion of non-contributory assistance; doctors and hospitals do not have to take Medicaid patients; in-kind benefits
What households have made the slowest progress although poverty rates for this group have dropped sharply since 2000
Female headed households
Entitlements account for ______ percent of the total federal budget
57%
Who was in charge for caring for the poor during the 19th century
Private corporations
What was the impact of the great depression in 1929
Private wealth shrank, reducing the money going to charities, the banking system failed, being poor was no longer viewed as a personal defect but rather as a product of an imperfect economic system
National Defense Education Act of 1958
Provided funding to the US education institution at all levels; passed in response to sputnik a provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans upgraded funds and sciences, foreign language ,guidance services in teaching innovations; offered low interest loans to college students
Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF)
Replaced Aid to Families with Dependent c Children (AFDC ) it includes income, education subsidies and discounts, job-training programs and other benefits program varies by state;unpopular among voters, elected officials, and people who do not receive it
What are the two largest entitlement programs
Social Security and Medicare
What did Social Security do to benefit the elderly
Social Security has dramatically reduce poverty among the elderly since it's inception consider the most effective anti-property program in United States
Obamas American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (stimulus bill) did what
the act included a new 4.3 billion program called Race to the Top which offered competitive grants to keel education systems to be eligible for grant states had to agree to lift cap on the number of charter schools that could be created each year.
Most nonelderly adults receive health insurance through
their employers.
Who are the beneficiaries of social policy
Elder, middle and upper classes, working poor, non-working poor, minorities, women, and children
Healthcare policy is an important topic too many Americans and public official since, in 2007, approximately _______Americans did not have healthcare insurance
45 million
Which of the following was are part of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is 2001
-provision allowing parents whose child is attending a failing school to transfer the child to a better school -a requirement that all students be proficient in reading and math by 2014 -a requirement that schools show positive results for all subcategories of students and not just positive overall averages -requirement that every child in grades 3-8 be tested yearly for proficiency in math and reading -give the national government more control over education
Elementary and secondary education act of 1965
1 billion in federal aid to help public and parochial schools buy textbooks and library materials; offered federal aid for education by allocating funds to school districts with substantial numbers of children from families who were unemployed earning less than 2000 a year.
AFDC was not indexed to inflation; COLAs the value of AFDC benefits fell by how much
1/3
Goldberg v. Kelly
14th amendment requires welfare recipients to have a notice/hearing before state can stop benefits; Created the concept of entitlement by hoping that the financial benefits of AFDC could not be revoked without due process; Government benefits cannot be taken away without due process of law; Government benefits have similar constitutional status to property; people can be entitled to receive government benefits
When did the American welfare state begin
1930s
Poverty among all Americans has declined Markley since what year
1960; however the rate of progress has very significantly across groups
What year did the number of welfare recipients reach a High Point
1994
According to the social security administration A won't be able to pay out for benefits to the retirees starting in the year
2037
What is the poverty rate for Latinos
25.6%
What is the poverty rate for African Americans
27.2%
To pay for Social Security and Medicare, the government automatically withholds ________percent of the first 106,800 of earnings for Social Security and ________percent of all earnings for Medicare
6.2;1.45
Social Security Act (SSA)
A contributory welfare program into which working Americans contribute a percentage of their wages and from which they receive cash benefits after retirement
Medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older; established in 1965;medicare was the biggest single expansion in contributory programs since 1935
Means testing requires the applicants for welfare benefit show
A financial need for assistance
entitlement programs
A legal obligation of the federal government to provide payments to individuals or groups of individuals according to eligibility criteria of benefit rules
means tested programs
A procedure by which potential beneficiaries of a public assistance program establish their eligibility by demonstrating a genuine need for assistance
A charter school is
A publicly funded school that is free from the rules and regulations of local school districts; Obama administration has been a strong proponent of charter schools
What was the moral fitness test
A test used often as a cover to discriminate against minorities
When were the most important national education policies developed
After world war two
Hope VI
Allowed local public housing authorities to tear down the high-rise public housing that had been such a failure
Under which president was comprehensive healthcare reform passed
Barack Obama
Women in low-wage jobs are unlikely to receive what
Employer health insurance
The rate of _______poverty has increased in recent years
Child
Which group is most likely to be poor
Children under 18
Government programs that provide benefits to individuals that cannot be taken away without due process of the law are called
Entitlement programs
What was the Clinton administration housing priorities what was George W. Bush administration housing priorities and what was the Obama administration housing priorities
Clinton tried to combat homelessness but largely had to retreat; George W. Bush wanted to transform vouchers to block grant but failed; Obama forced to deal with the foreclosure problem, but federal programs did not experience much success
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Created to do biomedical research, focuses heavily on cancer and AIDS research
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Created to monitor outbreaks of disease and implement prevention measures
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act 1996
Creating major changes and welfare benefits and gave state more description and help benefits would be allocated
Three key features of ACA
Creation of a new state based insurance exchanges and prohibition against denial of coverage by insurers, individual mandate requires individuals to purchase health insurance or risk paying a fine;governments subsidies; expansion of Medicaid and SCHIP designed to help the uninsured,small businesses ,and the poor purchase insurance
Which two government programs assist the working poor
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and food stamps
What policies of state and local governments are the most important single force in distribution and redistribution of opportunity in American
Education policies
How do you break the cycle of poverty?
Education policies, employment training programs, and health policies
What are the four ways to break the cycle of poverty and redistribute opportunities
Education, health, and House policies, also employment
Who became president in 1933 and pushed for a stronger role for the federal government in combating poverty through contributory programs
Franklin D Roosevelt FDR
What do many states offer for nonworking poor
General assistance also known as cash assistance but most states have a greatly reduced the amount
With respect to the government public welfare assistance, by 1933 the question was
How generous are restrictive the system is going to be
What is indoor relief 1890
Indoor relief was provided to able-bodied people who were deemed employable. These precipitants were obligated to live in a workhouse and undertake work duties in order to receive assistance; Police stations were indoor relief people went for shelter but cannot stay many nights without being jailed
State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
Is a program administered by the United States department of health and human services that provides matching funds to state for health insurance to families with children
The social welfare system in the United States became public after what
It became public after private groups were unable to handle the Great Depression
US public health service has been existence since when and what part of the health policy did it play in
It has been in existence since 1798; it only played a small part in the public health policy until the mid-1900s
What is unemployment insurance
It is a Nother contributory program that is funded by a combination of federal and state taxes. In most state benefits last for a maximum of 26 weeks and in periods of high unemployment Congress can an act extended benefits that authorize an additional 13 weeks for those who have exhausted their regular benefits. Because state impose criteria about how long a person must work or how much she can earn to become eligible for unemployment insurance only about half of workers who lose their jobs receive unemployment benefits
What issues does ACA have
It is a highly continuous partisan issue, leading Republicans have pledged to repeal of the ACA, state insurance exchanges were plagued by computer problems in 2013, this harmed initial public perceptions of the ACA, the United States Supreme Court ruled that most of ACA is constitutional requirement for individuals to purchase insurance was ruled legal under Congress's taxing power
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) replaced what and what is ESSA
It replaced no Child Left Behind Act; ESSA gives states, rather than the federal government the authority to evaluate schools and to use broader criteria than test scores to do so
What statement about poverty is most true
Latinos have a higher poverty rate than non-Hispanic whites
What is a nation at risk
Low educational standard as the cause of America's declining international economic competitiveness
A program that provides extended medical services to all low income persons who have already established eligibility through means testing under TANF is
Medicaid
Which of the following programs provide in-kind benefits
Medicaid and the supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP)
How does the middle class benefit from social policies
Medicare and pensions for the elderly help the middle class by relieving them of the burden of caring for the elderly relatives, they benefit from the shadow welfare state, they benefit from tax expenditures
Which of the following is an example of contributory programs
Medicare, Social Security
what does the shadow welfare state refer to
Middle class; employer provided benefits like health insurance and pensions
Entitlement such as Social Security and Medicare account for
More than half of the federal budget
According to the authors of the textbook, when we study social policies from a group perspective, we can see that the elderly and the middle class received the _______benefits from the government social policies and that children in the working poor receive _______ benefits.
Most, fewest
Beginning in Illinois in 1911 and spread to 40 states by 1926, what applicants had to pass the means test and prove they were deserving physically, mentally, and morally fit
Mothers with dependent children
Pell Grant Program 1972
Offered grants to low income students
Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)
Previous major reform efforts have failed, Franklin Roosevelt failed in his attempt to enact national health insurance in the 1930s Bill Clinton's efforts to limit racing healthcare cost and provide universal coverage never passed Congress; though there was some success before 2010 which was the expansion of health insurance to low income children through the state children's health insurance program; Medicare reform-addition a prescription drug benefits
Wagner-Seagall national housing act
Originated in 1937 it was public housing for low income families
What is outdoor relief 1890
Outdoor relief was the kind of poor relief where assistance was in the form of money, food, clothing or goods, given to alleviate poverty without the requirement that the recipient enter an institution
Indexing 1972
Periodic process of adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increase in the cost of living;based on COLAs
In 1996, President Clinton signed a law reforming the welfare system. What was this law and what did it do
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) ; repealed the previous system, which was AFDC; create block grants to the states, which were given more discretion to design their own systems; establish time limits restricting recipients to two years of assistance at a time and a lifetime limit of five years; imposed new work requirements
In 2003, Congress and President Bush added what new benefit to Medicare
Prescription drugs
How does Social Security help middle-class and upper classes
Social Security helps people in the middle class by relieving them of cost associated with caring for elderly relatives, the middle-class benefits from the shadow welfare state, benefit employers provide like medical insurance these benefits are not taxed by the federal government the middle-class benefits from the mortgage is tax-exemption
What makes Social Security and Medicare the largest spending welfare
Social Security program is an entitlement, payments are indexed to inflation,and it's difficult to control expenditures; medicare is due to the growing number of people eligible for the program, also due to rising healthcare costs
Contributory programs
Social programs finance in whole or in part by taxation or other mandatory contribution by their present or future recipients; e.g social security act (SSA), Medicare, and unemployment compensation
Non contributory programs
Social programs that's provide assistance to people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made;e.g food stamps, Supplemental Security Income(SSI) , Medicaid, temporary Assistance to needy families (TANF); programs in this category or widely called welfare or public assistance;recipients must demonstrate need via means test
Most of the education of the American people is provided by
State and local government's
Who is education handled mostly by
State and local government's
Which is a 1974 programs that arguments benefits for age, blind, and disabled
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
The Higher Education Act did what
Supplied assistance directly to colleges to provide need based grants to student
The primary source of cash assistance for the nonworking poor is
TANF.
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
Tax relief and modest wage supplement
In 1996, as part of welfare reform Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was abolished and replaced by what
Temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
Conserve it is often argue that social policies can take that I deal of equality too far and in process says what
That social policy is due for individuals what they should be doing for themselves
Which three government programs provided assistance to the working poor
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) , the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.(SNAP)
Prior to 1935, the private welfare system and then United States made a distinction between
The deserving poor and the undeserving poor
Which is the only advance industrial nation without universal access to healthcare?
The United States
In terms of receiving benefits of social policies, what distinguishes the elderly from the working poor
The elderly are more organized and more politically powerful than are the working poor
What did Medicare due to his benefit the elderly
The elderly are seen as a deserving population the programs are not means tested and have broader appeal
American's welfare state was initially constructed in response to
The great depression
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
The largest U.S. food assistance program.; formally known as food stamps larges anti-poverty programs in the nation;provides recipients with debit card for food at most stores;in-kind benefit
Who are the chief beneficiaries of the "shadow welfare state"
The middle class
Libertarian
The political philosophy that is skeptical of any government intervention as a potential threat to individual liberty; one who favors minimal government and maximum individual freedom
What event prompted the federal government to enter the field of elementary eduaction
The soviet unions launching of Sputnik
The working poor often fail to benefit from what and what three programs do they benefit from
The working poor often fails to benefit from the shadow welfare state because they do not hold jobs that offer health insurance or pensions and likely to rents not own a home so they don't get no mortgage deduction. The working poor benefit from ACA, Earned Income Tax Credit EITC which is tax relief and a modest way to supplement and snap for food assistance
What happened to the welfare caseloads before the 1996 reform and what happened to the caseloads even during the recession that began in 2008
They began to decline and remained low
Why have Americans typically been apprehensive about government efforts to reform healthcare
They fear reform will be too costly and will jeopardize current healthcare arrangements
Turn on working poor I Merli benefit from what program and they may also receive benefit from what
They primarily benefit from TANF; but they might also receive benefits from snap and Medicaid
Why did some Americans oppose the 2010 affordable care act
They were concerned that decisions previously left to the patients and their doctors would be made by the government
Public housing projects were replaced in the 1980s with what and what do critics argue
They were replaced with vouchers;critics argue that vouchers provide too little money
From the 1960s through the 1990s polls consistently show that the public viewed welfare recipients as what
Undeserving;there was a widespread belief that welfare recipients did not want to work and we're taking advantage of the system some people argue that this negative view based on racial stereotypes
What is Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Uniform minimum benefits for people who are elderly or disabled states can do more but cannot go pull out the federal minimum
Who has the highest rates of home ownership in the world
United States
Deserving poor
Widows, orphans, and the disabled ; were worthy of the care of the community
Expenses such as childcare are most likely to affect to
Women
What are vouchers
a form authorizing a disbursement of cash or a credit against a purchase or expense to be made in the future.
cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) 1972
changes made to the level of benefits of a government program based on the rate of inflation;happened by indexing
G.I. Bill of rights of 1944
designed to help service members and eligible veterans cover the cost associated with getting an education or training; expanded higher education opportunities to World War II veterans
Since welfare reform, the number of people on welfare has
dropped by more than half.
Social Security
federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people; it mildly redistribute wealth from higher to lower income people; in essence it is a forced savings account; it quite significantly redistribute wealth from younger workers to the older retirees
tax expenditures
government subsidies through tax breaks for amounts spent on health insurance and other benefits; e.g Ability to deduct mortgage-interest payments from federal taxable income
in-kind benefits
noncash goods and services provided to needy individuals and families by the federal government
Liberals tend to believe that economic success is
not equally available to all Americans.
Undeserving poor
people who were poor due to a personal problem . ( drunkenness, drugs) they were able bodied and unwilling to work
What are the three goals of American social policy
protect against the risk and insecurities people face over their lifetime. Illness, disability, unemployment, reduce earning capability with old age.; promote equality of opportunity; alleviate poverty
In 1935, what was the welfare system and who mainly ran it?
welfare system private and had a extensive system of voluntary charity through churches, the rich, ethnic and fraternal societies and communities, and neighborhoods
