positive and negative feedback

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two way digestive system

1 opening, mouth = anus

tracheal systems: after the air enters through the openings, it...

passes into tracheoles (smaller tubes)

_____ have a gastrovascular cavity

planarians

breast feeding, positive or negative feedback?

positive

ripening of fruit, positive or negative feedback?

positive

amphibian breathing

positive pressure breathing (forces air down the trachea)

excretory systems of flatworms consist of ...... along the back

protonephridia

thermoregulation definition

regulating the body's temperature when it becomes too hot or too cold

hypothalamus definition

sends the signals from the brain to the body

air enters through openings (in tracheal systems) called

spiracles

an invertebrate that has gills distributed all over the body

starfish

the 3 feedback mechanisms

stimulus, signal, response (a cycle)

terrestrial plants exchanges gases thru their _____

stomata

terrestrial plants maintain water balance by opening/closing their _____ to control the rate of evapotranspiration

stomata

what do we do if we get too hot?

sweat, evaporative cooling, to lose heat

besides being in your blood, where else could glucose go?

taken in by the cells or be stored in glycogen

how is fruit ripening an example of positive feedback?

the first apple becomes ripe, gives off ethylene, makes the other apples become ripe, eventually leading to them all being ripe at once (can't go back to its original)

an example of negative feedback in your home

thermostat

what happens to blood glucose levels after a meal has been eaten?

they increase

as the blood glucose returns to its baseline level, what happens to the levels of insulin and glucagon in the blood

they stay constant

terrestrial plants have a ____ cuticle

thick, waxy

aquatic plants have a ____ cuticle

thin

tracheal systems of insects consist of ...

tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body

what is type 2 diabetes a result of usually?

too much glucose throughout entire life, beta cells aren't recognized

what can alterations in our feedback loops lead to?

tragedy

what do gills do

transfers oxygen from water into blood

aposematic coloration

venomous

positive feedback is not used for a long time, used when you want to do something......

very quickly

mammalian kidneys to remove.....

water from blood

terrestrial plants' cuticles help prevent ____

water loss

the loop of henle part of the nephron of the kidney, sets up a countercurrent exchange that allows...

water to be reabsorbed from collecting duct

the function unit of the kidney is the ...

nephron

gills

outfoldings of the body surface specialized for gas exchange

if bl-gl levels are too low..........

it stops making insulin and alpha cells make glucagon, which will increase bl-gl levels by getting it from glycogen in the liver

why do cells need glucose?

its their source of energy

the ___ is the main organ of excretion in vertebrates

kidney

in earthworms, excretion occurs through...

metanephridia

blood glucose levels, positive or negative?

negative

thermostat, positive or negative feedback?

negative

mammal breathing

negative pressure breathing (pulls air into lungs)

one way digestive system

2 openings, mouth + anus

mullerian mimicry

2 or more unpalatable species resemble each other

bird breathing

8/9 air sacs that function as bellows fthat keep air flowing through lungs

child birth: stimulus, signal, response

St: baby pushes against the cervix Si: hypothalamus releases oxytocin R: uterine walls contract

countercurrent exchange

a crossover of some property between flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions

what are the two cells found in the pancreas?

alpha and beta cells

metanephridia definition

aquatic oligochaetes excrete ammonia; terrestrial oligochaetes excrete the much less toxic stuff

what is wrong when you have type 1 diabetes?

beta cells don't work

type 1 diabetes, which cells don't work? what happens to the body?

beta cells don't work, body destroys, bl-gl levels go up, no insulin is made (need to take an insulin shot or pump)

if bl-gl levels are too high.....

beta cells trigger ca+ in cells and secrete insulin, triggers cells to take in glucose and the blood glucose levels to go down

protonephridia definition

branching canals ending in flame cells, hollow cells with bundles or constantly moving cilia

why do the blood glucose levels usually rise 3x per day?

breakfast, lunch, and dinner

cryptic coloration

camouflage

example of positive feedback in humans

child birth, breastfeeding

negative feedback will bring you _____ the target set point

closer to

appendages to maintain...

core temperature

type 2 diabetes, cause? what happens?

diet high fat/sugar, too much glucose, lack of exercise, body stops recognizing insulin and stops taking it in

aquatic plants can exchange gas by _____ with the surrounding water

direct diffusion

what job does the pancreas have

empties digestive enzymes into the small intestine and to regulate the blood glucose level

what plant hormone do ripe fruit give off?

ethylene

operons in gene regulations

functional unit of DNA, repressor binds to operator, prevents transcription, can't make lactate

positive feedback will bring you _____ the target set point

further away

examples of countercurrent exchanges

gills, appendages, mammalian kidneys

as blood glucose levels begin to drop below baseline, the concentration of which hormone increases?

glucagon

how is glycogen related to glucose?

glucose is the monosaccharide that makes up the polysaccharide, glycogen

what do we do if we get too cold?

goosebumps, pulls skin in to conserve heat, less convection

batesian mimicry

harmless species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable (unappetizing)/harmful species

gastrovascular cavities

have 1 opening that takes in nutrients and exchanges gases with the environment

a countercurrent exchange is usually with

heat or gas

what two hormones help with blood glucose regulation?

insulin and glucagon

what rises at the same rate as blood glucose levels?

insulin levels

ectotherms definition

internal and external temperatures are the same

endotherms definition

internal temperatures are constant

homeostasis definition

internal, stable environment


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