positive and negative feedback
two way digestive system
1 opening, mouth = anus
tracheal systems: after the air enters through the openings, it...
passes into tracheoles (smaller tubes)
_____ have a gastrovascular cavity
planarians
breast feeding, positive or negative feedback?
positive
ripening of fruit, positive or negative feedback?
positive
amphibian breathing
positive pressure breathing (forces air down the trachea)
excretory systems of flatworms consist of ...... along the back
protonephridia
thermoregulation definition
regulating the body's temperature when it becomes too hot or too cold
hypothalamus definition
sends the signals from the brain to the body
air enters through openings (in tracheal systems) called
spiracles
an invertebrate that has gills distributed all over the body
starfish
the 3 feedback mechanisms
stimulus, signal, response (a cycle)
terrestrial plants exchanges gases thru their _____
stomata
terrestrial plants maintain water balance by opening/closing their _____ to control the rate of evapotranspiration
stomata
what do we do if we get too hot?
sweat, evaporative cooling, to lose heat
besides being in your blood, where else could glucose go?
taken in by the cells or be stored in glycogen
how is fruit ripening an example of positive feedback?
the first apple becomes ripe, gives off ethylene, makes the other apples become ripe, eventually leading to them all being ripe at once (can't go back to its original)
an example of negative feedback in your home
thermostat
what happens to blood glucose levels after a meal has been eaten?
they increase
as the blood glucose returns to its baseline level, what happens to the levels of insulin and glucagon in the blood
they stay constant
terrestrial plants have a ____ cuticle
thick, waxy
aquatic plants have a ____ cuticle
thin
tracheal systems of insects consist of ...
tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body
what is type 2 diabetes a result of usually?
too much glucose throughout entire life, beta cells aren't recognized
what can alterations in our feedback loops lead to?
tragedy
what do gills do
transfers oxygen from water into blood
aposematic coloration
venomous
positive feedback is not used for a long time, used when you want to do something......
very quickly
mammalian kidneys to remove.....
water from blood
terrestrial plants' cuticles help prevent ____
water loss
the loop of henle part of the nephron of the kidney, sets up a countercurrent exchange that allows...
water to be reabsorbed from collecting duct
the function unit of the kidney is the ...
nephron
gills
outfoldings of the body surface specialized for gas exchange
if bl-gl levels are too low..........
it stops making insulin and alpha cells make glucagon, which will increase bl-gl levels by getting it from glycogen in the liver
why do cells need glucose?
its their source of energy
the ___ is the main organ of excretion in vertebrates
kidney
in earthworms, excretion occurs through...
metanephridia
blood glucose levels, positive or negative?
negative
thermostat, positive or negative feedback?
negative
mammal breathing
negative pressure breathing (pulls air into lungs)
one way digestive system
2 openings, mouth + anus
mullerian mimicry
2 or more unpalatable species resemble each other
bird breathing
8/9 air sacs that function as bellows fthat keep air flowing through lungs
child birth: stimulus, signal, response
St: baby pushes against the cervix Si: hypothalamus releases oxytocin R: uterine walls contract
countercurrent exchange
a crossover of some property between flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions
what are the two cells found in the pancreas?
alpha and beta cells
metanephridia definition
aquatic oligochaetes excrete ammonia; terrestrial oligochaetes excrete the much less toxic stuff
what is wrong when you have type 1 diabetes?
beta cells don't work
type 1 diabetes, which cells don't work? what happens to the body?
beta cells don't work, body destroys, bl-gl levels go up, no insulin is made (need to take an insulin shot or pump)
if bl-gl levels are too high.....
beta cells trigger ca+ in cells and secrete insulin, triggers cells to take in glucose and the blood glucose levels to go down
protonephridia definition
branching canals ending in flame cells, hollow cells with bundles or constantly moving cilia
why do the blood glucose levels usually rise 3x per day?
breakfast, lunch, and dinner
cryptic coloration
camouflage
example of positive feedback in humans
child birth, breastfeeding
negative feedback will bring you _____ the target set point
closer to
appendages to maintain...
core temperature
type 2 diabetes, cause? what happens?
diet high fat/sugar, too much glucose, lack of exercise, body stops recognizing insulin and stops taking it in
aquatic plants can exchange gas by _____ with the surrounding water
direct diffusion
what job does the pancreas have
empties digestive enzymes into the small intestine and to regulate the blood glucose level
what plant hormone do ripe fruit give off?
ethylene
operons in gene regulations
functional unit of DNA, repressor binds to operator, prevents transcription, can't make lactate
positive feedback will bring you _____ the target set point
further away
examples of countercurrent exchanges
gills, appendages, mammalian kidneys
as blood glucose levels begin to drop below baseline, the concentration of which hormone increases?
glucagon
how is glycogen related to glucose?
glucose is the monosaccharide that makes up the polysaccharide, glycogen
what do we do if we get too cold?
goosebumps, pulls skin in to conserve heat, less convection
batesian mimicry
harmless species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable (unappetizing)/harmful species
gastrovascular cavities
have 1 opening that takes in nutrients and exchanges gases with the environment
a countercurrent exchange is usually with
heat or gas
what two hormones help with blood glucose regulation?
insulin and glucagon
what rises at the same rate as blood glucose levels?
insulin levels
ectotherms definition
internal and external temperatures are the same
endotherms definition
internal temperatures are constant
homeostasis definition
internal, stable environment