Positive and Negative Punishment
Reprimands
"No!" and "Don't do that!" are examples of...
Planned ignoring Withdrawal of a Specific Reinforcer Contingent Observation Time-Out Ribbon
Types of Non-Exclusion Time-Out
B
When partition time-out is the procedure, what type of time-out is being utilized? A. nonexclusion B. exclusion
A
When planned ignoring is the procedure, what type of time-out is being utilized? A. Nonexclusion B. Exclusion
Negative punishment
involves the termination of an already present stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior.
B
1. Ted has been working on a crossword puzzle all day. He is down to the last clue, and he cannot determine the answer even though he has the first letter identified. Just then, he walks by his bookshelf where he keeps his dictionary. Ted immediately grabs the dictionary to look up the answer to his clue. In relation to completing the puzzle, working on the puzzle all day and having only one clue left served as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
punisher
A _________ is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduced the future frequency of that type of behavior.
Overcorrection
A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior.
Conditioned Punisher
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.
Time-Out Ribbon
A procedure for implementing nonexclusion time-out in which a child wears a ribbon or wristband that becomes discriminative for receiving reinforcement. Contingent on misbehavior, the ribbon is removed and access to social and other reinforcers are unavailable for a specific period. When time-out ends, the ribbon or band is returned to the child and time-in begins.
Planned Ignoring
A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers--usually attention, physical contact, and verbal interaction--are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.
Contingent Observation
A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.
Exclusion time-out
A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period.
Non-exclusion time-out
A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period.
Response Blocking
A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.
Unconditioned Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.
B
A teenage boy is pestering his mother while she is on the phone, so she sends him to his room, where there is no TV, video games, or computer. This teenage boy stops interrupting his mother when she is on the phone in the future. In relation to his interrupting behavior, this consequence is: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
D
A teenage boy is pestering his mother while she is on the phone, so she sends him to his room, where there is no TV, video games, or computer. This teenage boy stops interrupting his mother when she is on the phone in the future. In relation to his interrupting behavior, this is an example of: A. Positive Reinforcement B. Negative Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment D. Negative Punishment
B
Andrew went camping for the weekend. His friends set up a large campfire that they all sat around. However, they used damp wood and there was a great deal of smoke. The smoke blew directly into Andrew's eyes causing them to become irritated. He asked his friend to give him a wet towel which he pressed against his eyes and it helped to ease the burning sensation. Andrew decides he really hated getting smoke in his eyes and never goes camping again. Andrew's "going camping" behavior was under control of: A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
A
Andrew went camping for the weekend. His friends set up a large campfire that they all sat around. However, they used damp wood and there was a great deal of smoke. The smoke blew directly into Andrew's eyes causing them to become irritated. He asked his friend to give him a wet towel which he pressed against his eyes and it helped to ease the burning sensation. Andrew decides he really hated getting smoke in his eyes and never goes camping again. Andrew's "wet towel pressing on eyes" behavior was under control of: A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
A
Andrew went camping for the weekend. His friends set up a large campfire that they all sat around. However, they used damp wood and there was a great deal of smoke. The smoke blew directly into Andrew's eyes causing them to become irritated. He asked his friend to give him a wet towel which he pressed against his eyes and it helped to ease the burning sensation. Andrew decides he really hated getting smoke in his eyes and never goes camping again. In relation to Andrew's "wet towel pressing on eyes" behavior, the consequence was: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
B
Every time I go to a staff meeting at work, I end up being given many new tasks that have to be completed on a deadline. These new tasks cause me a great deal of stress. When I have to miss the staff meeting, I am given no new assignments. I have stopped attending staff meetings as often as possible. In relation to my "staff meeting attendance" behavior, the consequence is: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
B
Every time I go to a staff meeting at work, I end up being given many new tasks that have to be completed on a deadline. These new tasks cause me a great deal of stress. When I have to miss the staff meeting, I am given no new assignments. I have stopped attending staff meetings as often as possible. My "staff meeting attendance" behavior is under control of: A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
Immediacy Intensity/Magnitude Schedule Reinforcement for the Target Behavior Reinforcement for Alternative Behaviors
Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
A
Greg was trying to study for an important Science test. His younger brother, however, wanted a cookie but couldn't reach the jar. Greg's brother came into the room and laid on top of Greg's book. Greg yelled at him, "What do you want?" When his brother explained, Greg immediately got up to get the cookie for his brother. The next time Greg's brother wanted a cookie during study time, he immediately found laid on Greg's book. In relation to the laying behavior, the cookie functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
A
I attempted to cook a new recipe at home for fried chicken. Shortly into the frying process, the smoke got so intense that the smoke alarm went off, very loudly. The noise was so loud that I ran to the window and opened it to let out the smoke. As soon as the window was open, the noise stopped. Since then, every time I cook fried chicken, I open the window before I start. In relation to my opening the window, this consequence is: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
B
I attempted to cook a new recipe at home for fried chicken. Shortly into the frying process, the smoke got so intense that the smoke alarm went off, very loudly. The noise was so loud that I ran to the window and opened it to let out the smoke. As soon as the window was open, the noise stopped. Since then, every time I cook fried chicken, I open the window before I start. In relation to my opening the window, this is an example of: A. Positive Reinforcement B. Negative Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment D. Negative Punishment
A
I offered to take my three cousins under the age of 10 to Chuckie Cheese for their birthday. After one hour of time hearing the kids screaming, running after the children, and looking at the constant flashing lights, I had a terrible headache. I did manage to find an Advil in my purse which did help to relieve my headache. From then on, I always have an Advil in my purse. I did not, however, offer to take my cousins to Chuckie Cheese ever again. My "taking Advil" behavior was under control of: A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
B
I offered to take my three cousins under the age of 10 to Chuckie Cheese for their birthday. After one hour of time hearing the kids screaming, running after the children, and looking at the constant flashing lights, I had a terrible headache. I did manage to find an Advil in my purse which did help to relieve my headache. From then on, I always have an Advil in my purse. I did not, however, offer to take my cousins to Chuckie Cheese ever again. My "taking my cousins to Chuckie Cheese" behavior was under control of: A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
A
I touch a hot stove and get burned. In the future, I never touch the hot stove. This consequence is: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
C
I touch a hot stove and get burned. In the future, I never touch the hot stove. This is an example of: A. Positive Reinforcement B. Negative Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment D. Negative Punishment
The student can be removed to a time-out room The student can be separated from the rest of the group by partition The student can be placed in the hallway
Types of Exclusion Time-Out
B
Pam enjoyed spending time playing with her friends at the pool. However, when Pam would run on the pool deck, the lifeguard made her sit in a chair for fifteen minutes. Pam did not run on the pool deck as often. In relation to Pam's running behavior, this consequence is: A. Unconditioned B. Conditioned
D
Pam enjoyed spending time playing with her friends at the pool. However, when Pam would run on the pool deck, the lifeguard made her sit in a chair for fifteen minutes. Pam did not run on the pool deck as often. In relation to Pam's running behavior, this is an example of: A. Positive Reinforcement B. Negative Reinforcement C. Positive Punishment D. Negative Punishment
Reprimands Response Blocking Contingent Exercise Overcorrection Contingent Electric Stimulation
Positive Punishment Interventions
Emotional and Aggressive Reactions Escape and Avoidance Behavioral Contrast Punishment May Involve Undesirable Modeling Negative Reinforcement of the Punishing Agent's Behavior
Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment
D
Ruthie was sitting and watching television when her mother asked her to vacuum the carpet. Ruthie answered back to her mother with, "Why don't you?" Ruthie's mother immediately told her daughter to turn off the TV, and that she would not be allowed to watch TV for the rest of the week. The next time Ruthie was asked to complete a chore, she did not talk back. In relation to Ruthie's talking-back behavior, the loss of TV privileges functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
Recovery from Punishment
Sometimes the rate of responding after punishment is discontinued will not only recover but also briefly exceed the level at which it was occurring prior to punishment.
C
Steve was playing basketball with some new friends. During one play, Steve drove to the basket which is unusual for his typical game play. When he landed, he turned his ankle and immediately felt pain. He ran into the house and his mother gave him ice to put on his ankle which soothed the pain. Steve was less likely to drive to the basket when he played basketball. He was more likely to ice his ankle when he was feeling pain. In relation to Steve's "driving the basket" behavior, the turned ankle functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
B
Steve was playing basketball with some new friends. During one play, Steve drove to the basket which is unusual for his typical game play. When he landed, he turned his ankle and immediately felt pain. He ran into the house and his mother gave him ice to put on his ankle which soothed the pain. Steve was less likely to drive to the basket when he played basketball. He was more likely to ice his ankle when he was feeling pain. In relation to Steve's turned ankle, the ice functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
A
Ted has been working on a crossword puzzle all day. He is down to the last clue, and he cannot determine the answer even though he has the first letter identified. Just then, he walks by his bookshelf where he keeps his dictionary. Ted immediately grabs the dictionary to look up the answer to his clue. In relation to completing the puzzle, the presence of the dictionary served as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
A
The article by White and Bailey (1990) demonstrated what kind of time-out procedure? A. nonexclusion B. exclusion
A
The article titled, "On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders" was written by: A. Lerman & Vorndran B. Iwata & DeLeon C. Bailey & White
C
The other day, I visited my friend Kristy. Her cat came over to sit by me, and I began to pet her cat. The cat became uncomfortable and quickly turned and tried to bite me. I quickly removed my hand. I no longer attempt to bit Kristy's cat when I am visiting. In relation to my cat petting behavior, the bite attempt functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
B
The other day, I visited my friend Kristy. Her cat came over to sit by me, and I began to pet her cat. The cat became uncomfortable and quickly turned and tried to bite me. I quickly removed my hand. I no longer attempt to bit Kristy's cat when I am visiting. In relation to the cat's biting behavior, me moving my hand functioned as a: A. Positive Reinforcer B. Negative Reinforcer C. Positive Punisher D. Negative Punisher
Time-Out
The withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time, contingent on the occurrence of a behavior.
B
Time out is what kind of punishment procedure? A. Positive punishment B. Negative punishment
Nonexclusion and exclusion
Two Types of Time-Out Procedures
B
Which of the following are true statements about punishment procedures? X = Only positive punishment results in a decrease in problem behavior. Y = Only negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus A. only X is true B. only Y is true C. both X and Y are true D. neither X nor Y are true
D
Which of the following are true statements about the White & Bailey (1990) article? X = The number of problem behaviors were only reduced during the Sit and Watch condition with the regular education class. Y = The number of problem behaviors were only reduced during the Sit and Watch condition with the alternative education class. A. only X is true B. only Y is true C. both X and Y are true D. neither X nor Y are true
C
Which of the following are true statements about time-out procedures? X = There must be a great discrepancy between time-out and time-in. Y = There must be a strong contingency between a response and access and the punishment procedure. A. only X is true B. only Y is true C. both X and Y are true D. neither X nor Y are true
C
Which of the following is NOT a positive punishment procedure? A. Response blocking B. Reprimands C. Response cost D. Overcorrection
B
Which of the following results in a decrease in response rate? A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
A
Which of the following usually involves an EO? A. Negative reinforcement B. Punishment
B
You have been cleaning the house all day and you haven't eaten anything. You happen to walk by the kitchen and notice a bowl of almonds sitting on the table. You walk into the kitchen and grab some of the almonds. Not eating anything all day serves as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
A
You have been cleaning the house all day and you haven't eaten anything. You happen to walk by the kitchen and notice a bowl of almonds sitting on the table. You walk into the kitchen and grab some of the almonds. The presence of the bowl of almonds serves as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
B
You have been planning a trip to your favorite restaurant for the past month. You are finally sitting at your table and your favorite dish of eggplant parmesan arrives. You are ready to dig in when you realize you don't have a fork. As soon as you see the waiter, you immediately ask for a utensil. In relation to asking for a fork, the presence of the delicious eggplant parmesan served as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
A
You have been planning a trip to your favorite restaurant for the past month. You are finally sitting at your table and your favorite dish of eggplant parmesan arrives. You are ready to dig in when you realize you don't have a fork. As soon as you see the waiter, you immediately ask for a utensil. In relation to asking for a fork, the presence of the waiter served as: A. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) B. Establishing Operation (EO)
Punishment
has occurred when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses.
Positive punishment
occurs when the presentation of a stimulus (or an increase in the intensity of an already present stimulus) immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.